Ancient Middle East & Egypt 3200 B.C.-500B.C.
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Transcript of Ancient Middle East & Egypt 3200 B.C.-500B.C.
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Chapter 2
ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST & EGYPT
3200 B.C.-500B.C.
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Key Words
Fertile Crescent hierarchy cuneiformMesopotamia ziggurat Sumer
Essential Questions:What were the characteristics of the worlds first civilization?
ANCIENT SUMER & MIDDLE EAST
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Narrow region of good farm land along Tigris, Euphrates, & Nile Rivers of the Middle East
Mesopotamia: “Land between two rivers”
Sumer: world’s first civilization
FERTILE CRESCENT
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Tigris & Euphrates rivers flooded major damage to homes & crops
Epic of Gilgamesh: Mesopotamian poem that told of a world-wide flood
Had few natural resourcesUsed bricks to build first cities
Maybe invented the wheel
WATER, WATER, EVERYWHERE
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Sumer= 12 separate city-states who battled for control
Complex Gov’t: Leaders responsible for
maintaining walls & irrigation, leading armies, enforcing laws, & lead religious ceremonies
Society Structure:Hierarchy: system of ranking groups of people
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
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Polytheistic: worshipped many gods
Ziggurat: large, stepped platform temple to house chief god of city & performed ceremonies in & around it
Cuneiform: Sumerian writing form, Pictures + symbols Records of money
exchanges, myths & religion, and laws
RELIGION & WRITING
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Sumerians developed early number system
Based on number 6, set up 60 minute hours & 360° circles
Developed basic algebra & geometry
Studied constellations, created accurate calendars, and predicted eclipses
LASTING LEGACY
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ORGANIZE IT!
Ancient Sumer
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Summary
How did the geography of Sumer help it develop?What were major contributions made by Sumerians?
What were characteristics of the world’s first civilization? Geography (Mesopotamia, Fertile Crescent) Social Hierarchy (low, middle, high) Cities from mud bricks Polytheistic religions & ziggurats Cuneiform, Algebra, Geometry, Time Conquered by others
Main Idea?
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INVADERS, TRADERS, & EMPIRES
Chapter 2 Section 2
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INVADERS, TRADERS, & EMPIRES
KEY TERMSHAMMURABI CIVIL LAWCRIMINAL LAW NEBUCHADNEZZAR
BARTER ECONOMY MONEY ECONOMY
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:How did various strong rulers unite the lands
of the Fertile Crescent?
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First Empires in Mesopotamia
Hammurabi= Ruler of BabylonCreated written code of laws to govern people (Hammurabi’s Code)
Civil Law: private rights (property, marriages, taxes)
Criminal Law: offenses against others (robbery, murder, assault)
“Eye for an Eye” code of punishment
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Conquests= New Empires
Assyrians: Most feared in Mesopotamia Looted, then destroyed everything in their path Built city of Nineveh & first library
Nebuchadnezzar: took over and strengthened Babylonian Empire Rebuilt crumbling cities & made a moat & brick walls
around city Built beautiful “hanging gardens” for wife
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Persian EmpirePersian Empire expanded
from Asia Minor to India Included Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Afghanistan, & Pakistan
King Darius I: built roads across empire & encouraged people to move to a money-based tradeBarter Economy: typical for the day, exchange of one set of goods/services for another
Money Economy: Exchanging goods/services for money and coins
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Phoenicians (Fo-nee-shans)Phoenicians became
powerful on the sea and took over coastal cities
Best known for tradeSet up colonies to trade
better with Africa, Italy, & Spain
Established a written alphabet More advanced than
cuneiform Base for Greek alphabet
English alphabet
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Summary
How did strong rulers unite people of Fertile Crescent?Established laws & governmentSpread knowledge of tools/iron (Assyrians)Spread knowledge through library & alphabetGreat architecture (Babylon)Money economy & better trade
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Chapter 2KINGDOM ON THE NILE
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Key WordsBureaucracy Vizier HatshepsutAmon-Re Mummification HieroglyphicsRosetta Stone
Essential Questions:“How did the Nile Rover influence the rise of the powerful civilization of Egypt?”How did religion and learning play important roles in ancient Egyptian civilization?
KINGDOM ON THE NILE
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W/O Nile River, Egypt= desertNile= world’s longest river
Annual flood= farming benefitsAble to store water for later use
Egypt= 2 Regions (Upper & Lower)
GEOGRAPHY SHAPES EGYPT
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Ancient Egypt history: divided into 3 kingdoms (Old Middle, New)
Dynasty: ruling family, power and land passed from one to another
Pharaohs: kings(absolute power)
Bureaucracy: system of gov’t, includes different job functions & levels of authority
Vizier: supervised business side of gov’t (taxes, irrigation, farming, etc.)
OLD KINGDOM
Built during Old Kingdom
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Power struggles, crop failures, & economic failure fall of Old Kingdom
Corruption & Rebellion & unpredictable flooding of Nile= turbulent Middle Kingdom
MIDDLE KINGDOM
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After 100 years of Hyksos rule= New Kingdom & leaders
Hatshepsut: first female pharaoh
Thutmose III: Stepson, great military leader, expanded Egypt’s borders
332 BC Greeks took control then Romans
BEHIND EVERY GREAT MAN IS A…
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Egyptians made lasting contributions to civilization in many areas: science, religion, language, writings, art, literature, etc.
Old Kingdom= “Sun god”, Re
Middle Kingdom= Supreme god, Amon-Re
Egyptians viewed gods & kings/pharaohs equally
RELIGION SHAPES LIFE IN EGYPT
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Isis= goddess of afterlife
Osiris= ruler of the dead
Osiris ruled Egypt until brother killed him & cut up body all over Egypt
Isis saved him, reassembled pieces, brought back to life
Osiris became god of the dead & of the Nile
ISIS & OSIRIS
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Mummification: preserves body by embalming & wrapping in cloth
Soul would be able to return to this body in afterlife
Buried in pyramid with all of belongings (to take with you)
Usually just for pharaohs & leaders
Preserved body so well, recognized thousands of years later
MUMMIFICATION
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Wrote language in hieroglyphics Written language using symbols and pictures
Deciphered by Rosetta Stone Contained 3 languages used to decipher hieroglyphics
Invented material to write on=papyrus (paper)
Applied science and math to astronomy & constellations, construction of pyramids, and calendar
LEARNING IN EGYPT
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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/explore-ancient-egypt.html
http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/ What are the three main periods of Egyptian
history?Why was Hatshepsut important?How did Egypt benefit from the Nile River?
Main Idea:The history of Egypt can be divided into three kingdoms, Old, Middle, and New. The success of Egypt depended on the Nile River.
SUMMARY