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AncieAncient nt
IndiaIndia
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The DeccanThe Deccan
Indo-Gangetic PlainIndo-Gangetic Plain
Northern Mountain RegionNorthern Mountain RegionGeographyGeographyGeographyGeography
Three Mountain ranges- Himalayas (“place of the snow”)- Highest mountain range in the world, form 1,500 mile long wall Karakoram – Join the Himalayas in current day Pakistan Hindu-Kush – Khyber pass at border of Afghanistanand Pakistan
The Indo-Gangetic Plain- The plain formed by the Indus and Ganges Rivers
The Deccan – The interior plateau separated from the Indo-Gangetic Plainby the Vindhya Mountains (traditionally said to divide the cultures of the North & South)
Chapter 3, Sect ion 1
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Northern Mountain RegionNorthern Mountain RegionNorthern Mountain RegionNorthern Mountain Region
The DeccanThe DeccanThe DeccanThe Deccan
Indo-Gangetic PlainIndo-Gangetic PlainIndo-Gangetic PlainIndo-Gangetic Plain
Ganges RiverGanges RiverGanges RiverGanges River
Vindhya MtsVindhya MtsVindhya MtsVindhya Mts
W. G
hats
Mts
W. G
hats
Mts
W. G
hats
Mts
W. G
hats
Mts
E. G
hats
Mts
E. G
hats
Mts
E. G
hats
Mts
E. G
hats
Mts
Karakoram MtsKarakoram MtsKarakoram MtsKarakoram Mts
Hindu Kush Mts
Hindu Kush Mts
Hindu Kush Mts
Hindu Kush Mts
Indus River
Indus River Himalaya
Himalaya
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ClimateClimateClimateClimate
Seasonal Winds – Seasonal Winds – November until February or March winds blow from North November until February or March winds blow from North & Northwest – any moisture carried falls on North slope of & Northwest – any moisture carried falls on North slope of Himalayas – by the time it reaches India it is very dryHimalayas – by the time it reaches India it is very dry
Mid-June through October winds blow from the Southwest,Mid-June through October winds blow from the Southwest,bringing warm moist air from the Indian Oceanbringing warm moist air from the Indian Ocean
Chapter 3, Sect ion 1
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2500-1500 BC2500-1500 BC Harappan Civilization Harappan Civilization Mohenjo Daro & Harappa – major citiesMohenjo Daro & Harappa – major cities
Detailed City Planning-Detailed City Planning- Planned pattern for streets (Grid-like)Planned pattern for streets (Grid-like) Municipal water systemsMunicipal water systems Public BathsPublic Baths City Sewer System w/private homes connectedCity Sewer System w/private homes connected Strong Central Fortress (Citadel)Strong Central Fortress (Citadel) Central GraineriesCentral Graineries
Buildings built w/Baked Bricks (stronger than mud bricks)Buildings built w/Baked Bricks (stronger than mud bricks)
2500-1500 BC2500-1500 BC Harappan Civilization Harappan Civilization Mohenjo Daro & Harappa – major citiesMohenjo Daro & Harappa – major cities
Detailed City Planning-Detailed City Planning- Planned pattern for streets (Grid-like)Planned pattern for streets (Grid-like) Municipal water systemsMunicipal water systems Public BathsPublic Baths City Sewer System w/private homes connectedCity Sewer System w/private homes connected Strong Central Fortress (Citadel)Strong Central Fortress (Citadel) Central GraineriesCentral Graineries
Buildings built w/Baked Bricks (stronger than mud bricks)Buildings built w/Baked Bricks (stronger than mud bricks)
Chapter 3, Sect ion 1
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Agriculture- -domesticated cattle, sheep, pigs, & goats - grew crops including cotton, wheat, & rice - used irrigation & flood control
Industry- - Artisans produced cotton cloth, pottery, bronze items, & jewelry of gold & silver
Written Language- - pictographs, as yet not translated, unable to connect to other languages
Agriculture- -domesticated cattle, sheep, pigs, & goats - grew crops including cotton, wheat, & rice - used irrigation & flood control
Industry- - Artisans produced cotton cloth, pottery, bronze items, & jewelry of gold & silver
Written Language- - pictographs, as yet not translated, unable to connect to other languages
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Indo-AryansIndo-Aryans
Early Society- - Formed villages, changed from Nomadic ways to farming - Villages eventually combined to form city-states - A “Raja” (prince or king) ruled each city-state, he was military leader, lawmaker, & judge, he was assisted by a royal council, friends, & relatives - Separation in social class between Aryans & conquered inhabitants
Early Society- - Formed villages, changed from Nomadic ways to farming - Villages eventually combined to form city-states - A “Raja” (prince or king) ruled each city-state, he was military leader, lawmaker, & judge, he was assisted by a royal council, friends, & relatives - Separation in social class between Aryans & conquered inhabitants
Nomads from the Steppes - Called themselves Aryans - Came through the mountain passes (Khyber)
Nomads from the Steppes - Called themselves Aryans - Came through the mountain passes (Khyber)
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Religion- - As recorded in the Vedas, they were gods of nature - No temples, used open spaces with altars - Used sacrifice to honor the gods - Over time Brahmins (priests) were needed to perform sacrifices
Religion- - As recorded in the Vedas, they were gods of nature - No temples, used open spaces with altars - Used sacrifice to honor the gods - Over time Brahmins (priests) were needed to perform sacrifices
The Vedic Age 1500 – 1000 B.C. - Vedas the great literature of the Aryans, stories of their history, religion, & customs - History recorded by “word of Mouth” until written language (Sanskrit) was developed
The Vedic Age 1500 – 1000 B.C. - Vedas the great literature of the Aryans, stories of their history, religion, & customs - History recorded by “word of Mouth” until written language (Sanskrit) was developed
Indo-AryansIndo-Aryans
Economy- Farming – Wheat & Barley principal crops
Also rice, sugar cane, leafy vegetables,gourds, peas, beans, & lentils
Trading - limited, barter system, poor transportation
Economy- Farming – Wheat & Barley principal crops
Also rice, sugar cane, leafy vegetables,gourds, peas, beans, & lentils
Trading - limited, barter system, poor transportation
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Non-AryansNon-Aryans
Warriors &Brahmins (priests)
Warriors &Brahmins (priests)
Merchants, Artisans, & Farmers
Merchants, Artisans, & Farmers
Farm Workers & Servants Farm Workers & Servants
Rajah
Indo-AryansIndo-Aryans
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Indo-AryansIndo-Aryans
Chapter 3, Sect ion 2
Why did this civilization decline?Why did this civilization decline?
Many theories, but nobody actually knows . . . Many theories, but nobody actually knows . . .
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Southern IndiaSouthern India
-Separated from Northern India by Vindhya Mts.
-Developed separate cultures & economies
-Even groups within the southern region were fragmented
-Coast dwellers developed a robust trading economy
-many groups developed a “Matriarchal” society
-Separated from Northern India by Vindhya Mts.
-Developed separate cultures & economies
-Even groups within the southern region were fragmented
-Coast dwellers developed a robust trading economy
-many groups developed a “Matriarchal” society
Chapter 3, Sect ion 2
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Chapter 3, Sect ion 3
Vedanta (end of the Vedas) - started around 700 B.C.
- Questioned authority of Brahmins
- Ideas expressed in written form (Upanishads- a philosophical
explanation of the Vedic religion)
- Complex, hard for most people to understand
- Simple stories (folk tales) used to teach common man called epics
- Two epics, the Mahabharata & the Ramayana
- Mahabharata includes Bhagavad Gita, or “Song of the Lord”
- These were the bases for both Hinduism & the Caste System
Vedanta (end of the Vedas) - started around 700 B.C.
- Questioned authority of Brahmins
- Ideas expressed in written form (Upanishads- a philosophical
explanation of the Vedic religion)
- Complex, hard for most people to understand
- Simple stories (folk tales) used to teach common man called epics
- Two epics, the Mahabharata & the Ramayana
- Mahabharata includes Bhagavad Gita, or “Song of the Lord”
- These were the bases for both Hinduism & the Caste System
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The Caste System-Four distinct Varmas (social classes)
-Brahmins (priests, scholars, wise men)
-Kshatriyas (Warriors)-Vaisyas (Merchants, traders, artisans, farm owners)-Sudras (peasants, laborers)
-Outside the Social Structure-Pariahs, or Untouchables (those who by birth inherited impure professions, such as skinning animals, caring forcorpses, etc.)
-System became more strict over time-subgroups, or jati were formed-people required to operate socially within their own group
The Caste System-Four distinct Varmas (social classes)
-Brahmins (priests, scholars, wise men)
-Kshatriyas (Warriors)-Vaisyas (Merchants, traders, artisans, farm owners)-Sudras (peasants, laborers)
-Outside the Social Structure-Pariahs, or Untouchables (those who by birth inherited impure professions, such as skinning animals, caring forcorpses, etc.)
-System became more strict over time-subgroups, or jati were formed-people required to operate socially within their own group
Chapter 3, Sect ion 3
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Pariahs or Untouchables
Brahmins
(priests)
Kshatriyas (warriors)
Vaisyas (merchants, artisans,
& farmers)
Sudras (farm workers & servants) Chapter 3, Sect ion 3
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Hindu Beliefs –
Monism - Mind & matter are ultimately the same
Maya – The world of our senses is only illusion
Reincarnation – rebirth of the soul into a different body form based on your Karma & Dharma
Dharma – The fulfillment of moral duty
Karma – Positive or Negative force generated by a person’s actions & attitude
Hindu Beliefs –
Monism - Mind & matter are ultimately the same
Maya – The world of our senses is only illusion
Reincarnation – rebirth of the soul into a different body form based on your Karma & Dharma
Dharma – The fulfillment of moral duty
Karma – Positive or Negative force generated by a person’s actions & attitude Chapter 3, Sect ion 3
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Polytheistic - 3 greater gods (although Hindu’s believe thateverything is “one”)
Brahma - The Creator
Vishnu - The Preserver
Siva - The Destroyer
Many lesser gods dealing with nature & human natureThey believe that all life is sacred
Polytheistic - 3 greater gods (although Hindu’s believe thateverything is “one”)
Brahma - The Creator
Vishnu - The Preserver
Siva - The Destroyer
Many lesser gods dealing with nature & human natureThey believe that all life is sacred
Both the Caste System & the Hindu Religion provided
a strict social structure which allowed society to function
more smoothly
Both the Caste System & the Hindu Religion provided
a strict social structure which allowed society to function
more smoothlyChapter 3, Sect ion 3
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Siddhartha Gautama – born around 563 B.C., founder.
-son of a prince, grew up in luxury
-pondered why suffering exists, & what is the value of life
-At age 29 determined to spend the rest of his life seeking answers
-After six years believed he had found the answers, & he became the Buddha,(Enlightened One)
Siddhartha Gautama – born around 563 B.C., founder.
-son of a prince, grew up in luxury
-pondered why suffering exists, & what is the value of life
-At age 29 determined to spend the rest of his life seeking answers
-After six years believed he had found the answers, & he became the Buddha,(Enlightened One)
Chapter 3, Sect ion 3
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Buddha’s Teachings –The Four Noble Truths1. All human life involves suffering & sorrow2. Desire for a life of pleasure & material gain causes suffering & sorrow.3. Renouncing desire frees people from suffering & helps souls attain Nirvana4. Eightfold Path leads to renunciation, or denial of desire & attainment of Nirvana.
Buddha’s Teachings –The Four Noble Truths1. All human life involves suffering & sorrow2. Desire for a life of pleasure & material gain causes suffering & sorrow.3. Renouncing desire frees people from suffering & helps souls attain Nirvana4. Eightfold Path leads to renunciation, or denial of desire & attainment of Nirvana.
Nirvana – the perfect peace, which releases the soul from endless reincarnation
Nirvana – the perfect peace, which releases the soul from endless reincarnation
Chapter 3, Sect ion 3
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The Eightfold Path
1.Right views, seeing life as it is
2.Right intentions
3. Right speech
4. Right action
5. Right living
6. Right effort
7. Right mindfulness
8. Right concentration
The Eightfold Path
1.Right views, seeing life as it is
2.Right intentions
3. Right speech
4. Right action
5. Right living
6. Right effort
7. Right mindfulness
8. Right concentration
Buddha’s Teachings Buddha’s Teachings
Chapter 3, Sect ion 3
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After Siddhartha Gautama’s death, Buddhism split into two major branches-
Theraveda – regarded Buddha as a great spiritual teacher
Mahayana – regarded Buddha as a god or saviordeveloped Buddhism as a religion with Temples & Priests
Spread throughout China, Korea, & Japan fairly quickly, and is now worldwide (cultural diffusion).
After Siddhartha Gautama’s death, Buddhism split into two major branches-
Theraveda – regarded Buddha as a great spiritual teacher
Mahayana – regarded Buddha as a god or saviordeveloped Buddhism as a religion with Temples & Priests
Spread throughout China, Korea, & Japan fairly quickly, and is now worldwide (cultural diffusion).
Chapter 3, Sect ion 3
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Mauryan Empire: Mauryan Empire: (321 BC-232 BC)(321 BC-232 BC)
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• Founded by Chandragupta MauryaFounded by Chandragupta Maurya– Conquered most of northern India Conquered most of northern India
– main rivals Nunda Familymain rivals Nunda Family
• Grandson of Grandson of ChandraguptaChandragupta - - AsokaAsoka– Conqueror the rest of Northern & Central IndiaConqueror the rest of Northern & Central India
– Treated his people with kindness after conversion to Treated his people with kindness after conversion to BuddhismBuddhism
Mauryan Empire: Mauryan Empire: (321 BC-232 BC)(321 BC-232 BC)
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Mauryan Empire: Mauryan Empire: (321 BC-232 BC)(321 BC-232 BC)
• AchievementsAchievements – Spread Buddhism throughout India & the regionSpread Buddhism throughout India & the region– Improved roads (linked to silk roads)Improved roads (linked to silk roads)– EducationEducation– Built hospitals Built hospitals – Encouraged Science, Math, & MedicineEncouraged Science, Math, & Medicine
After Asoka died a series of weak rulers allowedAfter Asoka died a series of weak rulers allowed
The Empire to collapse, allowing India to fall The Empire to collapse, allowing India to fall
Into a 500 year period of civil war between smallInto a 500 year period of civil war between small
Provinces and foreign interventionProvinces and foreign intervention.
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Gupta Empire: (320-535 AD)Gupta Empire: (320-535 AD)
321-232 BCMauryan Empire
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Gupta Empire: (320-535 AD)Gupta Empire: (320-535 AD)
• BackgroundBackground– United northern IndiaUnited northern India
– Promoted trade with other nationsPromoted trade with other nations
– Called “Golden Age of Hinduism”Called “Golden Age of Hinduism”
– Increased influence of the Caste System on Indian Increased influence of the Caste System on Indian society (further dividing society)society (further dividing society)
– Empire broken up during Hun invasionEmpire broken up during Hun invasion
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Gupta Empire: (320-535 AD)Gupta Empire: (320-535 AD)• AchievementsAchievements
– Developed the “Zero” (0), infinity, and decimal Developed the “Zero” (0), infinity, and decimal numbers (Great mathematician – Aryabhata)numbers (Great mathematician – Aryabhata)
– Wrote plays & poems in SanskritWrote plays & poems in Sanskrit
– Traded with Chinese, Persians, Byzantines, and Traded with Chinese, Persians, Byzantines, and RomansRomans
– Created vaccines for diseases (Great doctor – Susrata) Created vaccines for diseases (Great doctor – Susrata)
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The SciencesMath & Astronomy-
-understood abstract numbers, negative numbers
-used Algebra
-Identified 7 of the planets without telescope
-Understood the rotation of the Earth
Medicine-
-Surgeries included bone setting & plastic surgery
-developed technique of innoculation
-Built hospitals that were clean and light
-disinfected wounds
The SciencesMath & Astronomy-
-understood abstract numbers, negative numbers
-used Algebra
-Identified 7 of the planets without telescope
-Understood the rotation of the Earth
Medicine-
-Surgeries included bone setting & plastic surgery
-developed technique of innoculation
-Built hospitals that were clean and light
-disinfected wounds
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Chapter 3, Sect ion 5
Economy:-Agriculture basis for economy for most of India
-under the Gupta Empire trade became increasingly
important
-Southern India economy based in trade
-The wealthy rajas taxed farmers heavily to support
their lifestyle and conquests
Economy:-Agriculture basis for economy for most of India
-under the Gupta Empire trade became increasingly
important
-Southern India economy based in trade
-The wealthy rajas taxed farmers heavily to support
their lifestyle and conquests
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The Arts-Literature – Mahabharata & Ramayana
Panchatantra (Five Books)- Popular fablesthat influenced later Arabian works
Art & Architecture- Murals very popular (Caves at Ajanta)Religious sculptures (such as the Buddhas)
Education-Very advanced, but generally reserved for the upper classes
The Arts-Literature – Mahabharata & Ramayana
Panchatantra (Five Books)- Popular fablesthat influenced later Arabian works
Art & Architecture- Murals very popular (Caves at Ajanta)Religious sculptures (such as the Buddhas)
Education-Very advanced, but generally reserved for the upper classes
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Women in Northern India were generally subordinate to men-laws supported this idea-Polygyny allowed men to have more than one wife-Suttee, voluntary death on husbands funeral pyre, common among upper class
Women in the South fared better-Matriarchal society-could assume political leadership especially in the Tamil
Women in Northern India were generally subordinate to men-laws supported this idea-Polygyny allowed men to have more than one wife-Suttee, voluntary death on husbands funeral pyre, common among upper class
Women in the South fared better-Matriarchal society-could assume political leadership especially in the Tamil