Ancient India Out of 2 groups of people – one diverse religion.
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Transcript of Ancient India Out of 2 groups of people – one diverse religion.
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Ancient India• Out of 2
groups of people –
• one diverse religion
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Indus/Dravidian PeopleIndus/Dravidian People
• Written language
• Industry & trade
• Agriculture
• Planned Cities
• Citadel
• Underground sewers
• Oven baked bricks
Indo-AryansIndo-Aryans• Nomadic tribes
• Herded cattle, sheep goats
• Warriors
• Male dominated
• No cities
• No written lang.– only oral tradit.
The Indo-Aryans maybe conquered and The Indo-Aryans maybe conquered and enslaved the Indus Valley People c.1500 BCEenslaved the Indus Valley People c.1500 BCE
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From the clash of these two From the clash of these two cultures came:cultures came:
• Structure of Society – the Varna or castes
• The religion Hinduism
• Religious writings
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Brahmin
Kshatriya
Vaisya
ShudraShudra
Caste Caste SystemSystem
priests
Nobles, warriors, royalty
Merchants & skilled workers
Servants, peasants, slaves, laborers
Untouchables: Outcaste, pariah = outside caste system
Varna (castes) divided into
3000 subcastes,
jati, based on occupation
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HinduismOne religion and many…
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BrahmanOne Divine
EssenceUnity
Gods (diversity)Many manifestations of Brahman
BrahmaThe
Creator
ShivaThe
Destroyer
VishnuThe Preserver
Had many earthly incarnations:
Rama, Krishna
Hindu
Gods
+ millions of other gods
+ divine essence, “atman” in all things
“Trinity”
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Hindu BeliefsHindu Beliefs
• Worshiping many gods
• Reincarnation – cycle of rebirth (samsara, transmigration)
• Atman – spirit that goes from birth to rebirth (sort of like “soul”)
• Karma – every action is rewarded or punished in this life or a next life
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• Dharma: one’s moral duty in life; may differ according to varna
• Maya: the illusion of the material world (diversity)
• reality is the divine essence (Brahman=unity)
• Moksha: release from pain & suffering of rebirth
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• Ahimsa: reverence for all life forms
• Yoga: mental and physical discipline to free mind/spirit from bodily control
• Asceticism – extreme self-denial
• Nirvana – ultimate goal; to escape cycle of rebirth
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• Guru: teacher
• Yogi: yoga guru
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Religious WritingsReligious Writings
•Vedas: “Books of Knowledge”
• -oral tradition: songs, prayers, stories of the Indo-Aryans
•- eventually written in Sanskrit
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Religious WritingsReligious Writings
•UpanishadsUpanishads:: mystical/ philosophical discussions
• -reality and illusion
• -unity and diversity
"What makes my mind think, my eyes
see, my tongue speak, my body
live?"What happens when
this body dies?“
mysticism
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Religious Writings – The Epics• Epic: long heroic tale• Also began as oral
tradition; teaching tools
•Mahabarata: great war
• -Bhagavad-Gita “song of God”
• -Krishna’s instruction on love and morality
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Religious Writings - Epics• Ramayana – Story of Rama and
wife Sita
• allegorical sense: represents Indo-Aryans establishing hold over north India & moving influence south
• religious/mythical point of view: Rama represents the noble Rama represents the noble man, following man, following dharmadharma and and living rightly; living rightly;
• Sita is the honorable wifeSita is the honorable wife
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A Hindu’s goal• Immediate goal: A good Hindu should
follow the dharma of his caste. If he does this , karma will cause the transmigration of his atman into a higher caste/varna in his next life….
• Ultimate goal….The Atman will recognize maya, escape samsara, achieve Nirvana and be one with Brahman.
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“New” ideas threaten the status quo - 5th c. BCE
• Jainism - MahaviraJainism - Mahavira
• Buddhism – Siddartha GautamaBuddhism – Siddartha Gautama
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Jainism• “Jina” – the conqueror
• Mahavira – the “last conqueror”
• Holiness of the life force
• Extreme ahimsa
• Karma & detachment
• Monogamy & honesty
• Became city dwellers; trade
• vegetarian
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• ….
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BuddhismBuddhism
““The Middle The Middle Way”Way”
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Buddha…“The Enlightened One”
• 6th c. BC, Born a prince, isolated
• into world, saw illness, death & old age
• Left family (Great Renunciation) in search of “truth”
• austere, ascetic life for years, it didn’t help
• 35th birthday…weeks of meditation became the “Enlightened OneEnlightened One”
Siddhartha GautamaSiddhartha Gautama …the traditional story
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Four Noble Truths1. All life is suffering &
sorrow…
2. suffering is caused by greedy desiredesire
3. To eliminate suffering must eliminate desire
4. To eliminate desire follow the Eight-Fold Path or the Middle Way to reach Nirvana
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Eightfold Path... “The Middle Way”
• Know the truth
• Resist evil
• Say nothing to hurt others
• Respect life
• Work for the good of others
• Free mind of evil
• Control thoughts
• Practice meditation
wisdom
morality
meditation
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The Eightfold Path Expanded
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Compare/Contrast with Hinduism
Same
• reincarnation - sort of…
• Nirvana• Karma• Ahimsa –
reverence for all living things
• Dharma ….
Different – Buddhists:
• Do not believe in worshipping gods
• Reject caste/ varna system
• Believe one can escape cycle of rebirth by following 8-fold Path – a universal dharma
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Spread of Buddhism• Asoka – 3rd c. BC ruler who sent
out Buddhist missionaries
• Rise of Buddhism leads to a flowering of architecture and the arts
• Stupas – large stone mounds built over the bones of holy people
• Paintings/statues of Buddha
• Zen temples, surrounded by beautiful gardens
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Two Branches of Buddhism
Theravada (“Way of the Elders”)
• View Buddha as a teacher
• South and SE Asia
• Tripitika - scriptures
Mahayana
• View Buddha as a savior/divine being
• China, Korea, Japan
• Bodhisattvas – “saints”
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More variations within Mahayana Buddhism…
• In Nepal, Buddhists believe Buddha is the incarnation of Hindu God Vishnu
• Tantric Buddhism in Tibet – Buddhism and nature worship
• Zen Buddhism (Japan) – focuses on meditation & harmony & simplicity –
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So…who is this???So…who is this???• This is NOT the Buddha• This is Pu-tai or Hotei• A fertility symbol who was
said to bring gifts to small children (think Santa Claus)
• As Hotei – one of the 7 Japanese Shinto Gods
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cf. MahaviraMahavira, Siddhartha Siddhartha GautamaGautama &
Jesus of NazarethJesus of Nazareth
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Classical India1. Local Princes (rajahs)
2. Mauryan Empire – 322 BC
• Founder: Chandragupta• Asoka – after fierce wars of conquest,
became “enlightened”
– Renounced war
– Followed Buddhist teachings
– Encouraged tolerance
– Spread Buddhism throughout India and other parts of Asia by missionaries
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Asoka’s Rock Edicts• Laws carved on
rocks and pillars throughout empire
• Laws stressed concern for other human beings
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Gov’t cont’d: Gupta Empire
• Gupta Empire
• 320AD-535AD
• India’s “Golden Age” – arts & sciences flourished
• Began to write down rules for everything: grammar,
drama, politics
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Classical Society
• Caste System
• Women respected but had little power or independence
• Polygamy - many wives
• Suttee /sati wives’ ritual suicide
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Ancient Art/Architectu
re
• Golden Age during Gupta Empire
–(Drama, poetry, math and sciences flourished)
• Stupas – mound shaped shrines to Buddha/bodhisattvas
• Temples with brightly painted sculptures