Ancient India 5.2 Answers - Pottsgrove School District...5.1–!Origins!of!Hinduism!!...

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5.2 – Origins of Hinduism Essential Question: How do India’s rich history and culture affect the world today? Big Idea: Hinduism, the largest religion in India today, developed out of ancient Indian beliefs and practices. Key Word Definition Memory Clue varnas Aryan/Indian social divisions similar to other social hierarchies Brahmins priests Kshatriyas – rulers/warriors Vaisyas – farmers, traders, craftspeople Sudras – laborers, nonAryans caste system When the varnas became further divided, the result was more groups, or castes. The caste system divided Indian society into groups based on a person’s birth, wealth, or occupation. untouchables A group within Indian society that did not belong to any caste. They could only hold certain, often unpleasant jobs. sutras The guides that listed the rules for the caste system Vedas Aryan religion was based on the four Vedas, which are religious writings containing sacred hymns & poems. The oldest is the Rigveda, which includes hymns of praise to many gods. Hinduism The largest religion in India today, based on the blending of the Vedas, Vedic texts, and other religious ideas from different cultures Some important Hindu beliefs include polytheism, reincarnation, and karma. atman This is the Hindu word for soul. It should be reunited with Brahman, the universal spirit. Ancient India

Transcript of Ancient India 5.2 Answers - Pottsgrove School District...5.1–!Origins!of!Hinduism!!...

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       5.2  –  Origins  of  Hinduism    Essential  Question:  How  do  India’s  rich  history  and  

                                       culture  affect  the  world  today?    

    Big  Idea:  Hinduism,  the  largest  religion  in  India  today,                                      developed  out  of  ancient  Indian  beliefs  and  practices.      

    Key Word Definition Memory Clue    

    varnas  

    Aryan/Indian  social  divisions  similar  to  other  social  hierarchies      Brahmins  -‐  priests  Kshatriyas  –  rulers/warriors  Vaisyas  –  farmers,  traders,  craftspeople  Sudras  –  laborers,  non-‐Aryans    

     

     caste  system  

    When  the  varnas  became  further  divided,  the  result  was  more  groups,  or  castes.    The  caste  system  divided  Indian  society  into  groups  based  on  a  person’s  birth,  wealth,  or  occupation.    

     

     untouchables  

    A  group  within  Indian  society  that  did  not  belong  to  any  caste.    They  could  only  hold  certain,  often  unpleasant  jobs.    

     

    sutras   The  guides  that  listed  the  rules  for  the  caste  system    

     

       

    Vedas  

    Aryan  religion  was  based  on  the  four  Vedas,  which  are  religious  writings  containing  sacred  hymns  &  poems.    The  oldest  is  the  Rigveda,  which  includes  hymns  of  praise  to  many  gods.    

     

    Hinduism   The  largest  religion  in  India  today,  based  on  the  blending  of  the  Vedas,  Vedic  texts,  and  other  religious  ideas  from  different  cultures    Some  important  Hindu  beliefs  include  polytheism,  reincarnation,  and  karma.    

     

    atman   This  is  the  Hindu  word  for  soul.    It  should  be  reunited  with  Brahman,  the  universal  spirit.    

     

    Ancient India

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    Key Word Definition Memory Clue  

    reincarnation  The  process  of  rebirth  where  a  soul  is  born  and  reborn  into  different  physical  forms  until  it  can  see  through  the  illusion  of  life  and  reach  salvation    

     

         

    karma  

    The  effects  that  good  or  bad  actions  have  on  a  person’s  soul    -‐  Evil  actions  cause  bad  karma,  which  results  in  being        reborn  into  a  lower  caste  in  a  person’s  next  life.  -‐  Good  actions  build  up  good  karma  and  result  in        being  born  into  a  higher  caste,  eventually  leading  to        salvation.    

     

    moksha   Hinduism’s  salvation,  or  freedom  from  life’s  worries  and  the  cycle  of  rebirth    

     

    dharma    A  set  of  spiritual  duties  that  each  person  has  to  fulfill,  according  to  Hinduism    

     

     Jainism  

    A  religion  based  on  four  principles:  -‐ injure  no  life  (nonviolence)  -‐ tell  the  truth  -‐ do  not  steal  -‐ own  no  property  

     

     

    nonviolence/  ahimsa  

    The  avoidance  of  violent  actions    Hindus  and  Jains  practice  this.    

     

    Sikhism   A  monotheistic  religion  based  on  achieving  enlightenment  through  meditation.    

     

    guru   Sanskrit  word  for  ‘teacher’    

     

    monotheism   Belief  in  only  one  God    Sikhism  is  a  monotheistic  religion.    

     

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    5.1  –  Origins  of  Hinduism    Essential  Question:  How  do  India’s  rich  history  and  culture  affect  the  world  today?    

    Big  Idea:  Hinduism,  the  largest  religion  in  India  today,  developed  out  of  ancient  Indian  beliefs  and  practices.    

     A. Indian  Society  Divides  

     As  Aryan  society  became  more  complex,  their  society  became  divided  into  groups,  mostly  

    organized  by  people’s  ____occupation_______.    Strict  rules  developed  about  how  people  of  different  

    groups  could  interact.    According  to  the  ____Vedas______,  there  were  four  main  varnas,  or  

    ____social_____  ____divisions____.    They  were:  

    Brahmins  -‐  ____priests______  

    Kshatriyas  -‐  ___rulers____  and  ____warriors_____  

    Vaisyas  -‐  ____farmers_____,  ______craftspeople______,  and  _____traders_____  

    Sudras  -‐  __laborers___  and  ____non-‐Aryans____  

    Brahmins  were  the  highest  rank  because  they  performed  _____rituals____  for  the  ____gods___.      

    Rules  became  stricter,  and  each  varna  was  divided  into  even  more  castes,  or  ____groups___.    This  

    caste  system  divided  Indian  society  into  groups  based  on  a  person’s  ___birth_______,  _____wealth_____,  

    or  ____occupation______.    A  person’s  ___caste____  determined  where  they  belonged/ranked  in  society,  

    but  a  caste’s  value  could  change  depending  on  wealth  or  power.    On  rare  occasions,  people  could  

    ___change____  their  caste.    Over  time,  ___women’s______  rights  were  limited.    Later,  a  group  that  did  

    not  belong  to  any  caste  developed.    They  were  called  ___untouchables____,  and  they  could  only  hold  

    certain,  often  unpleasant,  jobs.  

    To  keep  the  groups  separate,  the  Aryans  developed  ___sutras_____,  or  guides,  which  listed  all  the  

    rules  for  the  caste  system.    People  who  broke  the  rules  could  be  banned  from  their  homes  and  

    ___castes_____,  which  would  make  them  ____untouchables_______.    Because  of  these  rules,  people  spent  

    almost  all  of  their  time  with  others  in  their  ___same____  caste.  

     

  • B. Brahmanism    

    Because  Aryan  priests  were  called  Brahmins,  their  religion  is  often  called  

    ____Brahmanism________.    Aryan  religion  was  based  on  the  ____Vedas______.    There  are  four  Vedas,  each  

    containing  sacred  hymns  and  poems.    The  oldest  of  the  Vedas,  the  ____Rigveda_____,  includes  hymns  

    of  praise  to  many  gods.      

    Over  the  centuries,  Aryan  Brahmins  wrote  down  their  thoughts  about  the  Vedas,  creating  

    writings  called  the  ___Vedic___  ___texts_____.    One  collection  of  Vedic  texts  describes  Aryan  religious  

    ___rituals____.    A  second  collection  describes  __secret____  ___rituals____  that  only  certain  people  could  

    perform.    The  final  collection  of  Vedic  texts,  the  ____Upanishads_____,  are  reflections  on  the  Vedas  by  

    religious  ___students____  and  ____teachers____.  

     C. Hinduism  Develops  

     The  ___Vedas____,  the  Upanishads,  and  other  Vedic  texts  began  to  blend  with  ideas  from  other  

    cultures,  creating  a  religion  called  ____Hinduism________,  the  largest  religion  in  India  today.    Hindus  

    believe  in  many  gods,  but  they  believe  that  all  gods  are  aspects  of  a  single  universal  spirit  called  

    ___Brahman_________.    Three  aspects  of  Brahman  are  particularly  important  to  Hinduism  -‐  

    ___Brahma_____,  the  Creator,  ___Siva___,  the  Destroyer,  and  ___Vishnu___,  the  Preserver.  

    Hindus  believe  that  each  person  has  a  soul,  or  ___atman___,  that  holds  their  personality.    Hindus  

    also  believe  a  person’s  ultimate  goal  should  be  to  reunite  that  soul  with  ____Brahman____,  the  

    universal  spirit,  by  seeing  through  the  ___illusion____  of  the  world.    In  order  to  do  this  successfully,  

    Hindus  believe  that  souls  are  born  and  ____reborn____  many  times,  each  time  in  a  new  body.    This  

    process  of  rebirth  is  called  ___reincarnation____.    The  type  of  form  a  person  is  reborn  into  depends  on  

    his/her  ___karma_____,  the  effects  that  good  or  bad  actions  have  on  a  person’s  __soul_____.    Evil  actions  

    built  bad  karma,  and  good  actions  built  good  karma.    Depending  on  your  karma,  you  were  either  

    reborn  into  a  higher  or  lower  ____caste______.    In  time,  good  karma  brings  ____salvation_______,  or  

    freedom  from  life’s  worries  and  the  cycle  of  rebirth.    This  salvation  is  called  ____moksha________.  

    Hinduism  taught  that  each  person  had  a  ___dharma______,  or  set  of  spiritual  duties,  to  fulfill.    

    Fulfilling  one’s  dharma  required  ___accepting_____  one’s  position  in  life.    By  teaching  people  to  accept  

    their  positions,  Hinduism  helped  preserve  the  ___caste___  _____system____.  

     

  • D. Groups  React  to  Hinduism    

    Although  it  was  widely  followed,  not  everyone  in  India  agreed  with  the  beliefs  of  Hinduism.    One  

    religion  that  developed  from  Hinduism  is  known  as  ___Jainism______,  which  is  based  on  the  teachings  

    of  a  man  named  Mahavira.      Mahavira  thought  Hindus  put  too  much  emphasis  on  ___rituals_____.    

    Instead,  he  came  up  with  four  principles  to  live  life  by:  

    -‐ Injure  __no  ___life__  

    -‐ Tell  ___the  __truth____  

    -‐ Do  __not  __steal___  

    -‐ Own  __no  ____property___  

       Jains  believe  that  everything  is  alive  and  part  of  the  cycle  of  ___rebirth___.    Because  of  this,  Jains  

    practice  ____nonviolence_______,  (ahimsa)  the  avoidance  of  violent  actions.    Hindus  also  practice  

    nonviolence,  or  __ahimsa______.    Since  they  don’t  want  to  hurt  living  things,  Jains  do  not  make  

    ___animal______  sacrifices,  nor  do  they  eat  any  food  that  comes  from  animals.  

         Centuries  later,  a  religion  called  ___Sikhism____  was  founded  by  the  Guru  Nanak.    This  man  and  

    teacher  was  raised  a  Hindu,  but  was  not  satisfied  with  the  religion’s  teachings.    He  blended  

    Hinduism  with  ideas  from  other  religions  to  create  ___Sikhism______,  a  monotheistic  religion.    Being  

    monotheistic,  Sikhs  only  believe  in  __one__  God,  who  has  no  physical  form,  but  can  be  sensed  in  the  

    creation.    Their  ultimate  goal  is  to  reunite  with  __God__  after  death  by  meditating  and  trying  to  

    achieve  ___enlightenment____  over  many  lifetimes.    Therefore,  Sikhs  also  believe  in  reincarnation.      

         Sikhism  teaches  that  people  should  live  truthfully,  treating  all  people  ___equally____,  regardless  

    of  ____gender____,  ____social___  ____class_____,  or  any  other  factor.    Sikhs  pray  several  times  a  day.    

    They’re  expected  to  wear  five  items  at  all  times  as  signs  of  their  religion:  

    -‐ __long____  ___hair___  

    -‐ a  ___small___  ___comb___  

    -‐ a  ___steel__  ___bracelet____  

    -‐ a  ___sword___  

    -‐ a  special  ____undergarment___  

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    Main  Idea  #1:    Indian  society  divided  into  distinct  groups  under  the  Aryans.      

    Q:    What  were  the  four  varnas?      

    A:  The  four  varnas  are  Brahmins,  Kshatriyas,  Vaisyas,  and  Sudras.      

    Q:    What  were  some  rules  described  in  the  sutras?      

    A:  People  couldn’t  marry,  or  eat  with  anyone  from  a  different  class.      

    Q:    What  could  happen  to  someone  who  broke  caste  rules?      

    A:  Someone  who  broke  the  caste  rules  could  be  banned  from  their  home  and  caste,  which  would  make  them  an  untouchable.  

     

    Main  Idea  #2:    The  Aryans  practiced  a  religion  called  Brahmanism.      

    Q:      What  is  the  Rigveda?      

    A:  The  Rigveda  is  the  oldest  of  the  Vedas  and  contains  a  collections  of  hymns  and  praises  to  many  gods.      

    Q:      When  was  Rigveda  probably  written?      

    A:  The  Rigveda  was  probably  written  before  1000  BC.      

    Q:      How  did  the  Upanishads  differ  from  other  Vedic  texts?      

    A:  The  Upanishads  were  reflections  on  the  Vedas  written  by  religious  students  and  teachers.      

    Q:    Why  did  priests  place  sacrifices  into  a  fire?      

    A:  Priests  believed  that  fire  would  carry  the  sacrifice  to  the  gods.    

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    Main  Idea  #3:    Hinduism  developed  out  of  Brahmanism  and  influences  from  other  cultures.  

       

    Q:        According  to  Hindu  belief,  what  are  the  three  major  forms  of  Brahman?      

    A:  The  three  forms  of  Brahman  are  Brahman,  the  Creator,  Siva,  the  Destroyer,  and  Vishnu,  the  Preserver.      

    Q:        What  led  to  the  development  of  Hinduism?      

    A:  The  blending  of  Brahmanism  and  religious  ideas  from  other  cultures.      

    Q:        How  may  believing  that  this  world  is  merely  an  illusion  affect  one’s  behavior?      

    A:  Answers  will  vary.      

    Q:      What  is  karma?      

    A:  Karma  is  the  effects  that  good  or  bad  actions  have  on  a  person’s  soul.      

    Q:  How  may  the  role  of  women  in  traditional  Hinduism  be  connected  to  the  history  of  Aryan  varnas?        

    A:  N/A      

    Q:    Do  you  think  a  wealthy  Brahmin  would  want  his  or  her  servants  to  believe  in  dharma?    Why  or  why              not?      

    A:  Answers  may  vary,  although  servants  would  be  more  likely  to  accept  their  fate  in  life  if  they  believed  in  dharma.  

     

    Main  Idea  #4:    The  Jains  and  Sikhs  reacted  to  Hinduism  by  breaking  away  to  form  their  own  religions.  

       

    Q:          On  whose  teachings  were  Jainism  and  Sikhism  based?      

    A:  Jainism  was  created  by  Mahavira,  and  Sikhism  was  created  by  Guru  Nanak.      

    Q:          How  did  Jainism  differ  from  Hinduism?      

    A:  The  Hindus  put  an  emphasis  on  religious  rituals,  but  Jains  put  an  emphasis  on  nonviolence.      

    Q:          Why  do  Sikhs  carry  special  objects  with  them  at  all  times?      

    A:  Sikhs  carry  special  objects  with  them  as  symbols  of  their  religious  faith.    

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    Reading  Checks      

    Q  #1:      How  did  a  person  become  a  member  of  a  caste?      

    A:  A  person  became  a  member  of  a  caste  through  birth,  wealth,  or  occupation.      

    Q  #2:      What  are  the  Vedic  texts?      

    A:  The  Vedic  texts  are  sacred  hymns  and  poems,  collections  of  writings  by  Aryan  Brahmins.      

    Q  #3:      What  determined  how  a  person  would  be  reborn?      

    A:  A  person’s  karma  determined  how  he/she  would  be  reborn.      

    Q  #4:      Why  do  Jains  avoid  eating  meat?      

    A:  Jains  avoid  eating  meat  because  they  don’t  want  to  hurt  living  creatures.