Ancient Greece. The Geography of Greece Geography Peninsula- Mediterranean / Aegean SeasPeninsula-...
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Transcript of Ancient Greece. The Geography of Greece Geography Peninsula- Mediterranean / Aegean SeasPeninsula-...
GeographyGeography
• Peninsula- Mediterranean / Peninsula- Mediterranean / Aegean SeasAegean Seas
• Sea = trade, ideasSea = trade, ideas
• Mountain Valleys divide into Mountain Valleys divide into city-statescity-states
• Rocky Islands limit fertile landRocky Islands limit fertile land
AgricultureAgriculture
• Good climate but bad terrain (very Good climate but bad terrain (very mountainous)mountainous)– Hilly ground: grapesHilly ground: grapes– Rocky soil: olivesRocky soil: olives– Good soil: corn and wheatGood soil: corn and wheat
• Sea was very importantSea was very important– Homer describes various fishing methods Homer describes various fishing methods
using hooks, nets, and harpoon in both the using hooks, nets, and harpoon in both the IliadIliad and the and the OdysseyOdyssey
The Mycenaean Civilization
The Mycenaean Civilization
*1st Greek speakers*Seatraders*Influenced by Egypt*Trojan War- economic Rivalry W/ Troy
Trojan WarTrojan War
• About 1200 B.C., the About 1200 B.C., the Mycenaeans fought the Mycenaeans fought the Trojan War with the city of Trojan War with the city of Troy in AnatoliaTroy in Anatolia
• At the same time, foreigners At the same time, foreigners invaded the Mycenaean invaded the Mycenaean homelandhomeland
• From 1100 to 800 B.C., From 1100 to 800 B.C., chaos reigned throughout chaos reigned throughout the eastern Mediterraneanthe eastern Mediterranean
• In the absence of a In the absence of a centralized state or empire, centralized state or empire, local institutions took the local institutions took the lead in restoring political lead in restoring political order to Greeceorder to Greece– City-statesCity-states
The Trojan Horse
GREEK GODSGREEK GODS
• Polytheists- gods live Polytheists- gods live on Mt Olympuson Mt Olympus
• Common Greek culture Common Greek culture formsforms
• ZEUS = god, humansZEUS = god, humans• HERA= marriageHERA= marriage• POSEIDON = seaPOSEIDON = sea• APHRODITE = loveAPHRODITE = love• ARES = warARES = war• ATHENA = wisdomATHENA = wisdom
Homer: The “Heroic Age”
Homer: The “Heroic Age”
*Wandering blind poet
*Wrote Iliad and Odyssey
“Every man make up his mind to fight and move on his enemy…It’s hard for me to face so many men and with all at once.. And yet I will”- Achilles (the Iliad)
VocabularyVocabulary
–Polis = city-statePolis = city-state–Acropolis = High city within polisAcropolis = High city within polis–Monarchy = King with central powerMonarchy = King with central power–Aristocracy = Rule by landholding eliteAristocracy = Rule by landholding elite–Oligarchy = Small, powerful elite Oligarchy = Small, powerful elite
business class rulebusiness class rule–Phalanx= formation of heavily armed Phalanx= formation of heavily armed
soldierssoldiers
Early AthensEarly AthensMonarchy Aristocracy
- People begin to resent nobles, wants rights
- Democracy = Gov’t by the people
SpartaSparta
• City-State in southCity-State in south• Many captured slaves = strict societyMany captured slaves = strict society• Gov’t = 2 kings & councilGov’t = 2 kings & council• Military society- boys age 7 -30= live in barracks, Military society- boys age 7 -30= live in barracks,
traintrain• Isolated, frowned on trade, wealth = no new ideas, Isolated, frowned on trade, wealth = no new ideas,
art, etc…art, etc…• Becomes rival of Athens- compete for power, Becomes rival of Athens- compete for power,
influence in Greek worldinfluence in Greek world
Athenian democracyAthenian democracy
• Males can voteMales can vote• 500 man 500 man
legislaturelegislature• Slaves, women Slaves, women
– no rights– no rights• Boys are Boys are
educatededucated
Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE
Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE
•Athens & Sparta vs. Persia
•Victories @ Marathon & Thermopylae = Greeks win
•Believe gods protect superior form of gov’t
Persian Wars: Famous BattlesPersian Wars: Famous Battles$ Marathon (490 BCE)§ 26 miles from Athens
$ Thermopylae (480 BCE)§ 300 Spartans at the
Mountain pass
$ Salamis (480 BCE)§ Athenian navy victorious
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE•Direct Democracy- all males, regardless of wealth / class
•Salaries paid to elected officials (poor can serve)
•Assembly meets often- 6,000 + needed to vote
•“power is in the hands, not of a minority, but the whole people”- Pericles
Great Athenian Philosophers
Great Athenian Philosophers$ Philospher
§ “Lover of Wisdom”
§ Believe events not caused by whim of gods
§ Observe / reason to find real cause
$ Examples§ Socrates Aristotle
§ Plato
Great Athenian Philosophers
Great Athenian Philosophers$ Socrates
§ Questions everything
§ Controversial?
§ Executed at age 70 for “corrupting youth and disrespecting gods”
Great Athenian Philosophers»PlatoPlato
*Ideal state not democracy*Ideal state not democracy- Workers produceWorkers produce- Soldiers defendSoldiers defend- Philosophers rulePhilosophers rule- Wisest = LeaderWisest = Leader
Great Athenian Philosophers• AristotleAristotle–Favors gov’t Favors gov’t
led by single led by single virtuous virtuous leaderleader
–Democracy = Democracy = mob rulemob rule
Athens: The Arts & Sciences
Athens: The Arts & Sciences$ DRAMA (tragedians):
§ Aeschylus
§ Sophocles
§ Euripides
$ THE SCIENCES:§ Pythagoras
§ Democritus all matter made up of small atoms.
§ Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”
The ParthenonThe Parthenon
*Built on the acropolis during the reign of Pericles
* Symbol of democracy, classic Greek Architecture
The Ancient Olympics:
Athletes & Trainers
The Ancient Olympics:
Athletes & TrainersGreat runner, four times victor at the Games,But for a war you would have known no fame.Though exiled from the bubbling springs of home,Your swift pace made a new land's fields your own.- Pindar, Olympian Ode 12, 460BC
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
•Forms vast empire
•Cultures blend- Greek ideas spread
•Alexandria=Egypt. City between 3 continents
•Stoicism=philosophy of life- avoid desires & disappointments by accepting life calmly
Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic
Philosophers$ Cynics Diogenes§ ignore social conventions &
avoid luxuries.
§ citizens of the world.
§ live a humble, simple life.
$ Epicurians Epicurus§ avoid pain & seek pleasure.
§ all excess leads to pain!
§ politics should be avoided.
Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic
Philosophers$ Stoics Zeno§ nature is the expansion of divine
will.
§ concept of natural law.
§ get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but toperform virtuous acts for the good of all.
§ true happiness is found ingreat achievements.
Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences
Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences$ Scientists /
Mathematicians:§ Aristarchus heliocentric theory.
§ Euclid geometry
§ Archimedes pulley
$ Hellenistic Art:§ More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic
art.
§ Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!