Ancient Civilizations of the Americas Lecture 13
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Transcript of Ancient Civilizations of the Americas Lecture 13
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Ancient Civilizations of the Americas Lecture 13
Early Classic Tikal
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Tikal- Ti-k’al “Place of Spirits” in Yucatec
Ti ak’al “At the Waterhole” Refers to reservoir in city
Ti’k’al – Place of the Count of the Katun (Coggins and Jones)
Ancient Name: Yax Mutal “First Flower” “Topknot” (Mod. Motul) David Stuart
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History of Tikal Investigations
Site was occupied in the 19th century
Visited in 1848 by Modesto Mendez and Ambrosio Tut
1877 Dr. Gustav Bernoulli – Swiss, removed three lintels.
1881-82 Alfred Percival Maudslay – Mapped and photographed temples.
1895, 1904 Teobert Maler – Mapped site for Peabody Museum.
1910 Alfred Tozzer – Mapped the temples.
1914-1928 Sylvanus P.Morley – collected inscriptions.
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Photographs by A.P. Maudslay
1880’s
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The Tikal Project 1955-1969
Undertaken by the University Museum of Pennsylvania
Directed by: 1) Ed Shook 1955-1961 Mapped the site and trenched the acropolis. Aubry Trik – architect.
2) Robert S. Dyson 1962 Excavation crew numbers 100
3) William R. Coe II 1963-1969
113 professional archaeologists served on the project.
30+ volumes of reports planned
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Proyecto Nacional Tikal 1979-1989
Excavated 5C-XVI Group south of the Lost World pyramid.
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Formative Tikal – The Middle Preclassic 800-600 BC
Concentrations of Eb ceramics found under the North Acropolis and Lost World (Mundo Perdido) pyramid
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Lost World Pyramid (5C-54)
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Tikal was located at the edge of a lake (bajo) at a good chert source.
No architecture discovered, apart from chultuns.
Late Preclassic 350 BC – 250 AD
•City expands along an E-W axis
•E-group constructed at Lost World complex
•Lost World pyramid originally had masks of night and day jaguar – sun god K’inich Ahau.
•North Acropolis used for royal burials. First building dates to 250-100 BC. Tomb decorations in Izapa style.
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First version of Lost World pyramid built 500 BC
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History Begins at Tikal – Burial 85, North Acropolis
Male buried in front of 5D-sub-1 1st
Martin and Grube hypothesize that it might be
Yax Ehb’ Xook founder of Classic dynasty 219-238 AD
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Royal Ancestor
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Extent of Settlement: AD 150
Chak Tok Ich’aak – dies Jan. 31, 378 AD,
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AD 378 Teotihuacan Attacks?
General: Siyaj K’ak installs Yax Nuun Ayiin as king in AD 379 Siyaj K’ak: “Fire is Born.”
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The “marcador”
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The marcador celebrates a victory over Uaxactun, erected AD 414
Talud-Tablero style
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Burial 10, found
Beneath temple 5D-34 North Acropolis, of
Yax Nuun Ayiin
“First Crocodile”
Dies AD 426
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Stela 31
Accession
of Siyaj
Chan
K’awiil II
Called
Stormy
Sky in your
Textbook
AD 436
Ancestor
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Siyaj Chan K’awiil
Buried minus his head and hands a year after his death in March 457 AD. Glyphs state tomb lies in the “Flowery Ether of Divine Space”
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Some Political Terminology from Tikal
Kuhul Ahau also spelled ajaw: King – literally means “holy lord.” Concept changed during the Early Classic.
Chacte or Ochkin Kalomte “Lord of the West”: Emperor – ruler of realm larger than a single city. Applied to Spearthrower Owl.
Yajaw: Vassal, relational term.
Other contemporary (non-Tikal) terms:
Sahal: High-ranking noble
Batab: Chieftain.