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Dr Vishwanath Prabhu

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Anatomical position and its importance. Its a universal position.

Body is erect with feet together and upper

limbs hanging at the sides ,palms of thehands facing forward, thumbs facing awayfrom the body and fingers extended.

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Planes of Motion and Axes Of Rotation. Three cardinal planes

a) Sagital Plane-divides the body or structureinto right and left.

b) Frontal plane-divides the body into frontand back or anterior posterior portions.

C) Transverse plane-divides the body orstructure into superior inferior or uppersegment and lower segment.

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Centre Of Gravity , Line of Gravity andPostural Alignment.

Its a theoretical point where weight force ofthe object can be considered to act.

It depends on body position and changeswith body movement.

Its approximately at the 2ndsacral vertebrae.

E.g. from seated to standing. Line of gravity.

Its an imaginary line passing through thecentre of gravity.

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Anterior Posterior

Superficial Deep Proximal Distal Superior Inferior Medial

Lateral Ipsilateral Contralateral Unilateral Bilateral Prone Supine

Vagus (L) Varus (M)

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Flexion

Extension

Abduction Adduction

Horizontal Adduction

Internal rotation

External rotation

Lateral flexion

Rotation

Elevation Depression

Retraction

Protraction

Upward rotation of scapula

Downward rotation of scapula

Circumduction

Radial Deviation

Ulnar Deviation

Opposition

Eversion

Inversion

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

Pronation

Supination

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It has different parts and can be

differentiated The long or main part is called as the

Diaphysis. The ends are called as epiphyses. Epiphyses are covered with articular

cartilage, reduces friction absorbshock in Synovial joints.

In an adult bone the area betweendiaphysis and epiphyses is called asMetaphysis.

Medullary cavity also called as Marrowcavity is found in Diaphysis.

Marrow has a lining calledendosteum,necessary for bone

development. Periosteum-is a membrane around

the bone.

There are two types of bones-Compact and spongy

Compact ones provide support forweight bearing, while spongy providestrength.

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Long- femur , tibia , humerus , radius , ulna Short carpals , tarsals

Irregular Vertebrae , sacrum , coccyx

Flat - sternum , scapulae , ribs pelvis Sesamoid - patella

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Joints are the articulations between bones andalong with bones and ligaments, they constitutethe articular system.

Ligaments are tough, fibrous connective tissueanchoring bone to bone.

Joints are classified as synarthrodial,amphiarthrodial , diarthrodial (synovial)

Synarthrodial joints, example sutures of theskull, do not move.

Amphiarthrodial joints move slightly: example

inferior tibio-fibular joint. Synovial joints are the most common type ofjoints in the human body.

They contain a fibrous articular capsule and aninner synovial membrane than enclose the jointcavity.

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Fibrous jointsare held together by fibrous connectivetissue. No joint cavity is present. Fibrous joints may beimmovable or slightly movable.a) Suture Tight Union to the skullb) Syndemossis the shafts of the radius and ulna, tibia and

fibula.

c) Gomphosis unique at the tooth socket.

artilaginous jointsare held together by cartilage (hyalineor fibro cartilage). No joint cavity is present. Cartilaginous

joints may be immovable or slightly movable.a) Primary ( Synchondroses ; Hyaline cartilaginous) Gliding and

sliding movements At the sternum and Rib usuallytemporary to promote bone growth and typically fuse.

b) Secondary ( Symphyses ; fibrocatilginous) Strong , slightlymoveable Intervertabral disks , pubic symphysis.

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Synovial jointsare characterized by a synovialcavity (joint cavity) containing synovial fluid.Synovial joints are freely movable andcharacterize most joints of the body.a) Plane (Arthrodial) Gliding and sliding movements

e.g. Acromioclavicular joint

b) Hinge (Ginglymus) Uniaxial Movements e.g. elbowand knee - extension and flexion.

c) Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) Biaxial joint e.g. Radio carpalextension , flexion at the wrist.

d) Saddle (sellar) Unique joint that permits movements

in all planes , including opposition e.g. thumbe) Ball and socket joint ( Enarthrodial) Multi axial joints

that permit movements in all directions e.g. hip andshoulder joints.

f) Pivot ( Trochoidal) Unixial joints that permit rotation

e.g.- humeroradial joint.

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There are five distinct features of synovialjoint:

It is enclosed by a fibrous joint capsule. The joint capsule encloses joint cavity. The joint capsule is lined with synovial

membrane. Synovial fluid lines the inner surface of the

capsule. The articulating surfaces of the bones are

covered with hyaline cartilage which absorbsshock and reduces friction.

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Anterior Synarthrodial Epiphyseal plate Hinge joint Anatomical Position Transverse Plane Location of COG Supine Unilateral Periosteum

Flat bones? Ligaments Diarthrodial Second name for ellipsoidal Horizontal Adduction