Anatomy - The Nervous System Powerpoint

7/29/2019 Anatomy - The Nervous System Powerpoint

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Brain

WHAT PARTS DO YOU KNOW THAT

ARE IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?

Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nerves


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Classification of the Nervous System

Central nervoussystem (CNS):

BrainSpinal cord

Peripheral nervoussystem (PNS):

Nerves outside the

brain and spinal cord


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Functions of the Nervous System

Sensory input gathering information

To monitor changes occurring inside andoutside the body

Integration - To process and interpretsensory input and decide if action isneeded

Motor outputA response to stimuli

Activates muscles or glands


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The Peripheral Nervous System

Sensory (afferent) division - Nervefibers that carry information tothe centralnervous system

Motor (efferent) division -Nerve fibers

that carry impulses away fromthe central

nervous system.

Somatic system:

voluntary

Autonomic system:

involuntary


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Autonomic Nervous System

The involuntary branch of the nervoussystem

Consists of only motornerves

Divided into two divisions

Sympathetic divisionfight or flight response

Parasympathetic divisionhousekeeping


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The Central Nervous System is made of the brain and the spinal

cord.

The Central Nervous System controls everything in the body.


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Nervous System Histology

Neurons = nerve cells

Cells specialized to transmitelectrochemical messages

Major regions of neurons

Cell body nucleus and

metabolic center of thecell

Processes fibers thatextend from the cell body


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Neuron Anatomy

Dendrites conduct impulsestoward the cell body

Cell body (soma): containsorganelles & Nissl

substance (specializedrough ER)

Axons conduct impulsesaway from the cell body

Schwann cells produce myelinsheaths in jelly-roll likefashion

Nodes of Ranvier gaps inmyelin sheath along the axon


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Classification of Neurons

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Carry impulses from the sensory receptors

Cutaneous sense organsReceptors detect stretch or tension

Interneurons (association): connector

Motor (efferent) neurons

Carry impulses from the central nervous

system


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What makes up the brain, the spinal cord or

your peripheral nerves?

Neurons are the cell

Cell body

Nucleus

Axon

Dendrite QuickTime and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.


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Key NoteNeurons perform all of the communication,

information processing, and control functions

of the nervous system.


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Someone getting on your nerves?


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How are neurons connected?

Synapses!!


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Why are neurons connected?


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More neuron connections!


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General Organization of the nervous system

Brain & spinal

cord


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How does the Synapse carry the signal?

1. Electrical current travels down the axon2. Vesicles with chemicals move toward the membrane - what is

that called?

3. Chemicals are released and diffuse toward the next cells

plasma membrane4. The chemicals open up the transport proteins and allow the

signal to pass to the next cell -


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1

23 4

The synapse carries a signal from cell to cell


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Are all neurons equal in size? Brain vs spinal cord vs peripheral nerves?

About how many neurons are in the human brain? 100 billion

1 billion

around 15 feet

About how many neurons are in the spinal cord?

How long do you think the longest axon in the world is?


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How many synapses

are in one neuron?1,000 to 10,000!!


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This science is called Neurobiology Looking at the actual cells - how do they work?

Looking at the connections - how and when do they work?

Looking at what can change normal cells and connections

Looking at diseases that occur in the brain

One of the largest areas still unknown

Neurons connecting!


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What do you think can change

neurons and their connections? Accidents

Drugs

Alcohol Disease


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Accidents

Physical injury of your neurons


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Drugs and alcohol bind important receptors on neurons


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Repeated binding causes the neuron to die

D d h


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Drugs = neuron death


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Parkinson's Disease

ALS - Lou Gehrigs Disease

Huntingtons Disease

Multiple SclerosisAlzheimer's

Cerebral Palsy

Epilepsy


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100 Billion or so neurons - whats the

problem with some of them dying?

Cells multiply all the time

- will your neurons?

Does everyone react the

same way to accidents, or

drugs and alcohol?

Do all organisms react the

same to all stimulus?Which of your activities

use your neurons?


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Specialized Area of the Cerebrum

Figure 7.13c


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Cranial Nerves

12 pairs of nervesthat mostly serve thehead and neck

Numbered in order,front to back

Most are mixednerves, but threeare sensory only


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* The Outer Nervous Systems job is to connect the Central

Nervous System to the rest of the body.

* The outer nervous system carries messages between the central

nervous system and the rest of the body.


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* The outer nervous system is made of the nerves and the sense

organs.

EarEyeSkin

Nerves

Tongue


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* An automatic reaction that happens without thinking aboutit.

* A reflex happens quickly in less than a second.


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* The outer nervous system controls the bodysactivities that you dont think about.

* The outer nervous system controls activities in your small

intestine, your breathing, and your heartbeat.

controls


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Sense organs carry

messages about the

environment to the central

nervous system.

The eyes, ears, nose,

tongue, and skin are

examples of sense organs.

The sense organs gatherinformation (light, sound,

heat, and pressure) from

the environment.


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The environment is

everything outside the

body.

The sense organs gather

information from

outside the body, then

send the messages to

the brain.


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Vision is your ability to see.

Vision involves the eye and the brain.


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The eye is one of your sense organs.

The eye is made of the iris and thepupil.

The eye gathers pictures and sends them to the brain.


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The colored part of the eye is the iris.

The black part of the eye is the pupil.

The pupil becomes larger and smaller

as it controls the light coming into the

eye.IrisPupil


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When a sound is made, the air around the sound vibrates.

Hearing starts when some of the sound waves go into the

ear.

h f h i l d i h ki


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The sense of touch is located in the skin.

The nerves in the skin allow us to feel texture,

pressure, heat, cold, and pain.

Texture is how something feels.


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The nose controls your sense of smell.

The nose is able to smell 80 different kinds of smells.


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Your sense of taste comes from the taste buds in the tongue.

Taste buds are the parts on the tongue that allow

us to taste.

The four kinds of taste buds are sweet,

sour, bitter, and salty.


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Tastes and smells work together to make flavors.

Flavors are the tastes of food and drinks.

Anatomy - The Nervous System Powerpoint

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