Anatomy & Physiology Final Project "Seeing Something Shiny" Mr. Capodagli.
Anatomy Project
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Tissues
• Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform common or related functions
• Four primary tissues include: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
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Epithelial Tissues• A sheet if cells that
covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
• Forms the outer layer of the skin and lines the open cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory system
• Covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity
Simple CuboidalStratified Pseudostratified
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Epithelial Tissues
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Simple Epithelial• Composed of a
single layer. • Typically found
where absorption and filtration occur and thin epithelial barrier is desirable.
Squamous Columnar Cuboidal Pseudostratified
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Muscle Tissue
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Simple Squamous
• Flattened laterally and their cytoplasm is sparse, with a disc shaped central nuclei
• It is the simplest of the epithelia
• Can be found in the kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels
Squamous Columnar Cuboidal Pseudostratified
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Muscle Tissue
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Simple Columnar
• Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei
• Some of the cells bear cilia, and may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands
Squamous Columnar Cuboidal Pseudostratified
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Muscle Tissue
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Simple Cuboidal
• Consists of a single layer of cells as tall as they are wide
• Have a spherical central nuclei
Squamous Columnar Cuboidal Pseudostratified
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Muscle Tissue
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Pseudostratified
• Single layer of cells of different heights with some not reaching the surface
• Main function is to secrete and propel mucus
Squamous Columnar Cuboidal Pseudostratified
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Muscle Tissue
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Stratified Epithelial Tissue
• Contain two or more layers
• Are more durable than simple epithelial tissues, making their major role protection
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Squamous Cuboidal Transitional Muscle Tissue
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Stratified Squamous
• The most widespread of the stratified epithelia
• Composed of several very thick layers and is well suited for protecting the body
• The basal cells are cuboidal or columnar, while the surface cells are flattened like squamous cells
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Squamous Cuboidal Transitional Muscle Tissue
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Stratified Cuboidal
• Quit rare in the body, and is mostly found in the ducts of some of the larger glands including: sweat glands and mammary glands
• Typically have two layers of cuboidal cells
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Squamous Cuboidal Transitional Muscle Tissue
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Transitional Epithelial Tissue
• Resembles stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
• Its basal cells can be cuboidal or columnar
• Surface cells are dome shaped or squamous depending on the degree of organ stretch
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Squamous Cuboidal Transitional Muscle Tissue
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Connective Tissues
• Found everywhere in the body
• Consists of four main types: proper, cartilage, bone tissue, and blood
• Common characteristics include common origin, degree of vascularity, and the extra cellular matrix
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Proper Bone BloodCartilage
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Proper Connective Tissue
• Divided into subclasses, loose and dense
• It includes areolar, adipose, and reticular
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Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
ConnectiveTissues
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Areolar • Functions include
supporting and binding other tissues, holding body fluids, defending against infection, and storing nutrients as fat
• Made up of a gel like matrix, which includes fibroblasts, flat branching cells that appear spindle shaped.
• Wraps and cushions organs
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Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
ConnectiveTissues
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Adipose• Similar to areolar tissue
in structure and function, but is much better at storing nutrients
• Made up of closely packed adipocytes, fat cells, with a large nucleus pushed to the side by a large fat droplet
• Provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports, and protects organs
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Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
ConnectiveTissues
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Reticular• Resembles areolar
connective tissue, but only the fibers in its matrix are reticular fibers, which forms a more delicate matrix
• Reticular cells are scattered along the matrix as well as fibroblasts
• Reticular tissues are limited to certain parts of the body
• Can support many free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
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Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
ConnectiveTissues
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Dense Regular
• Mainly consists of fibers.
• Made up of closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, making its structure very flexible.
• Major cell type is fibroblasts. Makes up tendons and most ligaments.
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Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
ConnectiveTissues
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Dense Irregular• Has same structure as
dense regular, although the bindles of collagen are much thicker and run in one plane
• Found in body where tension is exerted from many different directions
• It can be found in skin and forms fibrous joint capsules
• It also helps form fibrous coverings that surround some organs
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Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
ConnectiveTissues
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Cartilage• Can stand up to tension
and compression, and has qualities in between connective tissue and bone.
• It is tough but flexible; it lacks nerve fibers and is vascular
• Receives its nutrients by diffusion from blood vessels, and is made up of up to 80% water
• Since it is avascular and aging cartilage cells lose their ability to dived, causing the cartilage to heal slowly
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Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage ConnectiveTissues
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Hyaline• Is the most abundant type
of cartilage in the body, and although it contains large numbers of collagen fibers, the amorphous appears glassy and blue with white by the eye
• It provides firm support with some pliability; it forms springy pads that absorb compression at joints
• It can be found in most of the embryonic skeleton and forms costal cartilage of the nose, trachea, and larynx
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Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage ConnectiveTissues
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Elastic
• Nearly identical to hyaline cartilage, although elastic cartilage has many more elastin fibers
• Can be found where strength and exceptional stretch ability are needed
• It forms the external ear as well as the epiglottis
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Hyaline Elastic FibrocartilageConnective
Tissues
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Fibrocartilage• It forms a perfect structure
in between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissue
• Its matrix is similar to hyaline cartilage but it less firm, and is made up of thick collagen fibers
• Its main function is to absorb compressive shock
• It can be found in the invertible discs of the spine, pubic symphysis, and the discs of the knee joint
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Hyaline Elastic FibrocartilageConnective
Tissues
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Bone (Osseous Tissue)• Has an exceptional ability to
support and protect the body structure.
• Also bones of the skeleton provide cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells.
• It is made up of a hard calcified matrix, which contains many collagen fibers.
• It is also very well vascularized.
• Its main function is to support and protect and also provide levers for the muscles to act on.
• It stores minerals and fat, and inside the bone is the site for blood cell formation.
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ConnectiveTissuesBone
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Blood• The fluid within blood vessels is
the most atypical connective tissue.
• It does not connect or give mechanical support to anything.
• It is classified as a connective tissue because it develops from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells, surrounded by a nonliving fluid matrix called blood plasma.
• The majority of blood cells are red blood cells but there are also white blood cells, which make up a fluid like matrix.
• Their function is too transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. Its location is contained within the blood cells.
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ConnectiveTissuesBlood
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Nervous Tissue• Is the main component
of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Its main purpose is to regulate and control body functions
• It is made up of neurons which are branching cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
• They can be found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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Nervous Tissue
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Muscle Tissue• Highly cellular well
vascularized tissues and are responsible for most types of body movement.
• They are composed of myofilaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types.
• Is divided into three kinds: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
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Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Skeletal Muscle• Tissue is packed by
connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton.
• It is made up of long cylindrical cells, and their function is to help with voluntary movement,
• locomotion facial expression, and voluntary control.
• It can be located in the skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin.
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Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Cardiac Muscle
• Found only in the wall of the heart.
• Its contractions help to propel blood thorough the blood vessels to all parts of the body.
• They structurally are uninucleate, and have branching cells that fit tightly together.
• Also made up of stritrations.
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Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Smooth Muscle
• Cells have no visible striations, are spindle shaped, and contain one centrally located nucleus
• Its cells are arranged closely to form sheets
• Its function is to propel substances along internal passageways
• Their location is mostly in the walls of hollow organs
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Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Muscle Tissue
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CreditsCreated by:
Brianna CheckAnatomy/ M1
October11, 2007
Special Thanks for Photos from users of flickr.com:Cristi’s PhotosDavid & MitchJaime & Tyler
Angeline & AshleyLydia & KaitlinGreenflames09
AkayRoxy & Sam
Music Provided by:Strings Ensemble
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Haven't Learned Enough Click Here! Learn more by clicking on the different types!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissue