Anatomy / Physiology Overview

Muscular System

Muscular System

Without the muscular system we would be unable to sit, _________________________ objects. Blood would no t________, because there would be no heartbeat to propel it through the vessels. The lungs could not ____________________, nor could food move through the _______________tract.

Muscular System

Muscle tissue is specialized for_________. The contraction mechanism is the same in each of the types of muscle tissue, but the organization of the fibers and filaments differ in each.

Muscles may be directly or indirectly (via tendons ________________. Muscles are also found in and around body organs and structures.

The muscular system includes approximately _______ skeletal muscles, not including cardiac and smooth muscles.

Functions of the Muscular System

__________– muscle contractions pull on tendons and move the bones of the skeleton.

_________________________– Without constant muscle tension, you could not sit upright without collapsing or stand without toppling over.

_________________– The abdominal wall and the floor of the pelvic cavity consist of layers of muscle that support the weight of visceral organs and shield internal tissues from injury.

Functions of the Muscular System

__________________________– Skeletal muscles guard openings to the digestive and urinary tracts, and provide voluntary control over swallowing , defecation, and urination.

___________________________– For example, contraction of the heart is an involuntary bodily process- the nervous system does not provide voluntary control over the cardiac muscle cells.

Functions of the Muscular System

___________________Muscle contractions require energy, and whenever energy is used in the body, some of its converted to heat. The heat lost by the working muscles keeps the body temperature in the normal range.

Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

All types of muscle tissue share four basic characteristics.

Excitability

Contractility

Extensibility

Elasticity

Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

____________– The ability to respond to stimulation.

____________– The ability to shorten and produce a force (tension).

_________________– The ability to be elongated (stretched).

_____________– The ability to rebound to its original (normal) resting length after being stretched.

Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

Skeletal Muscle

________________under conscious control of the nervous system.

_________ muscle fibers are marked by a series of bands.

_______________– most skeletal muscles cross at least one joint.

Cardiac Muscle

Found only in the heart walls._____________– nervous system does not provide conscious control. Rather it is controlled by the Medulla Oblongata (brain stem)____________in appearance under a microscope._____________– specialized cardiac muscle cells (called pacemaker cells) establish a regular rate of contractionMajor function is to help_____________________ _______________________________________

Smooth Muscle

Found in the walls of hollow internal surfaces such as blood vessels, bladder, respiratory tract, ________________________._______________

____________________________________

___________– autonomic nervous system provide involuntary control of smooth muscles

._______________

Terminology

______– the stable attachment of a muscle to a bone; it is usually the more proximal attachment and has a larger surface area of attachment.

_______– the moveable attachment of a muscle to a bone; it is usually the more distal attachment and has a smaller surface area of attachment.

______________– the main body of the muscle.

__________________– connects muscle to bone.

Terminology

_____________– wasting away of muscle due to disease or degeneration._______________– an increase in cross-sectional diameter of a muscle due to exercise._____________– a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle._______________________– most of the skeletal muscles in the body can contract in 0.01 seconds or less following stimulation. Fast fibers fatigue rapidly.

Terminology

_______________________– Take three times as long to contract after stimulation, however they can continue contracting for extended periods, long after a fast fiber would have become fatigued.

____________t (prime mover) – a muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement. (For example – the biceps brachii is a prime mover that flexes the elbow.)

Terminology

__________t – a muscle whose actions oppose the desired motion. (For example – the triceps brachii is an antagonist of the biceps brachii since its primary motion is extension of the elbow.)

_________– muscles which help to stabilize a joint while the limb is moved.

__________– muscle assisting the prime mover in performing an action.

Naming Skeletal Muscle

The names assigned to muscles provide clues to their identification.

________________of muscle fibers

Regional ____________

___________________features

____________________, superficial or deep

______________________

____________________function

Naming Skeletal Muscle

Some muscles, often with Greek or Latin roots, refer to the orientation of muscle fibers. For example “rectus” means straight and rectus muscle fibers____________________________________.

In a few cases, a muscle is such a prominent feature that the regional name alone can identify it, such as the______________________________

Naming Skeletal Muscle

Other muscles are named after structural features. For example, a ___________________________of origin, whereas the triceps has three.

Muscle names can reflect shape, length, size, and whether a muscle is visible at the surface or lying beneath.

_____________means large.

___________means small.

______________means long.

_________________means short.

Naming Skeletal Muscle

The first part of some names indicate the origin and the second part the insertion, such as the ______________________

Other names may indicate the primary function of the muscle, such as the________________.

Some muscles are named according to their shape, such as the ___________(triangular), the _________(trapezoid), or the __________ (diamond shape).

Types of Muscle Contraction

Static Contraction – _______________Does not result in any________________________.

Often performed against a_____________________.

Isometric contractions are said to be ________since a definite force is exerted with no actual movement of the muscle involved.

Types of Muscle Contraction

Dynamic Contraction

______________Positive work.The muscle produces tension and is___________________) in length.

Example: doing a biceps curl with a dumbbell.

E________________________________

The muscle produces tension and is____________________.

Example: lowering a dumbbell (elbow extension).

Types of Muscle Contraction

The contraction type is also used when resisting gravity.

Eccentric contractions tend to cause delayed onset muscle soreness.

Aging, Exercise, and the Muscular System

As the body ages, a general_________________ _______________________________________.

Skeletal muscle fibers become ______________ causing a decrease in strength and endurance, and a tendency to fatigue rapidly.

Skeletal muscles become less___________________ _______________. Movement and circulation can be restricted.

Aging, Exercise, and the Muscular System

The tolerance for exercise decreases in part from the tendency for ___________and in part from a _______ ______________________which leads to overheating.

The ability to recover from ______________decreases limiting repair capabilities and increasing the formation of scar tissue.

Aging, Exercise, and the Muscular System

The rate of decline in muscular performance is the_______________, regardless of their exercise patterns or lifestyle.

Therefore, to be in good shape late in life, an individual must be in very good shape early in life.

Regular exercise helps to____________________ __________________, and generally improves the quality of life at all ages.

Aging, Exercise, and the Muscular System

Extremely demanding exercise is not as important as_____________. In fact, extreme exercise in the elderly may lead to problems with tendons, bones, and joints.

Although it has obvious effects on the__________, there is no clear evidence that exercise ________ ______________expectancy.

Common Disorders

Strains__________________of a muscle or tendon caused by sudden overload or an abnormal muscular contraction.

The muscles that have the ___________________ in sports are the hamstring group, gastrocnemius, quadriceps group, hip flexors, hip adductor group, spinalis group of the back, deltoid, and rotator cuff group of the shoulder.

Strains

Strains are graded according to the following classifications:

1st degree / Grade 1 (mild) – the muscle or tendon is ______, but there is no loss of continuity of its fibers.

2nd degree / Grade 2 (moderate) – the muscle or tendon is _____________, resulting in a partial lack of function or weakness.

3rd degree / Grade 3 (severe) – the muscle or tendon is_____________, resulting in the absence of function and strength.

Strains

Treatment / Management________________________________________.

Strains that are too painful for normal walking or that cause pain when the athlete moves the injured part should be protected. Crutches, slings, and commercial braces or splints should be used.

Definitive treatment of strains will depend on the extent of the injury and athlete’s sport and position. A rehabilitation plan should be established.

Muscle Cramps and Spasms

A cramp is usually a painful involuntary contraction of a skeletal muscle or muscle group.

Cramps have been attributed to a_____________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

Muscle Cramps and Spasms

Treatment / Management__________________of the contracted muscle.

_____________________.

______________________of the athlete.

Tendonitis

Tendonitis is considered a -______________ which usually comes with a slow progression over a long period of time.

A ________________caused by poor performance techniques or a ____________________beyond physiological limits can eventually result in a chronic condition like tendonitis.

Tendonitis

Signs and SymptomsDiffuse_______________.

______________________

_____________________________

Tendonitis

Treatment / ManagementRest, or at least______________________________.

______________________________________should help to reduce the symptoms.

_____________________program.

______________________medications.

Correction of any poor_______________________

Paralysis

A temporary or permanent___________________.

Paralysis can be caused by either_____________ ______________________________

Muscular Dystrophy

Progressive ________________________of skeletal muscles.

Caused by a _______________and usually begins early in life.

Tetanus

______________that releases powerful toxins that affect the central nervous system and skeletal muscles resulting in ______________________of skeletal muscles throughout the body.

After exposure, the _______________(time before symptoms develop) is usually less than_________

Tetanus

Signs and Symptoms________________

__________________

Difficulty in___________________

Difficulty in _________________(“lock jaw”)

Wide spread_______________

Tetanus

Immunization is effective in preventing the disease. These immunizations last approximately________.

Severe tetanus has a_____________________.

_______________, symptoms in surviving patients disappear with no aftereffects.

The End

Any Questions???