Anatomy & Physiology of Cells Chapters 3 & 4 Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Original.
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Transcript of Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Original.
Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1The Human Body:An OrientationOriginal
An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy Study of ____________________
Gross = large Microscopic = very small
Physiology Study of _________________________
Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology _______________________- (ex: digestive system
is tubes)
An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy Study of shape/structure
Gross = large Microscopic = very small
Physiology Study of how body/parts function
Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology Structure determines function (ex: digestive
system is tubes)
Levels of Structural Organization
From Atoms to Organisms (Fig. 1.1 pg 3) (C_______ _____: atoms/molecules) C_________ level: smallest unit of all living
things Tissue level: _______________ O______ level: two or more tissues O_________ level: _____________ working
together Organismal level: _____________________________________
Levels of Structural Organization
From Atoms to Organisms (Fig. 1.1 pg 3) (Chemical level: atoms/molecules) Cellular level: smallest unit of all living things Tissue level: similar cells Organ level: two or more tissues Organ system level: group of organs working
together Organismal level: Humans made of many
systems
Checkpoint Quiz
What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?
What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?
Pre-quiz
Name as many organ systems as you can.
Levels of Structural Organization
Organ System Overview (11) Fig 1.2 pgs 5-6
Organ Systems
Integumentary system _________ __________ body __________ ____________ (makes) vitamin D _______________
Organ Systems
Integumentary system Skin Covers body Protects Synthesizes (makes) vitamin D Receptors
Organ Systems
Skeletal system _______, cartilage, ligaments, ______P________P_________ _______M________ ________M___________S__________S__________
Organ Systems
Skeletal system Bones, cartilage, ligaments, jointsProtectsProduce bloodMinerals storedMovementShapeSupports
Organ Systems
Muscular system __________ muscles
Not cardiac or smooth ___________
Contract only
Organ Systems
Muscular system Skeletal muscles
Not cardiac or smooth Movement
Contract only
Organ Systems
Nervous system _______, spinal _____, nerves, sensory
____________ Fast-acting control system
Senses changes _____________
Organ Systems
Nervous system Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory
receptors Fast-acting control system
Senses changes Responds
Organ Systems
Endocrine system __________, hormones _______-acting control system
____________ travel through ______
Organ Systems
Endocrine system Glands, hormones Slow-acting control system
Chemicals travel through blood
Organ Systems
Cardiovascular system _______, ________ _______, blood Transport ________, _______, nutrients,
________ blood cells (immunity)
Organ Systems
Cardiovascular system Heart, blood vessels, blood Transport oxygen, waste, nutrients,
white blood cells (immunity)
Organ Systems
Lymphatic system Lymphatic _________, lymph _______,
spleen, __________. Returns fluid to _______ ________ _____________
Organ Systems
Lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
spleen, tonsils. Returns fluid to blood stream Immunity
Organ Systems
Respiratory system _____ passages, ____ynx, ___ynx,
trachea, bronchi, _____, alveoli Take in _________ O2
Remove __________ __________ CO2
Organ Systems
Respiratory system Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli Take in oxygen O2
Remove Carbon Dioxide CO2
Organ Systems
Digestive system Oral cavity, _______, stomach, small and
large __________, rectum (liver, pancreas)
Break down ____ Deliver ________ Reclaim _____ Removes undigested food (_____)
Organ Systems
Digestive system Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestine, rectum (liver, pancreas)
Break down food Deliver products Reclaim water Removes undigested food (feces)
Organ Systems
Urinary system (_________) Kidneys, ureters, _______, urethra Remove _____ (urea) Balance _____/salt and acid/base
Organ Systems
Urinary system (Excretory) Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Remove waste (urea) Balance water/salt and acid/base
Organ Systems
Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
Produce _________
Organ Systems
Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
Produce offspring
Checkpoint quiz
What is the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of… Integumentary system? Endocrine system? Lymphatic system?
Pre-quiz
What does your body need to do to stay alive?
What things does your body need to stay alive?
Maintaining Life
Organ systems work together (Fig 1.3) Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining B________________ Cell membrane, skin
R________________ (irritability) Reflexes, breathing heavier
D____________ Breaking down food into simple molecules
M_____________ Whole body, internal substances
Maintaining Life
Organ systems work together (Fig 1.3) Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining Boundaries Cell membrane, skin
Responsiveness (irritability) Reflexes, breathing heavier
Digestion Breaking down food into simple molecules
Movement Whole body, internal substances
Maintaining Life
Necessary Life Functions cont…M__________
Chemical reactionsE__________
Remove wasteR___________
Cellular or organismalG________
Increase size (usually more cells) BiRD MMERG
Maintaining Life
Necessary Life Functions cont…Metabolism
Chemical reactionsExcretion
Remove wasteReproduction
Cellular or organismalGrowth
Increase size (usually more cells) BiRD MMERG
Maintaining Life
Survival Needs N________
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins O_____
Used to release energy in foods (cellular respiration)
W_____ 60%-80% of body weight
Appropriate T______________ 37oC = 98.6oF Too high- breaks down proteins (cook) Too low- reactions slow down
Atmospheric P_________ Breathing
Maintaining Life
Survival Needs Nutrients
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins Oxygen
Used to release energy in foods (cellular respiration)
Water 60%-80% of body weight
Appropriate Temperature 37oC = 98.6oF Too high- breaks down proteins (cook) Too low- reactions slow down
Atmospheric Pressure Breathing
Checkpoint quiz
List the life functions. List the survival needs.
Homeostasis
The ability to maintain ________ internal conditions (balance). (Fig. 1.4)
Control Mechanisms ________ Receptor (sensor) Control center ________
Homeostasis
The ability to maintain stable internal conditions (balance). (Fig. 1.4)
Control Mechanisms Variable Receptor (sensor) Control center Effector
Homeostasis
Negative feedback mechanism “__________” (hypothalamus)
Positive feedback mechanism Blood clotting _____
Homeostasis
Negative feedback mechanism “Thermostat” (hypothalamus)
Positive feedback mechanism Blood clotting Birth
Homeostasis
Homeostatic Imbalance _______ ______
Homeostasis
Homeostatic Imbalance Disease Injury
Checkpoint quiz
Explain homeostasis using an example.
Pre-quiz
If we had a dorsal fin, where would it be?
The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Position ________ up, arms at _____, palms
_______
The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Position Standing up, arms at sides, palms
forward
The Language of Anatomy
Directional Terms (Table 1.1) ________ (cranial/cephalad) = above ________ (caudal) = below
________ (ventral) = front _________ (dorsal) = behind
______ = middle _______ = outer side ____________ = between medial & lateral
The Language of Anatomy
Directional Terms (Table 1.1) Superior (cranial/cephalad) = above Inferior (caudal) = below
Anterior (ventral) = front Posterior (dorsal) = behind
Medial = middle Lateral = outer side Intermediate = between medial & lateral
The Language of Anatomy
Directional Terms (Table 1.1) ________ = close to point of attachment ______ = farther from point of
attachment
___________ = toward surface ____ = more internal
The Language of Anatomy
Directional Terms (Table 1.1) Proximal = close to point of attachment Distal = farther from point of
attachment
Superficial = toward surface Deep = more internal
Checkpoint quiz
The wrist is ______________ to the hand. The breastbone is ____________ to the
spine. The brain is ______________ to the spinal
cord. The lungs are ____________ to the stomach. The thumb is ___________ to the fingers.
Pre-quiz
Where is your abdominal region?
The Language of Anatomy
Regional Terms (Fig. 1.5 pg 14) Anterior Abdominal = anterior body trunk inferior to ____ Acromial = point of ________ Antecubital = anterior surface of _____ Axillary = ______ Brachial = ___ Buccal = _____ area Carpal = _____ Cervical = ____ region Coxal = ___ Crural = ___ Digital = fingers, ____ Femoral = _____
The Language of Anatomy
Regional Terms (Fig. 1.5 pg 14) Anterior Abdominal = anterior body trunk inferior to ribs Acromial = point of shoulder Antecubital = anterior surface of elbow Axillary = armpit Brachial = arm Buccal = cheek area Carpal = wrist Cervical = neck region Coxal = hip Crural = leg Digital = fingers, toes Femoral = thigh
The Language of Anatomy
Regional Terms: Anterior cont… Fibular = lateral part of ___ Inguinal = where thigh meets trunk, _____ Nasal = ____ Oral = _____ Orbital = ___ Patellar = anterior ____ Pelvic = overlying ______ anteriorly Pubic = genital ______ Sternal = _________ Tarsal = _____ Thoracic = _____ Umbilical = _____
The Language of Anatomy
Regional Terms: Anterior cont… Fibular = lateral part of leg Inguinal = where thigh meets trunk, groin Nasal = nose Oral = mouth Orbital = eye Patellar = anterior knee Pelvic = overlying pelvis anteriorly Pubic = genital region Sternal = breastbone Tarsal = ankle Thoracic = chest Umbilical = navel
The Language of Anatomy
Regional Terms: Posterior Cephalic = _____ Deltoid = curve of ________ Gluteal = _______ Lumbar = area of back between ribs and ____ Occipital = posterior surface of ____ Popliteal = posterior knee area (____ ___) Sacral = between ____ Scapular = shoulder _____ region Sural = posterior surface of lower leg, ____ Vertebral = area of _____
The Language of Anatomy
Regional Terms: Posterior Cephalic = head Deltoid = curve of shoulder Gluteal = buttock Lumbar = area of back between ribs and hips Occipital = posterior surface of head Popliteal = posterior knee area (knee pit) Sacral = between hips Scapular = shoulder blade region Sural = posterior surface of lower leg, calf Vertebral = area of spine
The Language of Anatomy
Body Planes and Sections (Fig 1.6 pg 15) Sagittal (Sagit/tal)
__________, right and left parts ___________/Median
_____ _____, down the middle _______/coronal
Lengthwise, front and back parts Transverse/cross section
__________
The Language of Anatomy
Body Planes and Sections (Fig 1.6 pg 15) Sagittal (Sagit/tal)
Lengthwise, right and left parts Midsagittal/Median
Equal parts, down the middle Frontal/coronal
Lengthwise, front and back parts Transverse/cross section
Horizontal
The Language of Anatomy
Body Cavities Dorsal
Cranial ______
_______ Thoracic __________ Abdominopelvic
Abdominal Pelvic
The Language of Anatomy
Body Cavities Dorsal
Cranial Spinal
Ventral Thoracic Diaphragm Abdominopelvic
Abdominal Pelvic