Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
description
Transcript of Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
![Page 1: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Anatomy of the Cardiovascular
System
![Page 2: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cardiovascular System
• Also circulatory system• Consists of: the heart, arteries, veins,
capillaries
![Page 3: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Heart
• Four chamber muscular organ• Comparable to the size of a closed
fist• Located in the mediastinum
![Page 4: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Heart
![Page 5: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Coverings of the Heart• Pericardium – loose fitting sac
surrounding the heart– Fibrous pericardium – tough, loose-
fitting, inelastic– Serous pericardium
• Parietal layer: lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium
• Visceral layer: adheres to outside of the heart
– Pericardial space: between parietal and visceral layer• Filled with 10-15mL of pericardial fluid• Decreases friction
![Page 6: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Walls of the Heart• Epicardium – outer layer
– Epicardium = serous pericardium
• Myocardium – thick, contractile layer composed of cardiac muscle cells
• Endocaridium – interior of cardiac wall
![Page 7: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Walls of the Heart
![Page 8: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Chambers of the Heart
• Atria – two superior chambers– “Receiving chambers”– Blood from veins enters atria
• Ventricles – two inferior chambers– “pumping chambers”– Separated by interventricular septum
![Page 9: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Valves of the Heart
• Permit blood flow in one direction during circulation
• Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)– Also cuspid valves– Between atria and ventricles
• Semilunar (SL valves)– Between ventricles and vessles
![Page 10: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Chambers & Valves
Trace the blood flow through the heart
![Page 11: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Blood Supply to the Heart• After traveling through the capillaries
of the heart, blood empties into the R atrium via the coronary sinus
![Page 12: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Conduction System of the Heart
• Four structures composed of modified cardiac muscle
• Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)– Pacemaker of the heart– 100s of cells in the R atrium near the
opening of the superior vena cava
• Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)– Left lower border of R atrium
![Page 13: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Conduction System of the Heart
• Atrioventricular Bundle– Also Bundle of His– Bundle of specialized cardiac muscle
fibers originating in the AV node– Branches into R and L branches
eventually becoming Purkinje fibers– Extend into the walls of the ventricles
and papillary muscles
![Page 14: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Types of Blood Vessels
• Artery – carries oxygenated blood away from the heart– Arteriole: small artery– Precapillary sphincters: regulate the
blood flow into capillaries
![Page 15: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Types of Blood Vessels
• Vein – carries unoxygenated blood towards the heart– Great ability to stretch (capacitance)– Function as reservoirs: blood pools in
the valves then is pushed forward from the pumping pressure
– Venules: small vein
![Page 16: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Types of Blood Vessels
![Page 17: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Types of Blood Vessels
• Capillaries – arterial system switches to venous system– “primary exchange vessels”– Transport materials to and from the cells– Speed of blood flow decreases to
increase contact time
![Page 18: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Types of Blood Vessels
![Page 19: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Structure of Blood Vessels
• Tunica adventitia - outermost layer– Fibrous connective tissue– Holds vessels open; prevents tearing of
vessels walls during body movements– Larger in veins than arteries
• Tunica media – middle layer– Smooth muscle and elastic CT– Helps vessels constrict and dilate– Larger in arteries
![Page 20: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Structure of Blood Vessels• Tunica intima – innermost layer
– Composed of endothelium– Semilunar valves present in veins– One cell thick in capillaries
![Page 21: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Circulatory Routes
• Systemic Circulation – blood flow from the L ventricle to the body & back to the R atrium
• Pulmonary Circulation – blood flow from the R ventricle to the lungs and back to the L atrium
![Page 22: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Circulatory Routes
![Page 23: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Aorta
![Page 24: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Systemic Arteries
• Arch of aorta• Subclavian (L and
R)• Brachiocephalic• common carotid (L
and R)• Axillary (L and R)• Brachial (L and R)• Radial• Ulnar
• Abdominal aorta• Common iliac• External iliac• Femoral• Popliteal• Posterior tibial• Anterior tibial• Dorsal pedis
![Page 25: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Systemic Veins
• Superior vena cava• Inferior vena cava• External jugular• Internal jugular• Brachiocephalic (L
and R)• Subclavian (L and
R)• Cephalic• axillary
• Basilic• Median basilic• Median cubital• Common iliac• External iliac• Femoral• Popliteal• Great saphenous• Small saphenous
![Page 27: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Fetal Circulation
• Two umbilical arteries carry blood to the placenta
• The placenta allows for exchange of oxygen and nutrients from the mother. Maternal and fetal blood do NOT mix.
• Umbilical vein returns oxygenated blood and enters fetus via the umbilicus
• Foramen ovale – hole btwn the R and L atria– Allows for blood to bypass the R ventricle and
pulmonary circulation
![Page 29: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Changes After Birth
• Umbilical vein become round ligament• Umbilical arteries become umbilical
ligaments• Foramen ovale closes after first few
breaths– Full closure may take up to 9 months
• Ductus arteriosus contracts as soon as respirations begin– Become fibrous cord
![Page 30: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Pericardium Disorders• Pericarditis – inflammation of the heart
– Causes: trauma, viral or bacteria infection, tumor– Edema causes visceral and parietal layers to rub
together = chest pain– Pus or blood build up in pericardial space– S/S
• Pain with respirations or coughing, dyspnea, restlessness
– Complications: Pericardial Effusion, Cardiac Tamponade
– Treatment: • Antibiotics, pain meds, antiinflammatory meds,
pericardiocentesis (Cardiac Tamponade)
![Page 31: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cardiac Tamponade
![Page 32: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Heart Valve Disorders
• General Principles:– Congenital defect: decreased pumping
efficiency– Incompetent valve leak: allows backflow
into previous chamber– Stenosed valves: narrowed valve;
slowing blood from out of chamber
![Page 33: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Heart Valve Disorders
• Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)– Flaps of mitral valve extend back into L
atrium causes leaking– Mostly genetic basis– 1 in 20 people– S/S: most asymptomatic; chest pain,
fatigue– Treatment: valvuloplasty
![Page 34: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Mitral Valve Prolapse
![Page 35: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Heart Valve Disorders
• Aortic Regurgitation– Blood leaks back into L ventricle during
ejection into the aorta– Volume overload in L ventricle,
hypertrophy, dilation of L ventricle– Complications: myocaridal ischemia– Treatment: valvuloplasty
![Page 36: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Myocardium Disorders
• Atherosclerosis – Type of arteriosclerosis– Lipids build up on the inside of vessel
walls calcify vessels hard & brittle– Risk factors: cigarette smoking, high
fat/cholesterol diet, hypertension
![Page 37: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Atherosclerosis
![Page 38: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Myocardium Disorders• Myocardial Infarction
– “Heart Attack”– Coronary thrombosis: clot– Coronary embolism: mobilized clot– Occlude coronary artery heart tissue
deprived of oxygen cell death– S/S:
• Angina pectoris – severe chest pain resulting from inadequate oxygen to myocardium
– Treatment: Coronary Bypass Surgery• Veins are harvested from other areas of the
body and used to bypass obstructions
![Page 39: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Myocardium Disorders• Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
– “Left-sided Heart Failure”– Inability of the L ventricle to pump blood
efficiently– Causes: myocardial infarction– S/S: decreased pumping pressure in
systemic circulation; retained fluids• Can lead to congestion in pulmonary
circulation pulmonary edema right-sided heart failure
– Treatment: heart transplant
![Page 41: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Congestive Heart Failure
![Page 42: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Myocardium Disorders
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)– Leading cause of death in US– General term to describe decreased
blood flow to myocardium & associated side effects
![Page 43: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Disorders of the Arteries
• Arteriosclerosis– Arteries become occluded, weak and
hardened– Complications: ischemia, necrosis, gangrene– Risk factors: age, diabetes, high
fat/cholesterol diet, hypertension, smoking– Treatment: vasodilators, angioplasty, stent
placement, bypass surgery– Complications: aneurysm
![Page 44: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Angioplasty
![Page 45: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Disorders of Veins
• Varicose Veins– Enlarged veins caused by pooling– Results in varicosities or varices (“spider
veins”)– Risk factors: standing for long periods
• Semilunar valves widen more pooling
– Treatment: compression stockings, surgical removal
![Page 46: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Varicose Veins
![Page 47: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Disorders of Veins• Phlebitis – vein inflammation
– Causes: irritation by IV catheter
• Thrombophlebitis– Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)– Phlebitis caused by a clot– S/S
• Pain, redness, swelling
– Complications• Pulmonary embolism
![Page 48: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
DVT
![Page 49: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Pulmonary Embolism
![Page 50: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Venous Stasis Ulcers
• Result of chronic vein insufficiency
• Lack of oxygen to peripheral tissues
• Elevate leg & apply pressure
• Irregular edges• “Aching” pain
![Page 51: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
![Page 52: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
![Page 53: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
![Page 54: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD)
![Page 55: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
![Page 56: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Transposition of the Great Vessels (TGV)
![Page 57: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Coarcatation of the Aorta (CoA)
![Page 58: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Ebstein’s Anomaly
![Page 59: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Pulmonary Atresia
![Page 60: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Truncus Arteriosus
![Page 61: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062806/56814f2f550346895dbcbd22/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome