anatomy of oral cavity ,tongue and palate
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Oral Cavity Tongue & Palate
Dr. K.S.RAMA RAJU
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Oral Cavity (Mouth) Extends from the lips to
the oropharyngeal isthmus The oropharyngeal
isthmus:Is the junction of
mouth and pharynx.Is bounded:
Above by the soft palate and the palatoglossal folds
Below by the dorsum of the tongue
Subdivided into Vestibule & Oral cavity proper
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Vestibule Slitlike space between
the cheeks and the gums Communicates with the
exterior through the oral fissure
When the jaws are closed, communicates with the oral cavity proper behind the 3rd molar tooth on each side
Superiorly and inferiorly limited by the reflection of mucous membrane from lips and cheek onto the gums
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Vestibule cont’d
The lateral wall of the vestibule is formed by the cheek The cheek is
composed of Buccinator muscle, covered laterally by the skin & medially by the mucous membrane
A small papilla on the mucosa opposite the upper 2nd molar tooth marks the opening of the duct of the parotid gland
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Oral Cavity Proper
It is the cavity within the alveolar margins of the maxillae and the mandible
Its Roof is formed by the hard palate anteriorly and the soft palate posteriorly
Its Floor is formed by the mylohyoid muscle. The anterior 2/3rd of the tongue lies on the floor.
hard
soft palate
mylohyoid
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Floor of the Mouth Covered with mucous
membrane In the midline, a
mucosal fold, the frenulum, connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth
On each side of frenulum a small papilla has the opening of the duct of the submandibular gland
A rounded ridge extending backward & laterally from the papilla is produced by the sublingual gland
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MYLOHYOID MUSCLE ORGIN: mylohyoid line of mandible
INSERTION:hyoid bone ,median raphe
ACTIONS:
1. elevates floor of mouth during swallowing
2. elevates hyoid bone
3. depress mandible
NERVE SUPPLY: mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar nerve
BLOOD SUPPLY:
1. sublingual branch(lingual arterry)
2. mylohyoid branch(maxillary artery)
3. submental branch (facial artery)
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Nerve Supply
o Sensory Roof: by greater palatine and nasopalatine
nerves (branches of maxillary nerve) Floor: by lingual nerve (branch of mandibular
nerve) Cheek: by buccal nerve (branch of mandibular
nerve)
o Motor Muscle in the cheek (buccinator) and the lip
(orbicularis oris) are supplied by the branches of the facial nerve
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Tongue Mass of striated muscles
covered with the mucous membrane
Divided into right and left halves by a median septum
Three parts: Oral (anterior ⅔) Pharyngeal (posterior
⅓) Root (base)
Two surfaces: Dorsal Ventral
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Dorsal Surface Divided into anterior two
third and posterior one third by a V-shaped sulcus terminalis.
The apex of the sulcus faces backward and is marked by a pit called the foramen cecum
Foramen cecum, an embryological remnant, marks the site of the upper end of the thyroglossal duct
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Dorsal Surface cont’d
Anterior two third: mucosa is rough, shows three types of papillae: Filliform Fungiform Vallate
Posterior one third: No papillae but shows nodular surface because of underlying lymphatic nodules, the lingual tonsils
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Ventral Surface Smooth (no papillae) In the midline
anteriorly, a mucosal fold, frenulum connects the tongue with the floor of the mouth
Lateral to frenulum, deep lingual vein can be seen through the mucosa
Lateral to lingual vein, a fold of mucosa forms the plica fimbriata
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Muscles
The tongue is composed of two types of muscles:IntrinsicExtrinsic
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Intrinsic Muscles
Confined to tongue No bony
attachment Consist of:
Longitudinal fibers
Transverse fibersVertical fibers
Function: Alter the shape of the tongue
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Extrinsic Muscles Connect the tongue to
the surrounding structures: the soft palate and the bones (mandible, hyoid bone, styloid process)
Include:PalatoglossusGenioglossusHyoglossusStyloglossus
Function: Help in movements of the tongue
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Movements
Protrusion:
Genioglossus on both sides acting together Retraction:
Styloglossus and hyoglossus on both sides acting together
Depression:
Hyoglossus and genioglossus on both sides acting together
Elevation:
Styloglossus and palatoglossus on both sides acting together
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Sensory Nerve Supply Anterior ⅔:
General sensations: Lingual nerve
Special sensations : chorda tympani
Posterior ⅓: General & special
sensations: glossopharyngeal nerve
Base: General & special
sensations: internal laryngeal nerve
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Motor Nerve Supply
Intrinsic muscles: Hypoglossal
nerve
Extrinsic muscles: All supplied by
the hypoglossal nerve, except the palatoglossus
The palatoglossus supplied by the pharyngeal plexus
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Blood SupplyArteries:
Lingual artery Tonsillar branch
of facial artery Ascending
pharyngeal artery
Veins: Lingual vein,
ultimately drains into the internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal nerve
Lingual artery & vein
Deep lingual vein
Dorsal lingual artery & vein
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Lymphatic DrainageTip:
Submental nodes bilaterally & then deep cervical nodes
Anterior two third:Submandibular
unilaterally & then deep cervical nodes
Posterior third: Deep cervical nodes
(jugulodigastric mainly)
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Functions The tonge is the most
important articulator for speech production. During speech, the tongue can make amazing range of movements
The primary function of the tongue is to provide a mechanism for taste. Taste buds are located on different areas of the tongue, but are generally found around the edges. They are sensitive to four main tastes: Bitter, Sour, Salty & Sweet
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The tongue is needed for sucking, chewing, swallowing, eating, drinking, kissing, sweeping the mouth for food debris and other particles and for making funny faces (poking the tongue out, waggling it)
Trumpeters and horn & flute players have very well developed tongue muscles, and are able to perform rapid, controlled movements or articulations
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Clinical Notes Lacerations of the
tongue Tongue-Tie
(ankyloglossia) (due to large frenulum)
Lesion of the hypoglossal nerve The protruded
tongue deviates toward the side of the lesion
Tongue is atrophied & wrinkled
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‘If there is goodness in your heart, it will come to your tongue’.
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Palate Lies in the roof of
the oral cavity Has two parts:
Hard (bony) palate anteriorly
Soft (muscular) palate posteriorly
hard
soft palate
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Hard Palate Lies in the roof of the
oral cavity Forms the floor of
the nasal cavity Formed by:
Palatine processes of maxillae in front
Horizontal plates of palatine bones behind
Bounded by alveolar arches
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Hard Palate
Posteriorly, continuous with soft palate
Its undersurface covered by mucoperiosteum
Shows transverse ridges in the anterior parts
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Soft Palate Attached to the posterior
border of the hard palate Covered on its upper and
lower surfaces by mucous membrane
Composed of: Muscle fibers An aponeurosis Lymphoid tissue Glands Blood vessels Nerves
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Palatine Aponeurosis
Fibrous sheath Attached to
posterior border of hard palate
Is expanded tendon of tensor velli palatini
Splits to enclose musculus uvulae
Gives origin & insertion to palatine muscles
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Muscles Tensor veli palatini
Origin: spine of sphenoid; auditory tube
Insertion: forms palatine aponeurosis
Action: Tenses soft palate
Levator veli palatini Origin:petrous temporal bone,
auditory tube, palatine aponeurosis
Insertion: palatine aponeurosis
Action: Raises soft palate
Musculus uvulae Origin: posterior border of hard
palate
Insertion: mucosa of uvula
Action: Elevates uvula
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Muscles Palatoglossus
Origin: palatine aponeurosis
Insertion: side of tongue
Action: pulls root of tongue upward, narrowing oropharyngeal isthmus
Palatopharyngeus Origin: palatine aponeurosis
Insertion: posterior border of thyroid cartilage
Action: Elevates wall of the pharynx
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Sensory Nerve Supply
Mostly by the maxillary nerve through its branches:Greater palatine
nerveLesser palatine nerveNasopalatine nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve supplies the region of the soft palate
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Motor Nerve Supply
All the muscles, except tensor veli palatini, are supplied by the:Pharyngeal plexus
Tensor veli palatini supplied by the:Nerve to medial pterygoid, a branch of
the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
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Blood Supply Branches of the
maxillary arteryGreater palatineLesser palatineSphenopalatine
Ascending palatine, branch of the facial artery
Ascending pharyngeal, branch of the external carotid artery
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Clinical NotesCleft palate:
UnilateralBilateralMedian
Paralysis of the soft palateThe pharyngeal
isthmus can not be closed during swallowing and speech
Pharyngeal isthmus
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Thank You
LOVE NATURE