Anatomy of ear
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Anatomy of the Ear
Dr. Ajay Manickam
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Your EarsSounds are everywhere, and you have two cool parts on your body that let you hear them all: your ears!
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Human Ears - Phylogenetics Complexity of nature’s machinations is
exemplified in the development of the ear.
Labyrinth – modification of lateral line system of fish
Ossicles – masticatory apparatus of ancestral vertebrates
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Anatomy of Ear External
ear Middle ear Internal ear
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External Ear
• Pinna• External auditory
canal• Tympanic
membrane
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Parts of a pinna
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HELIX
The prominent rim of the auricle is called the helix
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Anti Helix
Another curved prominenceparallel with and in front of the helix is called the antihelix
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Concha the antihelix describes a curve around a deep, capacious cavity conchathe upper partcymba conchae, the lower part cavum conchae
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Tragus
small pointed eminenceIn front of the concha, projecting backward over the meatus
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Ear lobule
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Anti tragus6
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Pinna Skin :- thin, closely adherent to
perichondrium on lateral surface covered with fine hairs which has sebaceous glands (most numerous in the concha and scaphoid fossa)
Cartilage :- Yellow elastic fibrocartilage absent at lobule and deficient between crus of helix and tragus( incisura terminalis )connected to temporal bone by ligaments, 3 extrinsic & 6 intrinsic muscles.
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Nerve supply
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Blood & lymphatic supply of pinna
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External auditory canal Extends from
concha to tympanic membrane
Bony cartilaginous canal
1/3 2/3
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Cartilaginous part 8 mm in adults. Continuous with auricular
cartilage. Deficient superiorly space is occ. by int.
ligament Two deficiencies (fissures of Santorini) :-
infections from parotid and superficial mastoid can enter the canal and vice-versa.
Skin :- thick, hair follicles , sebaceous and ceruminous glands.
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Bony part 16 mm in adults. Narrower than lat. part Medial end marked by tympanic sulcus (absent
superiorly). Most part by tympanic bone (lateral projection of
temporal bone) superiorly by squamous bone. Notch of Rivinus- junction of tympanosquamous and
tympanomastoid suture lines. 2 constrictions :- 1) BC junction 2) 5 mm lateral to TM Skin is thin, devoid of hair and ceruminous glands.
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Blood supply of EACPost auricular artery
Superficial temporal artery
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Nerve supply of EAC The auriculotemporal nerve (from the
mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve) provides sensory information from the anterior wall and roof
The posterior wall and floor sensibility is carried in the nerve fibres of the auricular branch of vagus (Arnold nerve)
The tympanic plexus offers some contributions
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Lymphatic drainage Anterior wall :- Preauricular lymph nodes Posterior wall :- LN at mastoid tip Rest :- upper deep cervical lymph nodes
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Tympanic membrane Cone shaped, Thin, oval
disc shaped. 55 degree angled. Longest diameter :- 9-10
mm (i.e. posterosuperior to anterosuperior)
Shortest diameter :- 8-9 mm (perp. To longest diameter)
Width :- 0.1 mm
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Tympanic membrane Circumference is thickened to
form tympanic annulus, which fits in the groove tympanic sulcus
Tympanic sulcus is deficient superiorly
Annulus becomes a fibrous band which runs centrally as ant. and post. malleolar folds to the lat. process and handle of malleus.
This region is called as pars flacida and the rest of tympanic membrane is called as pars tensa.
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Tympanic membrane Umbo :- maximum
depression seen at the inf. tip of handle of malleus.
Cone of light :- radiating from umbo into the anteroinferior quadrant.
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Layers of the TM TM has 3 layers :- Epithelial (outer)- continuous
with skin of EAC Fibrous/lamina
propria(middle) – missing in upper part
Mucosal (inner) – continuous with middle ear mucosa
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Nerve supply of TM
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Blood supply of TM
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Lymphatic drainage of TM
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Middle ear Tympanic cavity – six
sided cavity1. Epitympanum - above malleolar folds of TM2.Mesotympanum- medial to pars tensa of TM3.Hypotympanum- below the level of TM
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Six sided cavity Roof – separated from
MCF – tegmen tympani
Floor – separated from IJV – thin plate of bone
Anterior wall Posterior wall Medial wall Lateral wall
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Anterior wall Will separate ME from
ICA Structures passing are1. Canal for chorda
tmpani .N2. Canal for tensor
tympani .M3. Eustachian tube4. Ant malleolar ligament5. Ant tympanic artery
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Eustachian tube Passage between tym. cavity &
nasopharynx Runs downwards, forwards & medially
from middle ear at 45degree angle 36 mm long, two unequal cones
connected at apices Lat. bony 1/3rd (12mm), widest-
tympanic end, at ant wall of tym. cavity, narrowest-isthmus(diam. 0.5mm)
Med.Cart. 2/3rd(24mm),open medially ,1-1.25cm behind & below post. end of inf. turb. at nasoph., torus tubaris, behind it- pharyngeal recess(fossa of Rosenmuller)
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Posterior wall Upper part – aditus
which leads to mastoid antrum
Below aditus triangular projection processus pyramidalis
Facial recess – supra pyramidal recess
Sinus tympani – infra pyramidal recess
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Lateral wall Separate external
ear from middle ear
Formed by TM and squamous part of temporal bone
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Medial wall Separate middle ear
from inner ear Important structures
are1.Promontory 2.Bony lat SCC3.Oval window – closed by footplate of stapes4.Round window – closed by secondary TM5.Facial nerve
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Contents of the middle ear Ear ossicles 1. Malleus (hammer) 2. Incus (anvil) 3. Stapes (stirrup) Muscles 1. Tensor tympani 2. Stapedius Mucosal folds Nerves vessels
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MalleusIncus
Stapes
head
neck
anterior process
lateral process
manubrium
body
short process
long process
lenticular process
headposterior crus
anterior crus
Footplate(3x1.4mm)
incudio-malleolar joint(synovial)
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Muscles • Stapedius origin- pyramid,
Insertion- into posterior part of neck & upper part of posterior crus, supplied by small br. of FN
• Tensor Tympani origin- walls of bony canal above ET, cart.part of ET, greater wing of sphenoid Insertion- medial aspect of upper end of handle of malleus supplied by branch of mandibular nerve
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Nerves & vesselsof middle ear Chorda tympani nerve Tympanic plexus Plexus of vessels of stylomastoid artery Carotico tympanic artery
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Mastoid 3 important parts 1. Aditus – connects epitympanum with mastoid 2. Antrum – largest air cell in the mastoid bone 3. Mastoid air cells
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Relations of the mastoid
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Mastoid air cells Pneumatic(70%),
sclerotic(20%), diploic(5%) Depends on-heredity,
environment, nutrition, infection, ET function
Five regions of pneumatization- middle ear, mastoid, perilabyrinthine, petrous apex & accessory
Five air cell tracts- postero-superior, postero-medial, subarcuate, perilabyrinthine, peritubal
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Mac Ewen’s triangle Bounded by temporal
line of supra mastoid crest and postero superior bony meatal wall and tangential line joining these two
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Sino dural angle Between
tegmen antri and sigmoid sinus
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Blood supply Middle meningeal artery Maxillary artery Asc pharyngeal artery Posterior auricular artery
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Nerve supply & lymphatics Sensory – tympanic br of 9th CN –
Jacobson’s nerve Motor - tensor tympani muscle is
supplied by mandidular nerve and stapedius muscle is supplied by facial nerve
Lymphatics – preauricular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes
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Internal earLabyrinth
Bony Membranous
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Bony labyrinth
BONY LABYRINTH
VESTIBULE
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
COCHLEA
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Cochlea
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Cochlea The cochlea is partially
divided into an upper scala vestibuli and lower scala tympani by a thin bony shelf , osseous spiral lamina.
This division is completed by the scala media. Its floor is formed by the basilar membrane. Reissner’s membrane forms the roof of the scala media
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Membranous labyrinth Membranous vestibular
labyrinth 1. Saccule 2. Utricle 3. Endolymphatic duct and sac Membranous semi-circular
canal Membranous cochlear
labyrinth
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Blood supply internal ear
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