Anatomy of an Orogen: the Apennines and Adjacent ...978-94-015-9829-3/1.pdf · seas (Courtesy of A....
Transcript of Anatomy of an Orogen: the Apennines and Adjacent ...978-94-015-9829-3/1.pdf · seas (Courtesy of A....
~· ,_
Anatomy of an Orogen: the Apennines and Adjacent Mediterranean Basins
edited by
Gian Battista Vai
Universita di Bologna
and
I. Peter Martini
University of Guelph
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Anatomy of an orogen: the Apennines and adjacent Mediterranean basins I edited by Gian Battista Vai and I. Peter Martini.
p.cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-90-481-4020-6 ISBN 978-94-015-9829-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9829-3
1. Geology-Italy-Apennines. I. Vai, Gian Battista. II. Martini, I. Peter.
QE272 .A68 2001 554.5-dc21 2001023446
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com
Front cover: Digital elevation model (DGM) of Italy and surrounding seas (Courtesy of A. Argnani, IGM-CNR (Istituto Geologia Marina-Consiglio Nazianale Ricerche, Bologna).
Back cover: The earliest geological map of Italy by Collegno (1844) used by G. Scarabelli to model for the first time the concept of oroclinal arcs in 1865 and 1866.
Frontispiece: Physical/political map of Italy and surrounding seas ( after Touring Club Italiano, 1998).
Following dedication: One of the first known examples of Stratigraphie column drawn by L.F. Marsili in Bologna araund 1675 to represent the Messinian Gessoso-solfifera Formation of the Romagna Apennines. Alternations of gypsum, fish-rich Iaminated mudstone and sulphur beds are shown.
Printed an acid-free paper
All rights reserved © 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 Softcoverreprint ofthe bardeover Istedition 2001 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission from the copyright owners.
Dedicated with affection to our wives Helga Karin Vai and Donella Martini for their enduring support and patience, and to Greta Racco, a beautiful baby who attracted the grandfather Gian Battista and a colleague (Peter)
to her house in the middle of a Canadian winter to discuss the Apennines and make this book viable.
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
1. Geomorphologie Setting Gian Battista J1Ji* and I. Peter Martini
2. Summaries of the Contributions and a few Considerations Gian Battista J1Ji* and I. Peter Martini
3. Structure and Stratigraphy: an Overview Gian Battista J1Ji*
4. Deep Structure from Seismic Tomography Alessandro Amato* and Giovanni Battista Cimini
5. Deep Seismic Transects Rinaldo Nicolich *
6. Magnetic and Gravity Analysis of ltaly Emanuele Cassano *, Luigi Anelli, Vincenzo Cappelli and Paolo La To"e
7. Deep Temperatures and Surface Heat Flow Distribution Bruno Della Vedova *, Stefano Bellani, Giulio Pellis and Paolo Squarci
8. Magmatism from Mesozoic to Present: Petrogenesis, Time-Space Distribution and Geodynamic Implications Giancarlo Sem*, Fabrizio Innocenti and Piero Manetti
*Corresponding author. See e-mail, where available, in address Iist.
xi
xvii
1
5
15
33
47
53
65
77
viii Contents
9. Volcanism in the Southern Apenuines aud Sicily Boris Behncke* (with contributions by M. Grasso)
10. Basement and Early (Pre-Aipiue) History Gian Battista Vai*
11. Ophiolites, Ligurides and the Teetonic Evolution from Spreadiug to Couvergence of a Mesozoic Western Tethys Segment Valerio Bortolotti*, Gianfranco Principi and Benedetta Treves
12. Disrupted and Chaotic Rock Units Darre! S. Cowan and Gian Andrea Pini*
13. Alps-Apennines and Po Plain-Frontal Apennines Relationships Alberto Castellarin *
105
121
151
165
177
14. Inner Northern Apennines 197 Luigi Cannignani*, Francesco Antonio Decandia, Leonardo Disperati, Pier Lorenzo Fantozzi, Roy Kligfield, Antonio Lazzarotto, Domenico Liotta and Marco Meccheri
15. Outer Northern Apennines Massimiliano Barchi, Alberto Landuzzi*, Giorgio Minelli and Giampaolo Pialli
16. The Apenninic-Maghrebian Orogen in Southern ltaly, Sicily and Adjacent Areas Mario Grasso*
17. Calabria-Peloritani Terrane and Northern Ionian Sea Glauco Bonardi*, William Cavazza, Vincenzo Perrone and Sergio Rossi
18. Mesozoic-Tertiary Carbonate Platforms, Slopes and Basins of the Externat Apennines and Sicily Daniel Bemoulli*
19. Tertiary Silicoclastic Turbidite Systems of the Northern Apennines Andrea Argnani* and Franeo Ricci Lucchi
20. Fluid Venting and Associated Processes Marco Taviani*
21. Corsica-Sardinia Block and the 'JYrrhenian Sea Renzo Sartori*
22. Neogene-Quaternary Basins of the Inner Apennines and Calabrian Are, ltaly /. Peter Martini*, Mario Sagri andAlbina Colella
23. Late Thrust Propagation and Sedimentary Response in the Thrust-belt-foredeep System of the Southern Apennines (Piiocene-Pieistocene) Etta Patacca and Paolo Scandone*
215
255
287
307
327
351
367
375
401
Contents
24. Structural Styles Inferred by Seismic Profiles Saverio Merlini* and Giuseppe Cippitelli
25. Late Pleistocene and Holocene Deposition along the Coasts and Contineotal Shelves
ix
441
of the Italian Peninsula 455 Paolo Tortara *, Piero Bellotti and Publio Valeri
26. Volcanic Hazard Franeo Barberi* and Maria Luisa Carapezza
27. Seismogenic Faulting, Moment Release Patternsand Seismic Hazard along the Centrat and Southern Apennines and the Calabrian Are Gianluca Valensise * and Daniela Pantosti
28. Geo-hydrological Hazards Paolo Canuti, Nicola Casagli*, Maurizio Pellegrini and Giovanni Tosatti
29. Italian Petroleum Geology Marco Pieri*
References
General Index
List of Colour Figures in Pocket
479
495
513
533
551
619
633
Amato Alessandro Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica Via Vigna Murata 605 I-00143 Roma ltaly ( [email protected])
Anelli Luigi Viale Rimenbranze 44 I-20075 Lodi ltaly
Argnani Andrea Istituto di Geologia Marina CNR Via Gobetti 101 I-40129 Bologna ltaly ([email protected])
Barberi Franeo Dipartimento della Protezione Civile Via Ulpiano 11 I-00193 Roma ltaly ( [email protected])
Barchi Massimiliano Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Piazza Universial I-06100 Perugia ltaly
Contributors
Behncke Boris Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche Sezione di Geologia e Geofisica Universial di Catania Corso ltalia 55 I-95129 Catania ltaly ([email protected])
Bellani Stefano Istituto Internazionale per le Ricerche
Geotermiche CNR Piazza Solferino 2 1-56100 Pisa ltaly
Bellotti Piero Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Universial "La Sapienza" P.le Aldo Moro 5 I-00185 Roma ltaly
Bernoulli Daniel Geology Institute Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH-Zentrum CH -8092 Zürich Switzerland ([email protected])
xii Contributors
Bonardi Glauco Dipartimento di Geologia e Geofisica Universita di Napoli Federico II Largo San Marcellino 10 1-80138 Napoli Italy ([email protected])
Bortolotti Valerio Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Universita di Firenze Via La Pira 4 1-50121 Firenze Italy ([email protected])
Canuti Paolo Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Universita di Firenze Via La Pira 4 1-50121 Firenze Italy
Cappelli Vincenzo ENI-AGIP PO Box 12069 1-20100 Milano Italy
Carapezza Maria Luisa lstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
(INGV) Via di Vigna Murata 605 1-00143 Roma Italy
Carmignani Luigi Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Via Laterina 8 1-53100 Siena Italy ( [email protected])
Casagli Nicola Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Universita di Firenze Via La Pira 4 1-50121 Firenze Italy ([email protected])
Cassano Emanuele Via Kennedy 1 1-20097 S. Donato Milanese Italy
Castellarin Alberto Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geologico-
Ambientali Universita di Bologna Via Zamboni 67 1-40127 Bologna Italy ( [email protected])
Cavazza William Centro Studi Avanzati di Geodinamica Universita della Basilicata Via Anzio 10 1-85100 Potenza Italy
Cimini Giovanni Battista Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
(INGV) Via Vigna Murata 605 1-00143 Roma Italy
Cippitelli Giuseppe ENI - AGIP Division, Domestic Exploration Department Via Emilia 1 S. Donato Milanese Milano Italy
Colella Albina Centro Studi Avanzati di Geodinamica Universita della Basilicata Via Anzio 10 I -85100 Potenza Italy
Cowan Darrel S. Department of Geological Seiences 150 Johnson Hall University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 U.S.A.
Decandia Francesco Antonio Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Via Laterina 8 1-53100 Siena Italy
Della Vedova Bruno Dipartimento di lngegneria Navale del Mare e per !'Ambiente Universita degli Studi di Trieste Via Valerio 10 1-34127 Trieste ltaly (bruno@min730. univ. trieste.it)
Disperati Leonardo Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Via Laterina 8 1-53100 Siena ltaly
Fantozzi Pier Lorenzo Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Via Laterina 8 1-53100 Siena ltaly
Grasso Mario Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche Universita di Catania Corso Italia, 55 95129 Catania ltaly ([email protected])
lnnocenti Fabrizio Dip Scienze Terra Via S. Maria 53 1-56100 Pisa Italy
Kligfield Roy Wonderland Hili Ave Boulder Colorado 80304 U.S.A.
La Torre Paolo ENI-AGIP PO Box 12069 1-20100 Milano Italy
Contributors
Landuzzi Alberto Dipartimento di lngegneria delle Strutture, dei
Trasporti, delle Acque, del Rilevamento del Territorio
Universita' di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 2 1-40136 Italy ( [email protected]. unibo.it)
Lazzarotto Antonio Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Via Laterina 8 1-53100 Siena Italy
Liotta Domenico Dipartimento di Geologia e Geofisica Via Orabona 4 1-70100 Bari Italy
Manetti Piero Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Universita di Firenze Via La Pira 4 1-50121 Firenze Italy
Martini I. Peter Department of Land Resource Science Universtiy of Guelph Guelph, ON Canada NlG 2W1 ([email protected])
Meccheri Marco Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Via Laterina 8 1-53100 Siena ltaly
Merlini Saverio ENI - AGIP Division Domestic Exploration Department PO BOX 12069 20100 Milano ltaly ( [email protected])
Minelli Giorgio Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Perugia Universita I-06100 Perugia ltaly
xiii
Contributors xiv
Nicolich Rinaldo Dipartimento di Ingegneria Navale, del Mare e
per l'Ambiente Universiat degli Studi di Trieste Via Valerio 10 1-34127 Trieste Italy ([email protected])
Pantosti Daniela Istituto Nazianale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
(ING) Via Vigna Murata 605 1-00143 Roma Italy
Patacca Etta Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Via Santa Maria 53 1-56126 Pisa Italy ([email protected])
Pellegrini Maurizio Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Universita di Modena LargoS. Eufemia 19 1-41100 Modena Italy
Pellis Giulio Dipartimento di Ingegneria N avale, del Mare e
per l'Ambiente Universitä degli Studi di 'frieste Via Valerio 10 1-34127 Trieste ltaly
Perrone Vincenzo lstituto di Geologia Universita di Urbino Localita Crocicchia 1-61029 Urbino Italy
Pialli Giampaolo (deceased)
Pieri Marco Via Barbera 35 1-50134 Firenze Italy
Pini Gian Andrea Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geologico-
Ambientali Universita di Bologna Via Zamboni, 67 I -40127 Bologna Italy (pini@geomin. unibo.it)
Principi Gianfranco Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Universita di Firenze Via La Pira 4 1-50121 Firenze Italy ([email protected])
Ricci Lucchi Franeo Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geologico-
Ambientali Universita di Bologna Via Zamboni, 67 1-40127 Bologna Italy
Rossi Sergio lstituto di Geologia Marina CNR Via Gobetti 101 1-40129 Bologna Italy
Sagri Mario Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Universita di Firenze Via La Pira 4 1-50121 Firenze ltaly.
Sartori Renzo Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geologico-
Ambientali Via Zamboni 67 1-40127 Bologna Italy ([email protected])
Scandone Paolo Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Via Santa Maria 53 1-56126 Pisa ltaly
Serri Giancarlo Dipartimento di Scienze Terra Via S. Maria 53 1-56100 Pisa Italy ([email protected])
Squarci Paolo lstituto Internazianale per le Ricerche
Geotermiche CNR Piazza Solferino 2 1-56100 Pisa Italy
Taviani Marco lstituto di Geologia Marina CNR Via Gobetti 101 1-40129 Bologna ltaly ([email protected])
Tortora Paolo Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Universita "La Sapienza" P.le Aldo Moro 5 1-00185 Roma Italy ([email protected])
Tosatti Giovanni Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Universita di Modena Largo S. Eufemia 19 1-41100 Modena ltaly
Contributors
Treves Benedetta Centro di Studio di Geologia dell' Appennino CNR Via La Pira 4 1-50121 Firenze ltaly
Vai Gian Battista
XV
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geologico-Ambientali
Universita di Bologna Via Zamboni 67 1-40127 Bologna ltaly ([email protected])
Valensise Gianluca lstituto Nazianale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
(ING) Via Vigna Murata 605 1-00143 Roma ltaly ([email protected])
Valeri Publio Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Universita "La Sapienza" P.le Aldo Moro 5 1-00185 Roma ltaly
The Apennines are a readily accessible mountain chain, and thus they have been studied and reported in art and scientific Iiterature since antiquity. Their claim to fame rests, among other things, on: ( 1) ancient literature, such as the Homeric Scilla and Cariddi which depicts the strong and variable current of the Messina Strait between mainland Italy and Sicily; (2) the first written scientific eyewitness report of a major volcanic eruption (Vesuvius in AD 79) by Pliny the Younger; (3) the writings and paintings by Leonardo da Vinci who observed the strata along the Arno River for a possible dam south of Florence and depicted some interesting Stratigraphie sections of the Northern Apennines at the foot of the Virgin and Infant Jesus with Saint Anne (Louvre, Paris); (4) the basic principles of stratigraphy published by Niels Steensen in the 17th century and derived from observations of strata of basins from Tuscany, central-north Italy. In more recent times, good rock exposures have also provided grounds for some fundamental geological concepts, such as those of turbidity currents and regional tectonic Iandslides from which the concepts of melange and olistostrome derive. Geologie studies of the Aperruines have contributed significantly to the knowledge of many topics such as volcanism ( the name of the process itself derives from the Italian island of Vulcano where mythology contends the God of Fire Jives), turbidity current and turbidite
Preface
facies, concepts of piggy-back, thrust-top and foreland-foredeep basins, Mediterranean salinity crisis, and geothermal energy. In addition, coping with severe slope stability problems, such as the infamaus disasters related to hydroelectric reservoirs (Vajont dam disaster), has led to formulation of basic concepts in engineering environmental geology. Conversely, every orogenic hypothesis formulated in the past has been applied and tested in the Apennines and surrounding basins, so they or part of them have been interpreted according to simple vertical uplift ( astrohlerne ), orogenic slides, geosynclines, plate tectonics, strike-slip tectonics, thrust fault imbricates, narrow and wide extension rift tectonics, and various combinations of all these hypotheses. At the time each hypothesis seemed to fit, to be superseded by the next best idea, progressively increasing our knowledge of the area and the processes involved. As such, the Apennines are an easily warkable testing and learning ground, albeit presenting some difficulty and Iimitation due to the fact that they are constricted between the jaws of the moving macroplates of Europe and Africa, and thus being dissected into different types of basins both in space and through time.
Much is known about the Apennines, but no integrated synthesis of the whole chain and surrounding basins exists and, apart for some outstanding exceptions, much Iiterature is not
xviii Preface
readily available worldwide because it is not in English. The objectives of this book are therefore twofold: (1) to provide a synthesis of information about the Apennines, particularly new data and ideas obtained through geophysical examination of the subsurface, and (2) to provide a relatively simple text readily understandable to an international audience. To this effect the reader should be warned that whereas the text is in English, the writing style is for the most part definitely Latin in character. We trust this will not be a great impediment to understanding the geology of this magnificent region. We have strived to provide a tool for learning about the geology of the Apennines (roughly updated to 1999) and to foster innovative future research. The extent to which the contributors to this volume have been successful in this endevom will be measured from the quality of publications on the subject matter in the next decade or so ... a great way to start a millennium!
On behalf of the contributors and ourselves we would like to thank the many people ( too many to
list) who have laboured to see this book through completion. We are grateful to: first, the close collaborators each one of us bad in searching bibliographies, preparing the figures, reading and correcting first drafts, and many other things; second, the reviewers, both the several authors of this book and other people who volunteered their time and helped immensely with their criticisms; third, the various publishing houses that graciously gave permission to publish some figures, as referred in the captions; fourth, the various Italian institutions which provided the printing of colour maps and figures; and last but not least, Kluwer Academic Publishers and its staff and editors, first among them Petra van Steenbergen, who patiently waited for the manuscript, helped in finalizing it and saw it published.
G. B. Vai and I. P. Martini September, 2001