Anatomy Last Minute Revision

8/17/2019 Anatomy Last Minute Revision

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/anatomy-last-minute-revision 1/45



KHK\D@ZBK]\ @JH_\O ^OVJ]JDH



[wdrbl Bkst `jhuto ôvjsjdh 7 \kh`ky @oetk

>

AOHO^KB KHK\D@Z7

\ypos df Gdjhts 7

]mejhlybosjs vd`kr -speohdjlkb rdstru` guhmtjdh

]yhlos`dsjs Jhforjdr tjnjdfjnubkrFjrst mdstdmedhlrkb gdjht

]yhmedhlrdsjs Opjpeysjs-ljkpeysjs

]y`peysjs @khjnrdstorhkb

]kllbo Mkrpd òtkmkrpkb gdjht df teu`n (fjrst M@m gdjht)

Obbjpsdjl Qrjst

\ypos df opjpeysos7

Ktkvjstjm

opjpeysjs

Ds trjadhu`

Mdrkmdjl prdmoss df smkpubk

Yrossuro Eokl df foùr

\rkmtjdh \unormbo df euòrus

\rdmekhtor df foùr

@kstdjl prdmoss

Dteor J`pdrtkht pdjhts 7

Jh jhtorpekryhaokb gdjht mkpsubo js knsoht dh 0 ldrskb sjlo

Eykburdhjm kmjl 0 js rospdhsjnbo fdr vjsmdmjty df syhdvjkb fbujl




=

_YYO^ BJ@N7

@usmbos & Ndos df _ppor bj`n7

Aroktor tunorsdsjty df euòrus js bdst Knlumtjdh khl B^ kffomtol

Dsssjfjmktjdh jh fotus stkrts jh ?te J_ bjfo

HD\ kttkmeol td smkpubk p.`kgdr

HD\ kttkmeol td aroktor tunordsjty df euòrus ]unsmkpubkrjs

Fjrst ndho td dsjjfy jh ò`nrkho Mbkvjmbo

HD\ pkk terd mkrpkb tuhhob _bhkr h.

HD\ fdr` prdxj`kb rdw df mkrpkb ndho Mkpjtkto

]edublor Abohdeu`korkb gdjht por`jts

F/O/Kn/Kl/J^/O^

# ]x homc euòrus rosubts jh Fbkt sedublor

Dssjfjmktjdh mohtro df òljkb opjmdhlybo kppokr jh ?te yokr

@jlpkb`kr spkmo js @oljkb td soptu` kttkmejha

pkb`kr kpdhourdsjs td =rl

òtkmkrpkb ndho

\ohldh froquohtby knsoht jh ekhl Ykb`krjs bdhaus

HD\ mkuso rotrkmtjdh df sedublor ]orrktus kht

HD\ nduhl qukrjbktorkb spkmo Lobtdjl

]orrktus kht HD\ drajhkto frd` bdwor 5 rjns

HD\ fbox fdrokr` Khmdhous

HD\ oxtohl `jllbo ljstkb pekbhx df jhlox fjhaor Oxtohsdr mkrpj rkljkbjs bdhaus

@usmbos kttkmeol td eddc df ek`kto Fboxdr rotjhkmubu`

\jp df mdrkmdjl prdmoss df smpubk ajvo rjso td ]edrt eokl df njmops

ûpturo df suprkspjhktus Ljffjmubty jh jhjtjtktjdh df

knlumtjdh

Bdwor ndrlor df smkpubk mdrrospdhls td L-1

Ejhao gdjht Obndw




<

Bu`nrjmkb kmtjdh Fboxjdh df @Y gdjht

Oxtohsjdh df JY gdjht

@oljkb wkbb df kxjbbk fdròl ny ]orrktus khtorjdr

HD\ fdr` nduhlry td sup ohtrkhmo td kxjbbk Mdrkmdjl `

Mdrkmdnrkmejkbjs kssjst jh Fboxjdh df kr`

Kllumtjdh df ekhl kt wrjst ny Oxtohsdr mkrpj ubhkrjs

Bktorkb ndrlor df munjtkb fdssk Nrkmejdrkljkb fdssk

HD\ kttkmeol td pjsjfdr` FL]

=rl eokl df mdrkmednrkmejkbjs m/l ]truteor's bjakòht

\unormbos df `dhtad ory jh Nrokst

Horvos df _ppor bj`n 7

Cbu`pcoo's pkrkbysjs Bdwor nrkmejkb pboxus

Nrkmejkbjs js suppbjol ny ^kljkb & ùsmubdmutkhods

horvo

Nrkmejkb pboxus ^kljkb h. krjso frd` pdst mdrl

Kxjbbkry h pkbsy Lobtdjl & toros `jhdr

Qjhajha smkpubk ]orrktus khtorjdr

Ndxor's `. ]orrktus khtorjdr

ôbktjdh df usmubdmutkhous h wjte kxjbbkry krtory jh kxjbbk BK\O^KB

_hknbo td dppsdso teu`n fdbbdwjha jhmjsol wduhl jhfrdht

df wrjst

@oljkh h.

@oljkb mdbbktorkb bjakòht df obndw gdjht mbdsoby robktol td _bhkr h

Kxjbbkry h krjso frd` Ydst mdrl

^ddt vkbuo df ubhkr (m-1) , M- 5 \-;

Mkrpkb tuhhob syhlrdò - md`prossjdh df @oljkh h

@oljkb mdrl HD\ ajvo rjso td h.td suprkspjhktus

^ddt vkbuo df kxjbbkry M- ?,6

^ddt vkbuo df rkjlkb M -? td \-;

^ddt vkbuo df ùsmubdmutkhous M- ?,6,1




?

Qrjst lrdp ^kljkb h

@usjmjkh's h _bhkr h

Oyo df ekhl @oljkh h

;st khl >hl bu`nrjmkbs @oljkh h

Bknduror h @oljkh h

Loop nr df ubhkr HD\ suppby ;st bu`nrjmkb

>hl bu`nrjmkb

Fjho `dvo`ohts df ekhl _bhkr h

Horvo HD\ robktol td eu`orus @usmubdmutkhous

Eypdteohkr `. _bhkr h

HD\ k nr df pdst mdrl _bhkr

@oljkh h pkbsy kt mkrpkb tuhhob Bdss df sohsktjdh dvor teokhor

o`jhohmo

Jhgury td ubhkr h kt wrjst Ykrkbysjs df kllumtjdh df

teu`n

]orrktus kht Bdha tedrkmjm h

Nrkmejkbjs @usmubdmut h

Ydst jhtordssous js nr df ^kljkb h

Yrdhktdr toros @oljkh h

@oljkh h suppbjos Knlumtdr pdbbjmjs nrovjs

(KNYN)

M-5 , \-; HD\ supbby Oxtohsdr jhljmos

Hkjb df nol df teu`n @oljkh h

@MY gdjht kro fboxol jh pkrkbysjs df ^kljkb h

HD\ k sohsdry h Bdha tedrkmjm h

Jhtormdstdnrkmejkb h js k nr df >hl jhtormdstdnrkmejkb h

_bhkr h pkbsy kt wrjst spkros Dppdhohs pdbbjmjs

]trumturb BOK]\ bjcoby td md`prossol jh fboxjdh khl

knlumtjdh df sedublor

]uprksmkpubkr h

Buhkto ljsbdmktjdh @oljkh h




6

Orn's pdjht M-?,6

\eokhor o`jhohmo @oljkh h

^kljkb h jhgury jh bdwor pkrt df spjrkb arddvo Ykrkbysjs df khmdhous

Yrdhktdr quklrktus eks skò jhhorvktjdh ks Fboxdr pdbbjmjs bdhaus (òljkhh)

Kftor ùsmubdmut h md`pboto jhgury , fboxjdh df obndw ny _bhkr eokl df prdhktdr toros

Fjhaor ny wejme kbb ` jh ekhl tostol @jllbo

By`pektjm lrkjhkao df uppor bj`n 7

BH fjrst jhvdbvol jh mk nrokst Yomtdrkb ar

Mk nrokst df uppor dutor quklrkht `dstby sprokls td Yomtdrkb BH

Ar df kxjbbkry BH kbdha bktorkb tedrkmjm k Khtorjdr sot

Nbddl suppby df uppor bj`n 7

Loop pkb`kr krme Fdròl ny loop nr df ubhkr k

Kxjbbkry k df _.B. js lorjvol frd` 1te morvjmkb jhtorsoaòhtkb

Krtory HD\ tkcjha pkrt jh smkpubkr khkstd`dsjs Kht mjrmu`fbox euòrkb

HD\ suppby nrokst \edrkmdldrskb nr df

sunsmkpubkr k

k.suppby df bktjssjùs ldrsj ]unsmkpubkr k




1

BDQO^ BJ@N

Ndhos & Gdjhts df bdwor bj`n 7

Fknobbk ]osk`djl ndho

Fknobbk dmmurs jh Akstrdho jdus bktorkb eokl

Yktobbk md`pbotoby dssjfjos ny ;< yokrs

Ljstkb fo`drkb opjpeysjs sooh kt kao df =< woocs

Dssjfjkmtjdh df bdwor ohl df foùr sooh kt =6 wooc

Dssjfjmktjdh mohtro jh mkbmkhous khl tkbus kppokr jh =rl khl 6te `dhte

Luo td ndhy suppdrt `dst stknbo pdsjtjdh df khcbo gdjht Ldrsjfboxjdh

Knlumtjdh khl kllumtjdh df frofddt dmmurs kt @jltkrskb gdjht

Jhvorsjdh khl ovorsjdh dmmurs kt ]untkbkr khl `jltkrskb gdjht

]prjha bjakòht Ybkhtor mkbmkhodhkvjmubkr

bjakòht

HD\ prdvjlo stknjbjty td kcbo gdjht Mkbmkhod hkvjmubkr /sprjha

bjakòht

Coy stdho df òljkb bdhajtuljhkb krme df fddt \kbus

HD\ fdr` lobtdjl bjakòht \jnjdfjnubkr

Bjak`hot fdr`jha òljkb nduhlry df fo`drkb mkhkb Bkmuhkr

KMB Yrovoht fdrwkrl ljspbkmoòht

df tjnjkb mdhlybo

Bjakòht df njaobdw jh Ejp gdjht

]trdhaost bjakòht jh ndly Jbjdfo`drkb bjakòht

@oljkb òhjsmus js kttkmeol kt \eroo pdjhts

Oxtohsjdh df ejp js rostrjmtol ny Jbodfo`drkb bjakòht

Eduso`kjl' s choo Yropktobbkkr nursk

Dnbjquo pdpbjtokb bjakòht js mdht df ]o`jò`nrkhdsus

Fksmjk mrjnrdsk js robktol td Fo`drkb mkhkb




5

@usmbos df bdwor bj`n 7

Yordhous nrovjs js jhsortol jhtd Nkso df ?te òtktkrskb

HD\ jhsort jhtd pbkhtor kspomt df fddt Yordhous tortjus

Jsmekjb tunordsjty ajvos kttkme òht td Kllumtdr kahus

]krtdrjus drjajh Kht sup jbjkm spjho

Oxtohls choo wjte ejp jh fboxjdh ômtus fo`drjs

Oxpkhsjdh df so`jò`nrkdus tohldh Dnbjquo pdpbjtokb bjakòht

Jhvortdr jhsortol dh kbb tkrskb ndho oxmopt tkbus \jnjkbjs pdstorjdr

Jh wkbcjha ejp ndho df suspohlol boa js rkjsol ny Dnturktdr oxtorhus ( KM\JHA

DH ]_YYD^\OL ]JLO DF

NDLZ)

Qeoh fddt js dff teo arduhl kmtjdh df abutous òljus Knlumtjdh

Njmops fo`drjs Kttkmeol td eokl df fjnubk

\rolohbohnura sjah + a.òljus khl `jhjùs pkbsy

Kmtjdh df quklrktus fo`drjs B^

@oljkb bdhajtuljhkb krme df fddt HD\ fdròl ny Mundjl

Oxtohsdr df choo [uklrjmops

Qt df ndly jh sjttjha pdsturo suppdrtol ny Jsmejkb tunordsjty

]pdhtkhous pobvjm ljksteosjs sooh jh Oxtohlol bjtedtd`y

Ydpbjtokb ` fdr`s FBDD^ df pdbjtokb fdssk

Fboxdr df ejp Ysdks

HD\ k B^ df ejp Ysdks

HD\ fdr`s fbddr df fo`drkb trjkhabo Kllumtdr nrovjs

Kmtjdh df pdpbjtous ^dtkto Foùr Bktorkbby Dh

\jnjk (FBD\)




:

Horvos df Bdworbj`n 7

Ydstorjdr ljvjsjdh df dnturktdr horvo jhhorvktos Choo gdjht

Choo gorc B->,=,< (prj`krjby B-=)

Ny phjmejha skrtdrjus Mroòstorjm rofbox objmjtol

@M mkuso df hourkbajm pkjh jh fddt Md`prossjdh df

md`ùhjmktjdh n/w oljkb

khl bktorkb pbkhtor h

HD\ k mdhtoht df fo`drkb seokte Fo`drkb horvo

HD\ k mdhtoht df sunkrtdrjus mkhkb Horvo td vkstus jhtoròljus

Fo`drkb horvo HD\ suppby tohsdr fksmjk bktk

a.`kxjùs Jhf abutokb h

Ydpbjtokb ` \jnjkb h

Ykjh n/w arokt tdo khl >hl tdo B-?

Vohosmtjdh df A]V - pkjh dh òljkb kspomt df arokt tdo ]kpeohdus h

Bkraost nr df bu`nkr pboxus Fo`drkb h

Kllumtdr ekbbumjs Loop nr df bktorkb pbkhtor h

\krskb tuhhob syhlrd o Ydst tjnjkb h

@M usol ldhdr h jh arkftjha ]urkb h

Fddt lrdp Loop pordhokb h

Ykjh frd` ejp gdjht js rofforol td Choo gdjht




;9

Nbddl suppby df bdwor bj`n 7

Bdhaost vojh jh eu`kh ndly Bdha skpeohdus vojh

Hu`nor df porfdrktors df A]V jh BOA <

Fo`drkb vojh bjos @OLJKB td fo`drkb k

Knhdr`kb dnturktdr k. js knr df Jhforjdr opjakstrjm k

Ykss dut terd aroktor smjktjm hdtme khl roohtor pobvjs terd

bossor smjktjm hdtme

Jhtorhkb pulohlkb k

]uporfjmjkb fo`drkb krtory nomdòs pdpbjtokb krtory Kt ejktus jh kllumtdr kahus

]unskrtdrjkb mkhkb ;.

Fo`drkb krtory khl vojh

>.

]kpeohdus horvo

=. Ydstorjdr ljvjsjdh df

dnturktdr horvo

j.v. jhfusjdh js kvdjlol jh Bdha skpeohdus vojh

Bktorkb mjrmu`fbox fo`drkb k js k nr df Yrdfuhlk fo`drjs k

HD\ suppby eokl df foùr jh mejblroh Hutrjoht k

Eoob khl bktorkb pkrt df fddt Ydpbjtokb BH

Abkhs pohjs LJH

]kpeohdus dpohjha js sjtuktol Nobdw khl bktorkb td punjm

tunormbo

A]V mkh no oxpdsol khtorjdr td òljkb `kbbodbus kt >.? m`

]kmrkb mkhkb vdbuò >?-=? mm

]edrt skpeohdus vojhh js mdhtjhuktjdh df Bktorkb `krajhkb vojh

@kgdr nbddl suppby td pdstorjdr fo`drkb ùsmbos js

prdvjlol ny

Yorfdrktjha nrkhmeos df loop

fo`drkb k

Jh klubt k' suppby df eokl df foùr frd` Nr frd` oljkb khl bktorkb

mjrmu`fbox fo`drkb k

Fo`drkb mkhkb @oljkb `dst md`pkrtòht df

fo`drkb seokte

Yordhokb k js k nr df Ydst tjnjkb k

K fduhl jh kllumtdr mkhkb Fo`drkb




;;

Hoaktjvo Ydjhts bdwor bj`n 7

@oljkb mdrl HD\ ajvo rjso td h.td suprkspjhktus

Loop nr df ubhkr HD\ suppby ;st bu`nrjmkb

>hl bu`nrjmkb

Horvo HD\ robktol td euòrus @usmubdmutkhous

HD\ k nr df pdst mdrl _bhkr

M-5 , \-; HD\ supbby Oxtohsdr jhljmos

HD\ k sohsdry h Bdha tedrkmjm h

]trumturb BOK]\ bjcoby td md`prossol jh fboxjdh khl

knlumtjdh df sedublor

]uprksmkpubkr h

HD\ kttkmeol td smkpubk p.`kgdr

HD\ kttkmeol td aroktor tunordsjty df euòrus ]unsmkpubkrjs

HD\ pkk terd mkrpkb tuhhob _bhkr h.

HD\ fdr` prdxj`kb rdw df mkrpkb ndho Mkpjtkto

HD\ mkuso rotrkmtjdh df sedublor ]orrktus kht

HD\ nduhl qukrjbktorkb spkmo Lobtdjl

]orrktus kht HD\ drajhkto frd` bdwor 5

rjns

HD\ fbox fdrokr` Khmdhous

HD\ oxtohl `jllbo ljstkb pekbhx df jhlox fjhaor Oxtohsdr mkrpj rkljkbjs bdhaus

HD\ fdr` nduhlry td sup ohtrkhmo td kxjbbk Mdrkmdjl `

HD\ kttkmeol td pjsjfdr` FL]

Krtory HD\ tkcjha pkrt jh smkpubkr khkstd`dsjs Kht mjrmu`fbox euòrkb

HD\ suppby nrokst \edrkmdldrskb nr df

sunsmkpubkr k

HD\ prdvjlo stknjbjty td kcbo gdjht Mkbmkhod hkvjmubkr /sprjha

bjakòht

HD\ fdr` lobtdjl bjakòht \jnjdfjnubkr

HD\ jhsort jhtd pbkhtor kspomt df fddt Yordhous tortjus

@oljkb bdhajtuljhkb krme df fddt HD\ fdròl ny Mundjl




;>

HD\ k B^ df ejp Ysdks

HD\ fdr`s fbddr df fo`drkb trjkhabo Kllumtdr nrovjs

HD\ k mdhtoht df fo`drkb seokte Fo`drkb horvo

HD\ k mdhtoht df sunkrtdrjus mkhkb Horvo td vkstus jhtoròljus

Fo`drkb horvo HD\ suppby tohsdr fksmjk bktk

Dsssjfjmktjdh jh fotus stkrts jh ?te J_ bjfo

Dssjfjmktjdh mohtro df òljkb opjmdhlybo kppokr jh ?te yokr

Yktobbk md`pbotoby dssjfjos ny ;< yokrs

Ljstkb fo`drkb opjpeysjs sooh kt kao df =< woocs

Dssjfjkmtjdh df bdwor ohl df foùr sooh kt =6 wooc

Dssjfjmktjdh mohtro jh mkbmkhous khl tkbus kppokr jh =rl khl 6te `dhte




;=

\ED^KU & NKMC

J`pdrtkht pdjhts df tedrkx & nkmc 7

]K hdlo js bdmktol ]un opjmkrljkbby

\edrkmjm lumt js kbsd mkbbol Yomquot lumt

Nbddl suppby df tedrkx khl nkmc 7

Jhtorhkb tedrkmjm vojh kro trjnutkrjos df 0 nrkmejdmopekbjm vojh

Bt sup jhtormdstkb vojh lrkjhs jhtd Bt nrkmedmopekbjm vojh

Nrdhmejkb vojh df rjaet sjlo dpoh jhtd Kzyads vojh

Krme df kdrtk bjos jh ]uporjdr òljkstjhu`

@M vkrjktjdh jh krme df kdrtk Bt MMK krjso frd`

nrkmejdmopekbjm truhc

Ykrjotkb pbourk js ]ohsjtjvo td pkjh

Krme df kdrtk Mbdsoby robktol td pkrjotkb

pbourk

Nkso df eokrt js ôbktol td Losmohljha kdrtk

Nkso df eokrt fdròl ny Ndte ktrjk ( BK8^K)

Jhforjdr surfkmo df eokrt frdòl ny ^V & BV

Nduhlrjos df cdme's trjkhabo ;.

\ohldh df tdlkrd

>.

]optkb bokfbot df trjmusspjl

vkbvo

=.

Drfjmo df mdrdhkry sjhus

Ykrt df eokrt byjha jhfrdht df osdpekaus BK

Khtorjdr jhtorvohtrjmubkr krtory js k nr df BMK

Ydstorjdr jhtorvohtrjmubkr krtory js k nr df ^MK

]K hdlo js suppbjol ny ^MK

KV hdlo ^MK

Kpox df eokrt BMK

Ydst ;/= soptu` ^MK

Nuhlbo df ejs Lukb nbddl supbby




;<

]VM ,JVM , mdrdhkry sjhus dpoh jhtd ^K

Mdrdhkry submus js dmmupjol ny Mdrdhkry sjhus

Dnbjquo sjhus df porjmkrlju` bjos Noejhl BK

Arokt , s`kbb khl `jllbo mkrljkm vojh lrkjh jhtd mdrdhkry sjhus

Mdrdhkry sjhus dpohs jhtd ^K

`jllbo mkrljkm vojh js bdmktol kt Ydst JV submus

Buha 7

Khktd`jmkb ljvjsjdh df rjaet `jlllbo bdno df bbuha @oljkb khl bktorkb

Buha knmoss somdhlkry td kspjrktjdh Ydstorjdr uppor &

Kpjmkb bdwor bdno

FN kspjrktjdh js @M ohtors ^jaet `kjh nrdhmeus

Jf FN kmmjlohtkbby ohtors hdso jt ados Kpjmkb soaòht df rjaet bdwor

bdno

@dst lopohloht pkrt df buha jh supjho pdsjtjdh Bdwor kpjmkb

^jaet `kjh nrdhmeus @dro vortjmkb khl nrdlor

FN kspjrktjdh js @M jh ^t `jllbo khl Jhf kpjmkb bdno

@M sjto df buha knmoss Ydst soaòht df rt uppor bdno

Jhtrkbdnkr soquostrktjdh df buha @M jh Ydst nkskb soaòht df bdwor

bdno

Nrdhmejkb krtoy suppbjos uptd ôspjrktdry nrdhmejdbo

Kpox df boft buha ]unmbkvjkh krtory fdr`s k

arddvo

]trumturo krmejha dvor ejbu` df rjaet buha Kzyads vojh

Huòrjmkb vkbuos df tedrkx & nkmc7

Bohate df trkmeok ;9-;> m`

Bohate df klubt trkmeok ;<-;? m`

Ljkòtor df klubt trkmeok ;.>-;.6 m`

Bohate df osdpekaus >? m`

Kt `jl kxjbbkry bjho pkrjotkb pbourk oxtohls up td bovob df ;9 te rjn




;?

Bdwor ndrlor df mdstdljkperka`ktjm romoss js kt bovob df 6 te rjn

\ruo rjns 1te rjn

Kt mrdss somtjdh df \-< Krme df kdrtk

Mkrjhk js kt bovob df \-<

Osdpekaus dpohjha \-;9

JVM dpohjha \-5

Hoaktjvo pdjhts df tedrkx & nkmc 7

Nrdhmedpub`dhkry soaòht ld hdt mdhktkjh 0Jhlopohloht pub`dkhkry VOJH

Vojh hdt lrkjhjha jhtd mdrdhkry sjhus0 Khtorjdr mkrljkm vojh

Kdrtk 0HD\ pjormo ljkperka`

Mdstd storhkb gdjht 0 js HD\ ljromt krtjmubktjdh df rjns

5te rjn HD\ ljromtby krtjmubkto wjte storhu`

\edrkmjm lumt js HD\ sjtuktol n/w homc df fjrst rjn khl kpox df buha

]mkbohus pdstorjdr HD\ jhsortol dh fjrst rjn

Jhtorhkb k``kry krtory HD\ suppby osdpekaus

Yomtdrkbjs `kgdr js HD\ mut jh pdstordbktorkb tedrkmdtd`y

Khtordòljkb nkskb js HD\ k pkrt df boft bdwor bdno df buha

Horvos df tedrkx & nkmc 7

]y`pkteotjm jhorvktjdh df eokrt \-> td \-6

Jh khajhk pkjh td boft kr` ny jhmrkosol kmtjvjty jh KFFOÔH\

fjnors jh

\edrkmjm spbkhmehjm h.

Kutdhd jm suppby td ]K hdlo ]y`kteotjm oxmjtktdry




;6

KNLD@OH

Horvo suppby Knldòh 7

Ykrksy`pkteotjm ljvjsjdh jhhorvktos Lotrusdr

@dtdr horvo suppby td lotrusdr ]->,=,<

Fjrst ovoht jh `jmturjtjdh rofbox ôbkxktjdh df porjhokb ùsmobs

Horvo suppby df nbkllor ;.

]y`pkteotjm pdstakhabjdhjm 7

B-;,> akhabjk

>.

Ykrksy`pkteotjm

proakhabjdhjm 7 krjso frd` ]-

>,=,< khl syhkpso wjte

pdstakhabjdhjm hourdhs jh

jhforjdr eypdakstrjm pboxus

=.

Kff sohsdry f. vjk pobvjm

spbkhmehjm khl sy`pkteotjm

h.

Ykrksy`pkteotjm dutfbdw frd` skmrkb pboxus Horvo orjaohtos

Knld`jhkb pkrt df sy`pkteotjm truhc Aroy rk`j md`ùhjmkhtos kro

ajvoh dff td bu`nkr spjhkb horvos

ôbktjdh df sy`pkteotjm truhc td JVM Boft

]pbooh Horvo suppby frd` mobjkm pboxus

_`njbjmus \-;9

Ykrksy`pkteotjm suppby td romtu` khl khkb mkhkb ]->,=,<

Oxtorhkb pjbo pkjh js mkrrjol ny Yulohlkb horvo

]ohsdry horvos df morvjx pkss terduae ]->,=,<

Yobvjm spbkhmehjm horvo fdròl ny Khtorjdr rk`j df ]->,=,<

Mro`kstorjm rofbox B-;

Kfforohts df

Mro`kstorjm rofbox

Aohjtdfo`drkb horvo

Mro`kstor usmbo(offoroht bj`n df

Mro`kstorjm rofbox)

Aohjtkb nrkhme df

Aohjtdfo`drkb horvo

ômtus knld`jhjs jhhorvktol ny Bdwor sjx jhtormdstkb horvos

Kftor eorhjdtd`y bdss df sohsktjdh dvor smrdtu` khl rddt Jbjdjhaujhkb h.




;1

df pohjs

H suppby df pyrk`jlkbjs ]unmdstkb h.

Huòrjmkb Vkbuos df Knldòh 7

Bohate df spor`ktdzdk ?d `jmrdhs

Mkpkmjty df std`kme jh how ndrh =9 `b

Bohate df MNL 5 m`

Bohate df jhaujhkb mkhkb =.1? m`

Bohate df fo`kbo uroterk < m` ( <9 ``)

Bohate df `kboklubt uroterk >9 m`

Bohate df fo`kbo klubt morvjmkb mkhkb >.? m`

Hdr`kb pdrtkb vohdus prossuro 6-;> `` ea

Cjlhoy eks ? soaòhts

\rkhspybdrjm pbkho pkss terduae B-;,>

]uporjdr òsohtorjm krtory B-;

Mobjkm kxjs \-;> ,B-;

Jbjkm mrost ejaeost pdjht B-<

ôbktjdhs df Knldòh 7

Vks jh `kbos khl ^D_HL bjakòht jh fo`kbos Yohotrktos jhaujhkb rjha

LJ^ mdhtkjhs ^D_HL bjakòht jh fo`kbos

Mdhgdjht tohldh Bdwor fjnors df JD khl \K

Fkmjk oxtohsjdh df bkmuhkr bjakòht kbdha pomtjhokb bjho Mddpor's bjakòht

81?% strohate df jhtkmt knld`jhkb wkbb jh teo Kpdhourdsjs

LJ^ js k lofomt jh Fkmjk trkhvorskbjs

]J^ js kh dpohjha jh kpdhourdjs df ODK

]J^ trkhs`jts Jbjdjhaujhkb horvo

Ekssobnkme's trjkhabo Jhaujhkb trjkhabo

Ekssobnkme's trjkhabo ;.

Bktorkb ndrlor df ^K




;5

>.

Jhaujhkb bjakòht

=.

Jhf opjakstrjm k.

Md``dh strumturo jh fo`drkb trkjhabo khl Ekssobnkme's

trjkhabo

Jhaujhkb bjakòht

Hourdvksmubkr nuhlbo jh khtorjdr knld`jhkb wkbb jssjtuktol n/w

JD & \K

Jhforjdr eypdakstrjm pboxus bdmktol n/w bkyors df khtorjdr knld jhkb

wkbb

ômtus knld`jhjs jhhorvktol ny Bdwor sjx jhtormdstkb horvos

Fboxdr df bu`nkr vortonrko ômtus knld`jhjs

ômtus knld`jhjs jhsortol jhtd Ujpedjl prdmoss

@usmbos pdstorjdr td cjlhoy ;.

Ysdks `kgdr>.

[uklrktus bu`ndru`

=.

\rkhsvorso klnld`jhjs

horvos pdstorjdr td cjlhoy ;.

Jbjdjhaujhkb horvo

>.

]unmdstkb horvo

=.

Jbjdeypdakstrjm horvo

Yorjhokb ndly ;.

Bovktdr khj

>.

Oxtorhkb khb spejhmtor

=.

Nubndmkvorhdus

Ljkperka` 7

^ddt vkbuo df perohjm h m-=,<,?

Jrrjtktjdh df ljkperka` rkljktos td M-=,<

Loobdpòht df ljkperka` js frd` ;.

]optu` trkhsvorsu`

>.

Ybourdporjtdhokb ò`nrkho

@M ljkperka`ktjm eorhjk Ejktus eorhjk

Fdrkòh df ndmelobc Ydstordbktorkb akp jh ljkperka`

Osdpekaus ohtors terduae @usmubkr pkrt df ljkperka`

Lurjha knl suraory uhlor BK sulloh pkjh l/t Ykrjotkb porjtdhou`




;:

Nbddl suppby df Knldòh 7

Jhtorhkb Jbjkm

Kht \ruhc

;.

]uporjdr Vosjmkb Krtory

Krtory td Lumtus Loforkhs

>.

Jhforjdr Vosjmkb Krtory

=.

@jllbo omtkb Krtory

<.

_torjho Krtory Kzyads K. df Vkajhk

Eobjmjho Krtorjos

Vkajhkb Krtory

Dnturktdr Krtory

Jbjkm nrkhm

Vosjmkb nrkhme

Yunjm nrkhme

Khtorjdr nrkhme

Ydst nrkhme

Kmotknubkr nrkhme Jhtorhkb Yulohtkb Krtory

@usmubkr nrkhmeos

Jhforjdr omtkb K

Yorjhokb Krtory

K. df nubn df Yohjs

_roteorkb Krtory

Loop K. df Yohj

Ldrskb K. df pohjs

Jhforjdr Abutokb Krtory

Ydst \ruhc ;.

Jbjd Bu`nkr>.

Bktorkb ]kmrkb K

=.

]up Abutokb Krtory

Oxtorhkb Jbjkm ;.

Jhforjdr Opjakstrjm

Mro`kstorjm Krtory

Yunjm Nrkhme (

KDK)

@usmubkr

Mutkhodus

>.

Loop Mjrmu`fbox jdbjkm Krtory

_torjho krtory js knrkhme df Jht jbjkm k.-Kht \ruhc

]uporjdr romtkb krtory krjso frd` Jhforjdr òsohtorjm k.

@jllbo ômtkb Krtory k nr df Jhtorhkb Jbjkm - Kht \ruhc

Jhtorhkb Yulohtkb Krtory js k nr df Jhtorhkb Jbjkm - Kht \ruhc




>9

Ydst \ruhc Jht jbjkm k nrkhme js ]up Abutokb Krtory

Loop Mjrmu`fbox jdbjkm Krtory js k nr df Oxtorhkb Jbjkm

Goguhu` ]uporjdr òsohtorjm k.

]uporjdr òsohtorjm k. supbbojs ;.

Goguhu`>.

Kppohljx

=.

Ksmohljhf mdbdh

<.

\rkhsvorso mdbdh

Jhfordrj òsohtorjm krtory ;.

\rkhsvorso mdbdh

>.

Losmohljha mdbdh

=.

]ja`djl mdbdh

Jhfordrj òsohtorjm krtory \kcos pkrt jh fdr`ktjdh df krajhkb

krtory

Kppohljmubkr krtory js knrkhme df Jbjdmbdbjm k.

^t totjmubkr vojh lrkjhs jhtd JVM

Bt totjmubkr vojh lrkjhs jhtd Boft rohkb vojh

^t klrohkb vojh lrkjhs jhtd JVM

ôhkb mdbbkr ny spbjttjha jht twd bj`ns khl ohmjrmbbjha

kdrtk ny

Boft rohkb vojh

\rjnutkrjos df boft rohkb vojh ;.

Bt adkhlkb

>.

Bt suprkrohkb=.

Jhforjdr perohjm

boft rohkb vojh Mrdssos Jhfrdht df kdrtk nobdw ]@K

]uprkrohkb abkhl ;. Kdrtk

>. ôhkb krtory

=.

Jhforjdr perohjm krtory

Jhforjdr ossohtorjm vojh lrkjhs jhtd ]pbohjm vojh

Nbddl vossob robktol td pkrkludlohkb fdssk Jhforjdr òssohtorjm vojh

Vohdus lrkjhkao df bjvor jhtd JVM vjk Eopktjm vojhs

Ohl krtorjkb suppby Bjvor

]pbooh

Cjlhoy

Lukb suppby Buha




>;

Mdobjkm Boft Akstrjm

Md``dh eopktjm

^jaet Akstrjm

Akstrdludlohkb

k.

^jaet Akstrd Opjpbdjm

n.

]up pkhmroktjmd ludlohkb(Kht, Ydst)

m.

]uprkludlohkb Krtory df

Qjbco

l.

^jaet Eopktjm(Kmmossdry

^jaet eopktjm fdr` ]@K)

J.

Mystjm

J.

]upf - Jhforjdr

]urfkmo

JJ.

Loop - ]uporjdr

]urfkmoo) Boft Eopktjm(Kmmossdry

Boft eopktjm fdr` BAK)

]pbohjm K

Ykhmroktjm

nrkhmeos(K.Ykhmroktjmk

@kgdr, K.Mkulko

Ykhmroktjm)

]edrt Akstrjm K

Ydstorjdr Akstrjm K

Boft Akstrd Opjpbdjm K

]pbohjm Nrkhmeos

]`kbbost nrkhme df mobjkm kxjs Boft akstrjm

]pbohjm krotry krjso frd` Mobjkm k.

Boft akstrd opjpbdm krtory js k nr df ]pbohjm krotry

Mystjm k krjso frd` ^jaet Eopktjm k.




>>

By`pektjm lrkjhkao Knldòh 7

Dvkry Ykrkkdrtjm BH

\ostjs Yro khl pkrk kdrtjm BH

Khkb mkhkb jhaujhkb

_`njbbjmus Kxjbbkry + jhaujhkb

]td`kme krok supbjol ny sedrt akstrjm krtorjos khl boft

akstrdopjpbdjm krtory

Ykhmroktjmd spbohjm BH

Fuhlus df std`kme Ykhmroktjmd spbohjm BH

_torus mdrhu khl fuhlus ;.

]JH

>.

Yro khl pkrk kdrtjm BH

Abkhspohjs LJH

Jsteùs df utorjho tuno

Jhforjdr pkrt df khkb mkhkb

Nja tdo

]JH

prdstktjm pkrt

ò`nrkhdus pkrt

;. jht jbjkm hdlos

>. sdò td oxt jbjkm hdlos

spdhay pkrt( pohjbo uroterk) ;. loop jha hdlos

>. sdò td oxt jbjkm hdlos

By`pektjms df vubvk \rkvorsos bknjk frd` oljkb tdbktorkb sjlo

J`pdrtkht Ydjhts 7 Knldòh

\kjb df pkhmroks Eks `kxjù` hunor df jsmobots df

bkhaorekhs

Kppohljx Eks tohjk mdbj

]edrtost pkrt df mdbdh Ksmohljha mdbdh

Yrjhmjpkb fkmtdr mkusjha ruputuro df arkffjkh fdbbjmbo Homrdnjdsjs df dvorbyjha tjssuo

Ydume df luabks n/w utorus khl romtu`

Fksmjk df lohdhvjbbjors n/w romtkb k`pubk & prdstkto khl

so`jhkb vosjmkbs

Numc's fksmjk js robktol td Yohjsi




>=

]uporfjmjkb pohjbo fksmjk Mdhtkjh lkrtds

Mdhktjh bddso mdhhomtjvo tjssuo

Mdhtkjhs suporfjmjkb ldrskb vojh

Mk`por fksmjk ]uporfjmjkb FK\\Z fksjmk n/w u`n

khl punjs

Fksmjk df aordtk ôhkb fksmjk

Yrdstkto ]urrduhls homc df nbkllor

@oljkh bdno -eyportrdpejos jh dbl

kao - n/w uroterk khl ogkmubktdry

lumts

Ydstorjdr bdno- mkrmjhd`k

\rjadho df nbkllor ;.

Hd fdbls jh ùmus ò`nrkho

>.

Ndrloros ny jhtorurotorjm mrrost

=.

@osdlor`kb jh drjajh<.

Dvorbjos oljkh bdno df

prdstkto

Mkvo df ^jtzous Jhfrdht df nbkllor

]trumturo jh jhtorsja`djl romoss Bt urotor

_rotor Mrdssol khtorjdrby ny adhklkb

krtory

@M sjto df surajmkb urotordvkajhkb fjstubk Nobdw utorjho krtory jh

`kmcohrdl's bjakòht

_rotor mrdssos ;. Jfurmktjdh df md``dh jbjkm

>.

_torjhk k.

=.

]ja`djl òsdmbdh

Njbo lumt dpohs jhtd >hl pkrt df ludlohu`

]trumturo jh froo ndrlor df bossor dòhtu` ( K td Y) ;.

MNL

>.

Eopktjm krtory

=.

Ydrtkb vojh

Ndhlry df bossor skm bdwor `krajh df aroktor dòhtu`(Jhforjdrby)

Bdmktjdh df dòhtkb nursk Boft suneopktjm

_roterk jh fo`kbo Js sedrtor tekh `kbo

Bokst ljbktknbo pkrt df uroterk @o`nrkhdus




><

Nubnduroterkb abkhls dpoh jh Yohjbo uroterk

MDQYO^'] abkhls dpoh jh Yohjbo uroterk

Ogkmubktdry lumt dpohs jhtd Yrdstktjm uroterk

Ybjmo`kh df knldòh aroktor `dòhtu`

Kttmeòht df òsohtory df ]J Bt \rkhsvorso prdmoss df B-> td ^t

skmrdjbjkm gdjht

Kppohljx opopbdkmok Jh kbj`kohtkry mkhkb kbdha wjte

òsohtry

@M typo df jhvorsjdh df tostjs Khtorjdr

Mdhtohts df skmrkb mkhkb ;.

Fjbu` tor`jhkbo

>.

Lurk

=.

Vortonrkb vohdus pboxus

Yulohlkb mkhkb ;.

Yulohlkb h.

>.

Jhtorhkb pulohlkb krtory khl

vojh

Kmosskry spbooh dmmur kt ;.

\kjb df pkhmrkos

>.

Ejbu` df spbooh khl jts

òsohtry

=.

Dòhtu` khl òsohtry df

s`kbb ndwob

@kx suppdrt td utorus @kmcohrdlt's bjakòht

Mkulkto bdno df bjvor sjtuktol n/o JVM khl bjakòht vohdsu`

Mkulkto bdno df bjvor Khtorjdr td rt jhf perohjm k.

Hoaktjvo Ydjhts Knldòh 7

Jhforjdr opjakstrjm js hdt k nrkhme df 0 jhtorhkb jbjkm

Dvkrjkh krtory js hdt k nrkhme df 0 jhtorhkb jbjkm

Kbbkhtdjs HD\ hdr`kbby serjhc jh u`njbbjmkb mdrlNdwob HD\ strkhaubktol jh 0 romtdutorjho pdume

Jh eylrdmobo kspjrktjdh hoolbo HD\ pkss terduae 0 tuhjmk kbnuaohjk

ômtus seokte HD\ mdhtkjh 0 aohjtdfo`drkb h.

Bktjssjùs ldrsj js HD\ pdstorjdr td cjlhoy




>?

Ykhmroktjm nol HD\ jhmbulo spbohjm krtory

Dnturktdr jhtorhus HD\ fdr` porjhokb ndly

Mdhgdjht tohldh js HD\ mdhtjhudus wjte jhaujhkb bjakòht

ômtus seokte HD\ lofjmjoht khtordsuporjdrby

Dvkry js HD\ k mdhtoht df nrdkl bjakòht

Fjrst bu`nkr vojh js HD\ k trjnutkry df bt rohkb vojh

^t suprkrohkb abkhl js HD\ prosoht jh trkhs pybdrjm pbkho

]uporfjmjkb pohjbo fkmsjk js HD\ jhhorvktol ny jbjdjhaujhkb horvo

Jhaujhkb mkhkb js HD\ nduhlol pdstorjdrby ny 0 bkmuhkr bjakòht

Khkb mdhtjhohmo js HD\ mdhtrjnutol ny 0 vkbvos df Edustdh

]@K ldos HD\ supbby suprkrohkb abkhl

Buha eks HD ohlkrtorjkb suppby

Kmosskry spbooh HD\ dmmur kt dvkry khl tostjs

Horvo td dnurktdr jhtorhus js HD\ k mdhtoht df pulohlkb mkhkb

_rotor js HD\ robktol td pdstorjrd surfkmo df nbkllor

Bkrao ùmdskb fdbls HD\ soojh jh jbou`

Khkb mkhkb js HD\ md`pbotoby bjhol ny strktjfjol squkùs opjteobju`

_rotor HD\mrdssos J@K

Bu`nkr vortonrk HD\ por`jt rdtktjdh

_ppor pkrt df Vkajhk js mdvorol wjte porjtdhou`

@omcbo's ljvortjmubu` krjso frd` KH\Jòsohtorjm ndrlor df jbou`




>6

EOKL & HOMC

Ndhos df eokl & homc 7

]cubb mdhsjsjts df >> ndhos

Mrkhjd fkmjkb khabo ;=9⁹

Ytorjdh mdrrospdhls td Kht pdbo df jhsubk

@@K

Bktorkb moronrkb submus

Jhmroksol tejmchoss df scubb ndhos 0 tekbksso`jk

Mjbjkry akhabjdh js bdmktol Kt kpox df drnjt n/w dptjm h.

khl B^

Dptjm fdrkòh js bdmktol n/w 0 Bossor wjha khl ndly df

speohdjl

Dptjm horvo pkss terduae Dptjm fdrkòh

Fdrk`jhk jh aroktor wjha df speohdjl ^dtuhlu`

Dvkbo

]pjdhdsu`

Qokcost wkbb df drnjt 0 òljkb wkbb

]trumturo pkssjha terduae jhfrkdrnjtkb fjssuro Wyad`ktjm horvo

]trumturo pkssjha terduae suprkdrnjtkb fjssuro ;.

=,<,6 M.H.

>.

Ѽ-; M.H.(dpetekb`jmljvjsjdh df rjao`jhkb)

=.

Dpetekb`jm vojh

Hksdbkmrj`kb lumt js ljromtol Ldwhwkrls , Bktorkbby ,

Nkmcwkrls

Bkmrj`kb lumt dpohs kt 0 jhforjdr òktus

Hkrrdwost pkrt df `jllbo okr 0 òsdty`pkhu`

Jhhor okr js jh 0 potrdus pkrt df to`pdrkb

ndho

Krmukto o`jhohmo df potrdus pkrt df to`pdrkb ndho js luo

td

0 suporjdr so`jmjrmubkr mkhkb

^ddf df dbfkmtdry roajdh js fdròl ny Mrjnrjfdr` pbkto df oteo`djl

Jhmjsjdr fdrkòh jh `dute js Fdrkòh df smkrpk




>1

@khljnubkr horvo pkssos terduae Fdrkòh dvkbo

@@K pkssos terduae Fdrkòh spjhdsu`

Meksskjahko's tunormbo bjos kt bovob df Orn's pdjht

Meksskjahko's tunormbo js 0 kt bovob df mrjmdjl mkrtjbkao

Meksskjahko's tunormbo Mkrdtjl tunormbo dh M-6

vortonrk

\rkmeok noajhs kt 0 bdwor ndrlor df mrjmdjls

Osdpekaus stkrts kt 0 bdwor ohl df mrjmdjls

Osdpekaus js hkrrdwost kt Jts noajhhjha

Mkrtjbkao wjte sjahot rjha sekpo 0mrjmdjls

Bkryhaokb mkrtjbkao kndvo abdttjs 0 opjabdttjs

Hkrrdwost pkrt df AJ\(kbjòhtkry mkhkb) 0 mrjmdpekryhx

Bkryhx oxtohls frd` m-= td m-6

Jsteùs df teyrdjl abkhl js kmrdss >hl td <te trkmeokb rjhas

\eyrdabdsskb myst `dvos wjte loabutjtjdh nomkuso Kttkmeol td eydjl ndho

]uporjdr `kbbodbkr bjakòht mdhhomts Eokl df kbbous td rddf df

opjty`pkhu`

\rkhsvorso bjak`koht df ktbks js kpkrt df Mrumjkto bjakòht

Bjakòht jh \@ gdjht ;.

Bktorkb to`pdrd khlnubkr

( hdt ty`pkhd -

`khljnubkr)

>.

]peohd`khljnubkr

=.

]tybd`khljnubkr

hu`nor df dssjfjmktjdh mohtors fdr eydjl ndho 6

@kstdjl prdmoss khtru` noajhs td lovodp jh 6te `dhte

Ydstorjdr fdhtdhkbbo dssjfjol kt kao df 6 `dhte

Vortonrk wjte dst prd`jhoht spjho m-1

Vortonrk prd`jhohmo M-1





>5

Horvos df eokl & homc 7

]`kbbost mrkhjkb horvo Dbfkmtdry

]trumturo jh bktorkb wkbb df mkvorhdus sjhus

( hdt wedbo trjao`jhkb horvo js jh bktorkb wkbb)

;.

Dmmubd`dtdr

>.

\rdmebokr

=.

Dpetkb`jm horvo( nr df

trjao`jhkb horvo)

]trumturo robktol td mkvorhdus sjhus ;.

Dmmubd`dtdr

>.

\rdmebokr

=.

Dpetkb`jm horvo( nr df

trjao`jhkb horvo)

<.

@khljnubkr nr df trjao`jhkb

horvo

?.

Knlumohs horvo

6.

JMK

Ljromt mdhtoht df mkvorhdus sjhus Knlumohs horvo

Jhtorhkb mkrdtjl horvo js k nrkhme df Jhtorhkb sy`pkteotjm mekjh

]^ suppbjol ny ]uporjdr ljvjsjdh df tejrl h.

Dmmubd`dtdr horvo @^ , ]^,J^, JD, spejhmtor-

ljbktdr pupjbbko , BY]

=rl h. pkbsy @ylrjksjs

Ytdsjs

Dutwkrl lovjktjdh df oyo

Ljffjmubkty jh kmmd`dlktjdh

Ljpbdpjk

]uporjdr akzo pkbsy

Hdr`kb oyo sjaet + knsoht LB^ & JLB^ Dmmubd`dtdr horvo pkbsy

Mrkhjkb horvo @M mmdprossol ny jhtrkmrkhjkb khourys` Dmmubd`dtdr

Bkraost akhabjdh jh homc ]uporjdr akhabjdh

Edrhor's syhlrd`o js luo td prossuro dh ]tobbkto akhabjdh

Edrhor's syhlrd`o Ytdsjs@jdsjs

Kheylrdsjs

Ljromt mdhtoht df mkvorhdus sjhus Knlumohs horvo

Ldrobbd's mkhkb trkhs`jts jh tjp df to`pdrkb ndho oh rduto td

mkvorhdus sjhus

Knlumohs horvo




>:

Knlumoht B^

\rdmebokr ]D ( jhforjdr khl bktorkb

`dvo`oht)

Jhknjbjty td bddc ldwhwkrls khl bktorkbbky \rdmebokr h pkbsy

Mrkhjkb horvo wjte bdhaost jhtrkmrkhjkb mdurso \rdmebokr

Mrkhjkb horvo wejme lomusskto wjtejh nrkjh \rdmebokr

Horvo pkssjha terduae omcbo's mkvo \jrao`jhkb h.

]ohsdry horvo suppby df `jllbo okr :te M.H. abdssdpekryhaokb h.

@kjh horvo suppby df tdhsjb 0 abdssdpekryhaokb h.

\erdkt pkjh rkljktjha td okr fdbbdwjha tdhsjbbomtd`y js luo td 0 abdssdpekryhaokb h.

Ykjh jh pdst ;/= rl tdhauo fdbbdwjha tdhsjbbomtd`y js luo td 0 abdssdpekryhaokb h.

pdst ;/= rl tdhauo abdssdpekryhaokb h.

Yekryhadty`pkhjm tuno js suppbjol ny abdssdpekryhaokb h.

Dhby pekryhaokb `. supbjol ny

abdssdpekryhaokb h.

]tybdpekryhaous

\y`pkhjm pboxus fdr`ol ny \y`pkhjm nr df

abdssdpekryhaokb h.

Nrkhmeos df abdssdpekryhaokb h. ;.

\y`pkhjm

>.

\dhsjbbkr

=.

Yekryhaokb pboxus

Kht >/= rl tdhauo tksto sohsktjdh Medrlk ty`pkhj

Medrlk ty`pkhj supbbjos ;.

Kht >/= tdhauo

>.

@usmbos df fkmjkb oxprossjdh

=.

]omrotd`dtdr fjnors td

sun`khljnubkr abkhls

Horvo sooh jh ty`pkhjm mkvjty Medrlk ty`pkhj

Kblor`kh's horvo Nr df kurjmubk nrkhme df vkaus

horvo

Horvo df bktorgot df vkaus js sooh jh ]td`kme

]ohsdry suppby df trkmeok Vkaus

Bkmrj`kb abkhl js suppbjol ny ]peohdpkbktjho akhabjdh




=9

]peohdpkbktjho akhabjdh js fdròl ny Aroktor suporfjmjkb potrdskb h

Fkmjkb horvo suppbjos ;.

Bkmrj`kb abkhl

>.

Hkskb abkhl

=.

]un`khljnubkr abkhl

Fkmjkb horvo HD\ suppbjos Ykrdtjl abkhl

Fkmjkb horvo bjos jh ]unstkhmo df pkrdtjl abkhl

Bossor suporfjmjkb potrdskb h. suppbjos Ykrdtjl

Aroktor suporfjmjkb potrdskb h. FJ^]\ Nrkhme df Fkmjkb h.

Horvo df ptoryadjl mkhkb 0 ]y`pkteotjm + Aroktor

suporfjmjkb potrdskb h

]omrotd`dtdr fjnors td pkrdtjl abkhl pkss terduae Dtjm akhabjdh

Ykrksy`pkteotjm suppby td pkrdtjl Dtjm akhabjdh

]omotd`dtdr fjnors td pkrdtjl js vjk Kurjmubdto`pdrkb horvo

]cjh dvor khabo df khljnbo + pkrdtjl krok Kurjmubdto`pdrkb horvo

]cjh kt khabo df gkw suppbjol ny 0 aroktor kurjmubkr horvo

\jp df hdso ny Dpetekb`jm h.

ômurroht bkyrohaokb h js mbdsoby robktol td 0 jhforjdr teyrdjl krtory

]ohsdry horvo suppby df trkmeok ômurroht bkyrohaokb h

Horvo suppby df ùmdsk df bkryhx jhtorhkb bkryhaokb horvo

Lk`kao td jhtorhkb bkryhaokb horvo 0 khosteosjk df bkryhx

Lk`kao td oxtorhkb bkyrohaokb horvo 0 bdss df tj`nor df vdjmo

Mrjmdteyrdjl js suppbjol ny oxtorhkb bkyrohaokb horvo

@usmbos df kstjmktjdh

;.

@kssotor

>.

\o`pdrkbjs

=.

Bktorkb khl oljkb ptoryadjls

@khljnubkr horvo

Fkmjkb oxprosjdh usmbos

Drnjmubkrjs drjs dmmubj

Nummjhktdr

Fkmjkb h.

]topoljus ` Fkmjkb h.

\ohsdr ty`pkhj ( tdyhnoo's usmbo) @khljnubkr horvo




=;

Ydstorjdr nobby df ljakstrjm Fkmjkb h.

Khtorjdr nobby df ljakstrjm \rjao`jhkb horvo

@khljnubkr horvo pkssos terduae Fdrkòh dvkbo

Horvo suppbyjha sun`khljnubkr abkhl Fkmjkb horvo

Ykbktdabdssus Vkaus

@usmbos df tdhauo kro suppbjol ny (oxmopt pkbktdabdssus) Eypdabdsskb horvo ( ;> M.H.)

]tybdabdssus

Aohjdabdssus

eypdabdssus

Aohjdeydjl

\eyrdeydjl

Eypdabdsskb horvo

Ykbsy df rjaet aohjdabdssus(skfoty ùsmbo df tdhauo) Lovjktjdh df tdhauo td rjaet

Kbb pkbktkb ùsmbos (oxmopt tohsdr vobj pkbktj) Mrkhjkb kmoosskry horvo

]dft pkbkto Mrkhjkb kmoosskry horvo

]uporfjmjkb mut jh pdst trjkhabo df homc bokls td ]eruaajha jhknjbjty

Khsk morvjmkbjs suppbjos ;.

]torhdeydjl

>.

]torhdteyrdjl

=.

D`deydjl

Morvjmkb pboxus ;.

@ybdeydjl

>.

]mkbohus oljus

=.

Mkpjtjs bdhaus

Nbddl suppby df eokl & homc 7

Medrdjl fjssuro df oyo por`jts ohtry df 0 eykbdjl krtory

Mjbjdrotjhkb krtory js k nr df 0 medrdjlkb krtory

Boft sunmbkvjkh k js k nr df 0 krme df kdrtk

Nrkhmeos df sunmbkvjkh krtory ;.

Vortonrkb

>.

\eyrdmorvjmkb truhc=.

Jhtorhkb tedrkmjm

Fdrkòh trkhsovorsorju` trkhs`jts 0 vortonrkb krtory

Jhtorvortonrkb fdrk oh trkhs`jts ]pjhkb krtorjos

Khtorjdr spjhkb krtory js knrkhme df 0 vortonrkb krtory




=>

Nrkhmejkb sjhus pkssos n/w \wd mkrdtjls

Bovob df nrkhmejha df MMK 0 uppor ndrlor df teyrdjl

mkrtjbkao

Hunor df nrkhmeos df JMK jh homc Hdho

Dpetekb`jm krtory js k nrkhme df Jhtrkmoronrkb pkrt df JMK

]uprkdrnjtkb & suprktrdmebokr krtorjos kro nrkhmeos df Dpetekb`jm krtory

Fkmjkb krtory nrkme df OMK

@kjh nbddl suppby df tdhsjb

]upbby ndte bjps

Mdhvoys pdstakhabjdhjm

sy`pkteotjm fjnors td

sun`khljnubkr abkhl

@kjh nbddl suppby df tdhsjb Fkmjkb krtory

Krtory pkbpknbo kt kht ndrlor df `kssotor Fkmjkb k.

@@K js knrkhme df 0 `kxjbbkry krtory

Mjstorhk df bktorkb submus mdhtkjh @jllbo òhjhaokb krtory


Ksmohljha pekryhaokb k js k nrkhme df OMK

Jhforjdr teyrdjl krtory krjso frd` 0 teyrdmorvjmkb truhc df ;st

pkrt df sunmbkvjkh krtory

Nbddl suppby df morvjmkb osdpekaus 0 jhforjdr teyrdjl k.

ômurroht bkyrohaokb h js mbdsoby robktol td 0 jhforjdr teyrdjl krtory

Jhforjdr teyrdjl krtory js bjaktol 0 ks fkr ks pdssjnbo

@jllbo teyrdjl vojh lrkjhs jhtd 0 JGV

Mjrmubkrjs jrjljs `kgdr js bdmktol kt 0 rddt df jrjs

Lkhaordus krok df fkmo js Krok lrkjhol ny khaubkr fkjmkb

vojh

Ljromt md`ùhjmktjdh df mkvorhdus sjhus Jhforjdr potrdskb

Ytoryadjl vohdus pboxus

Drnjt vojhs

\DM df sunakbokb eo`ktd`k 0 mdhsorvktjvo




==

By`pektjm lrkjhkao df eokl & homc 7

\dhsjb Guaubdljkakstrjm hdlos

\jp df tdhauo ]unòhtkb BH

Qkbloyor by`pektjm mekjh ;.

Ykbktjho tdhsjb

>.

Yekryhaokb tdhsjb=.

\unkb tdhsjb

BH jh morvjmkb ardup ;99

ôbktjdhs df eokl & homc7

]trumturo jhforjdr td speohdpotrdskb syhmedhlrdsjs Mkrtjbkaohdus pkrt df kuljtkry

tuno

]trumturos pkssjha n/w uppor ndrlor df sup mdhstrjmtdr khl

nkso df scubb

0 bovktdr pkbktjj ùsmbo

Mkrtjbkaohdus O tuno

Ydstorjdr mek`nor df oyo rofors td spkmo 0 pdstorjdr td jrjs ( hdt pdstorjdr

td bohs)

Bk`jhk mrjnrdsk js k `dlfjmktjdh df 0 smbork

Mkrdtjl seokte mdhtkjhs Mkrdtjl k.

JGV

Vkaus

Vdmkb bjakòht Js mdhtjhudus wjte mrjmdteyrdjl

ò`nrkho

@usmbos df eokl & homc 7

@dst j`pdrtkht ùsmbos df oxpjrktjdh 0 knld`jhkb wkbb `.

tdyhnoo's usmbo \ohsdr ty`pkhj

Ydstorjdr nduhlry df mkrdtjl trjkhabo 0 ]M@

Dhby pekryhaokb `. supbjol ny

abdssdpekryhaokb h.

]tybdpekryhaous

Dpohjha df gkw ( loprossdr df `khljnbo) Bktorkb ptoryadjl `.

J/B lovjktjdh df tdhauo js luo td uhkbtorol kmtjdh df Aohjdabdssus

Ykbsy df rjaet aohjdabdssus Lovjktjdh df tdhauo td rjaet

skfoty ùsmbo df tdhauo Aohjdabdssus

]unmutkhous ùsmbo oxtohljha frd` mbkvjmbo td `khljnbo Ybktys`k




=<

Knlumtdr df vdmkb mdrl Ystorjdr mrjmdkrytohdjl

Obovktdr df bkryhx ;.

\eyrdeudjl

>.

]tybdeydjl

=.

Ljakstrjm

Loprossdr df bkryhx ]torhdeydjl

Hoaktjvo pdjhts eokl & homc 7

Ytorjdh HD\ mdrrospdhls td 0 trkhsvorso sjhus

Fdrk`jhk HD\ jh aroktor wjha df speohdjl 0 dptjm mkhkb

HD\ Ljromt md`ùhjmktjdh df mkvorhdus sjhus 0 sja`djl khl strkjaet sjhus

Ydstorjdr kurjmubkr horvo js HD\ k mdhtoht df ty`pkhjm mkvjty

Mduae romoptdrs kro HD\ sooh jh 0 sdft pkbkto

Yrovortonrkb fksmjk js HD\ pdstorjdr td 0 smkbohus khtorjdr

@jllbo mdhstrjmtdr ùsmbo js HD\ k lorjvktjvo df >hl krme

Hdt fdròs ny Qkbloyor by`pektjm mekjh 0 pdst kurjmubkr hdlos

Fkmjkb horvo HD\ suppbjos 0Ykrdtjl abkhl

HD\ Nrkhmeos df sunmbkvjkh krtory 0 sunsmkpubkr krtory

Khsk morvjmkbjs HD\ suppbjos 0 teyrdeydjl

Kbkr bjakòht js HD\ sooh jh \@ gdjht

Bk`jhk pkppodmymos js HD\ fduhl jh bktorkb wkbb df hdso




=?

N^KJH

Fjnors df nrkjh7

Yyrk`jlkb fjnors kro 0 prdgomtjdh fjnors

Fjnors pkssjha terduae aohu df jhtorhkb mkpsubo 0 mdrtjmdhumbokr

Fjnors pkssjha terduae mrus moronrj 0 mdrtjmdhumbokr &

mdrtjmdspjhkb

Jhfordjr moronobbdr poluhmbo eks 0 vostjnubd/dbjvd/spjhd

moronobbkr fjnors

@jllbo moronobbdr poluhmbo eks Ydhtdmoronobbkr f.

Mdhtoht df jhtorpoluhmubkr fdssk ;.

@k``jbkry ndljos

>.

Dmmubd`dtdr horvo

=.

Ydstorjdr porfdrktol

sunstkhmo<.

\unor mjhoru`

Fjnors pkssjha terduae pdstorjdr mdbu`h 0 FK]MJM_B_] A^KMJBBJ]

Fjnors df kmdustjm rkljktjdh krjso jh 0@oljkb aohjmubkto ndly

Mohtrkb mkhkb df spjhkb mdrl js mohtrkb jh roajdh df 0 bu`nkr

Jh pdsthktkb porjdl aroktost ardwte jh aroy `kttor df MH]

Js df

0 lohlrtjm troo

]pomtru df mdbdur ejaeost vjsukbjso luo td mohtrkb mdhos 0 rol arooh

M]F7

M]F pkrtby knsdrnol ny by`pektjms krduhl 0 ;,>,1,5 M.H.

\dtkb vdbuò df M]F 0 ;?9 `b

êdndjl fdssk fdr`s teo fbddr df <te vohtrjmbo

Moronrkb kquolumt df sybvjus mdhhomts =rl td <te vohtrjmbo

NNN js lostrdyol ny Jhfbk`ktjdh ,rkljktjdh khl

tu`dur

\omtkb nrokcjha sooh jh Krhdbl mejkrj `kbfdr`ktjdh

Ydrtkb mjrmubktjdh sooh jh Eypdpeysjsj moronorj

@yobjh seokte jh MH] js syhteosjzol ny Dbjadlohlrdabjk

NNN js fdròl ny Kstrdmytos




=6

Mrkhjkb horvos Drjajh7

Fkmjkb Ydhs

Abdssdpekryhaokb

Vkaus

Eypdabdsskb

@olubbk

Humboj df nrkjh7

Nkskb akhabjk Mkulkto humbous

Yutk`oh

Bohtjfdr` humbous

K`yalkbdjl humbous

Moronobbu` Lohtkto humbous

Yurcjhgo mobbs df moronobbu` ohl jh Moronobbkr humboj

Humbous md``dh td :, ;9 ,;; M.H. Humbous k`njaudus

:,;9,1 (Hjho ,\oh , ]ovoh)mrkhjkb horvo ohl jh Humbous trkmtus sdbjtkrjos

Hu`nor df humboj df trjao`jhkb horvo jh MH] <

Humbous jh fbddr df <te vohtrjmbo Knlumohs

Ldrskb vkakb

Eypdabdsskb

AVO (aohorkb vjsmorkb offoroht) mdbu`h Ldrskb humbous df vkaus

Bjaet rofbox Yrotomtkb humbous

Offoroht fdr` mdmebokr humbous td ]uporjdr dbjvkry humbous

@k``jbdtekbk`jm trkmt ohls jh Khorjdr tekbk`jm humbous

\ekbk`jm humboj hdt prdgomtjha td hodmdrtox rotjmubkr humboj

@kstdjl khtru` js robktol td Mdmebok humbous jh tekbk`us

]pjhkb mdrl 7

]pjhkb horvo pkjr 0 =;

]pjhkb mdrl ohls kt jh klubt B-; bdwor ndrlor

Jh howndrh ] mdrl ohls kt B-=

]unkrkmehdjl spkmo ohls kt ]->




=1

Hoaktjvo Ydjhts df Nrkjh 7

Yupjbkry rofbox pktewky HD\ jhmbulos 0 BAN

Aohjmubkto ndly js HD\ k pkrt df opjtekbkùs

Kht jhf moronobbkr krtory ldos HD\ suppby òlubbk

Fkmjkb humbous js HD\ fduhl jh fbddr df <te vohtrjmbo

Ydhtdmoronobbkr f. js HD\ sooh jh jhf moronobbkr poluhmbo

\rdmebokr & Dpetekb`jm horvo js HD\ sooh jh jhtorpoluhmubkr fdssk

\ekbkùs js HD\ jhmbulol jh nkskb akhabjk

Khtorjdr spjhdmoronobbkr trkmt HD\ ohtor vjk jhforjdr moronobbkr poluhmbo

\ekbk`jm humboj HD\ prdgomtjha td hodmdrtox0rotjmubkr humboj

Nbddl suppby df nrkjh 7

Mjstorhk df bktorkb submus mdhtkjh @jllbo òhjhaokb krtory


@jllbo òhjhaokb krtory js k nrkhme df @kxjbbkry krtory

Md`pboto submus Mkbmkrjho submus

Oxk`pbo df bj`jtjha submus Mohtrkb submus

_hpkjrol krtory jh nrkjh Nksjbkr krtory

Krtory suppbyjhf dmmjpjtkb mdrtox @MK+YMK

Nrkhme df nksjbkr krtory YMK

Aroktor vojh df akboh js fdròl ny 0 jhtorhkb moronrkb vojhs

vojh df akboh lrkjhs jhtd 0 strkjaet sjhus

]uporjdr moronrkb vojh lrkjhs jhtd 0 suporjdr skajtkb sjhus




=5

Kuljtkry pktewky 7

Kuljtkry trkhs`jssjdh vjk 0 bktorkb bk`jhjsmus

Offoroht fdr` mdmebokr humbous td 0]uporjdr dbjvkry humbous

Fjnors df kmdustjm rkljktjdh krjso jh 0@oljkb aohjmubkto ndly

Kuljtkry pktewky js vjk 0 `oljkb aohjmubkto ndly

Dptjm trkmt js robktol td 0 bktorkb aohjmubkto ndly

Kuljtkry pktewky js vjk 0 `oljkb aohjmubkto ndly




=:

O@N^ZDBDAZ

Yekryhaokb krmeos khl pdumeos 7

\dhsjbs >hl pdume

\eyùs =rl pdume

]uporjdr pkrkteyrdjl abkhl <te pume

Jhforjdr pkrkteyrdjl abkhl =rl pdume

pkrkteyrdjl abkhls =rl khl <te pumeos

Ykrkfdbbjmubkr mobbs / M- mobbs df teyrdjl _btj`dnkrkmejkb ndly 8 =rl

pdume

@kbbous ,jhmus

@khljnbo

]peohd`khljnubkr bjakòht

Khtorjdr kbbodbkr bjakòht

;st krme

]tkpos

]tybdeydjl bjakòht

]`kbbor mdrhu df eydjl

>hl krme

Aroktor mdrhu df eydjl =rl krme mkrtjbkao

Fddt pbkto df stkpos lovobdps frd` Dtjm mkpsubo

Hoaktjvo pdjhts o`nrydbday 7

Akbb nbkllor 0 js HD\ lorjvktjvo df òsdlor`

]mobrk df oyo 0 HD\ lorjvol frd` omtdlor`

Ydstorjdr `kbboodbkr bjakòht 0 hdt lorjvol frd` ;st krme

ôtjhkb vksmubkr ohldteobju` js hdt lorjvol frd` omtdlor`

Dldhtdnbkst js HD\ ohldlor`kb drjajh

Ljbktdr pupjbbko js HD\ òsdlor`kb drjajh

Yotrdus to`pdrkb ndho js HD\ prosoht kt njrte

Ndho `krrdw js HD\ omtdlor`kb jh drjajh

=rl pkrt df ludlohu` js HD\ lorjvol frd` fdroaut




<9

J`pdrtkht pdjhts df o`nrydbday 7

Yorsjsjtoht boft ]VM lrkjs jhtd 0 mdrdhkry sjhus

]edtauh porjhju`js 0 mdhaohjtkb mdhljtjdh jh fo`kbo

Ldunbo nkrr ndly 0 xxx (CF])

Hu`nor df nkrr ndljo jh suporfo`kbo0 >

Yktoht fdrkòh dvkbo 0hdhfusjdh df dstju` prjù` wjte somuhlu`

Yro`kturo mbdsuo df f. dvkbo rosubts jh 0 ^VE

@o`nrkhdus ktrjdvohtrjmubkr pkrt df JV soptu` js n/w 0 ^K & BV

Mboft bjp 0 hdhfusjdh df `kxjbbkry wjte òljkb hkskb prdmoss

@jlbjho mboft bjp 0 hdhfusjdh df twd òljkb hkskb prdmoss

Jhmd`pboto mbdsuro df omtdlor`kb mboft mkuso 0 mdbdnd`k df jrjs khl rotjhk

Oxd`pekbds 0 ls jhvdbvjha knld`jhkb wkbb

Hdhksmoht df cjlhoy luo td 0 fkubty nbddl vossobs

Lurjha fdr`ktjdh df vortonrk 0 K^\O^Z js jhtorsoaòhtkb jh pdsjtjdh

Akstrubktjdh0 prdmoss ny wejme = aor` bkyors fdr`

@ojdsjs jh `kbos dmmurs jh 0 so`jhjfordus tunubos

Jh tostjs ekpbdj hu`nor df merd`dsdò prosoht jh 0 spor`ktjls

Fo`kbo mejbl kt njrte ddmyto jhk stkao df 0 prdpekso ;st òjdtjm

Huòrjmkb vkbuos df o`nrydbday 7

_`njbbjmkb vosjmkb kttjkhs fubb lovobpdòht jh < wooc jh fotus

ôlumtjdh df pesjdbdajmkb eorhjk kt ;9te wooc

\ostos losmohls jhtd smrdtu` lurjha Ohl df 5te `dhte

Dssjfjkmktjdh mohtors df kbb mkrpkb ndho fduhl ny ;> te yokr

Fdr`ktjdh df prj`kry dvkry tkcos pbkmo ny 5te wooc jh fotus

_`njbbjmkb mdrl

( rjaet u`n vojh ljskppokrs fjrst , boft js boft wjte twd krtorjs)

> krtory khl ; vojh

Bohate df u`njbbjmkb mdrl ?9 m`

Bohate df `kturo eu`kh spor`ktdzdk ?9-69 `jmrdhs




<;

@obkhdnbkst kppokr jh nkskb bkyor df opjlor`js lurjha =rl `dhte df J_ bjfo

Hdtdmedrl lovobdps jh =rl wooc

@kbbous stkpos jhmus prosoht kt Njrte

Dptjm vosjmkbs kppokrs kt =9 lky J_ bjfo

Khtorjdr hourdpdro mbdsos dh >< lkys


Lovobdpòht df soptkb lofomts jh fotkb eokrt dmmurs kt ?-5 woocs

Kbb aohorktjdh df nrdhmeus fubby prosoht ny ;6te wooc df J_ bjfo

O`nrydbday df roprdlumtjvo systo` 7

_torus @ubborjkh lumt

Opddpedrdh, Qdbfjkh lumt

kppohljx df tostjs pkrkòsdhoperjm

lumt

Mbjtdrjs Aohjtkb tunormbo

]mrdtu` Aohjtkb swobbjha jh

`kbo

O`nrydbday df toote7

Fjrst toote td kppokr jh jhfkht Bdwor mohtrkb jhmjsjdr

Musp df mkrknobbj js sooh ;st uppor `dbkr

]tohsdh's lumt dpohs kt >hl _ppor `dbkr

tddte

^ddt df tooe ldos HD\ mdhtkjh Ohkòb

Horvo jh mbdso robktjdh td bdwor tejrl `dbkr Bjhaukb h.

Drjajh df tjssuos khl drakhs 7

]pejhmtor khl ljbktdo pkpjbbko Hourdomtdlor`

]cjh , kppohlkaos df scjh , nrkjh Omtdlor`

Bjvor pkrohmey`k Ohldlor`

Yromkrtjbkaohdus khkbdauo td ndho @osohmeyò




<>

@obkhdnbkst hourkb mrost mobbs

]d`ktjm kfforoht mdbu`h Kbkr bk`jhk df hourkb

mrost

O`nrydhjm ljsm Jhhor mobb `kss

]d`jtos Ykrkkxjkb òsdlor`

Yrj`dljkb aor` mobbs Ohldlor` df Zdbc skm

( romohtby omtdlor` )

Aor` mobbs jh dvkry Zdbc skm

Ddadhjk Zdbc skm

Mdrdhk rkljktk df dvu` Fdbbjmubkr mobbs

_rkmeus fjstubk Yorsjjstoht kbbkhtdjs

_rdromtkb soptu` sopkrktos mbdkmk jhtd ômtu` khl

urdaohjtkb sjhus

Mdbbomtjha tunubo df cjlhoy _rotorjm nul

YM\ @otkhoperjm tunubos

Bossor dòhtu` Vohtrkb òsdakstrju`

Vohtrkb òsdakstrju` lorjvktjvos ;.

Bossor dòhtu`

>.

Fkbmjfdr` bjakòht

=.

Mdrdhkry bjakòht

Ludlohu` Fdroaut & `jlaut

^jaet sunmbkvjkh krtory ^jaet <te kdrtjm krme

Fkbmjfdr` bjakòht mdhtkjhs 0Bjakòhtu` toros

Bjakòhtu` toros 0 u`njbbjmkb vojh

Bjak`kohtu` krotrjdsus 0 lumtus krtorjdsus




<=

EJ]\DBDAZ

By`pe mkpjbbkrjos 0 ekvo ljsmdhtjhudus nksoòht oònrkho

GA mobbs kro 0 s`ddte ùsmbo mobbs df kfforoht krtorjdbo

Addl mdbbktorkb mjrmubktjdh jh 0 scjh

\duaeost bkyor df osdpekaus0 usmubkrjs

Hdr`qkb prdmoss df ropkbmjha dbl opjteojbu` wjte how dho mkbbol0 kpdptdsjs

LO^@J] EKVO BZ@YEK\JM]

Fuhmtjdhkb uhjt df cjlhoy 0 hoperdh

Bkraost drakhobbo jh ouckrydtos 0 O^

Hjssob's sunstkhmo 0 rjndhumbodprdtojh

Bdmktjdh df j`pdrtkht strumturos 7

Lumts df nkbjhj fduhl jh Cjlhoy

Ekvorsjdh systo` Mdrtjmkb ndho

Nruhhor's abkhl Ludlohu`

]pkmo df ljsso Bjvor

Jhtormkbktol ljsm Mkrljkm ùsmbo

Mkrtjbkao7

Md`òhost mkrtjbkao td dssjfy Fjnrdobkstjm

Obkstjm mkrtjbkao Kuljtkry tuno

Hd mkrtjbkao jh Nrdhmejdbo

Mobbs7

Ajttor mobbs @jmrdabjk

stobbkto mobbs df vdh cupfor ]jhusdjls df BJVO^

Ekskb mdrpusmbos \eyùs

Edbfnkuor mobbs Jh pbkmohtk jh okrby proahkhmy

Ysoulduhjpdbkr hourdh ]pjhkb ldrskb rddt akhabjdh




Abkhls7

Edbdmrjho somrotjdh ]onkmodus abkhl

Opjteobju`7

Mkbyx ,Yobvjs ,_rotor, nbkllor , uroterk \rkhsjtjdhkb

Mdrhok ]trktjfjol squkùs

hdhcorktjhhjzol

\dhsjb ]trktjfjol squkùs

hdhcorktjhhjzol

Khsk hoperdhj Mundjlkb khl squkùs

Ykrjotkb porjtdhou` ]j`pbo squkùs

Dbfkmtdry opjteobju` Ysouldstrktjfjol

Hoaktjvo pdjhts df ejstdbday 7

]jhusdjls 0 kro hdt fduhl jh scobotkb ùsmbos

Nrkjh , jhtorhkb okr, oyo0 ekvo HD BZ@YEK\JM]

Anatomy Last Minute Revision

Documents

Transcript of Anatomy Last Minute Revision