Anatomy Final Exam Review. Why do atoms bond to each other? To become more stable. To fill their...
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Transcript of Anatomy Final Exam Review. Why do atoms bond to each other? To become more stable. To fill their...
Why do atoms bond to each other?
• To become more stable.
• To fill their valence shell.
• To share / exchange valence electrons.
What is diffusion?
• The movement of molecules from HIGH to LOW concentration.
• Across a concentration gradient.
• Until equilibrium is reached.
Describe an Unconscious Nervous-System Pathway:
• Sensory Division
• Central Nervous System
• Motor Division
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Parasympathetic or Sympathetic
What’s the difference between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
Pathways?
• Parasympathetic:– Not Feelings– Involuntary organ movement/response
• Sympathetic– Feelings– Fight or Flight
Describe a Conscious Nervous-System Pathway:
• Sensory Division
• Central Nervous System
• Motor Division
• Somatic Pathway
What happens in a Nerve Impulse?
• Neurotransmitter is released from adjacent neuron-axon-terminals
• K+ pumps open K+ moves into cell
• Na+ pumps open Na+ moves into cell
Which types of lenses would fix farsightedness?
• Thicker in middle
• Light would be focused before hitting cornea
• Results in Double-Focusing
Which types of lenses would fix Nearsightedness?
• Thinner in middle
• Light rays would be spread out before reaching cornea
• Results in decreased focusing of light
Describe the traveling of sound waves to your cochlea:
• Sound waves hit tympanic membrane (ear drum)
• Membrane vibrates
• Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup Vibrate
• Triggers vibration of oval window on cochlea
How do you smell?
• Organic molecules (scent molecules) dissolve in mucus lining of nose
• Molecules bind to olfactory receptor hairs
Which region maintains homeostasis and fight or flight
emotions?
• Brain Stem…
• Pons, Medulla, MidBrain
Which region maintains fluid ion levels, controls sleep and body
temperature?
• Thalamus & Hypothalamus
List out the correct pathway of the Intrinsic Conduction System:• SA NODE
• AV NODE
• AV Bundle
• Bundle Branches
• Purkinje Fibers
List out the events in Hemostasis (Blood clotting):
• Collagen fibers exposed• Platelets adhere to fibers• Platelets release serotonin• Thromboplastin released from damaged vessel
cells• PF3 binds with Thromboplastin + Calcium• Prothrombin converted to Thrombin• Fibrin forms mesh-like trap• Vessels constrict and ruptured edges are closed
What happens when you exhale?
• Diaphragm relaxes
• Thoracic cavity decreases in size
• Higher pressure in lungs causes air to flow outwards
What happens when you inhale?
• Diaphragm contracts
• Thoracic cavity increases in size
• Lower pressure in lungs causes air to flow inwards
What is anemia?
• Oxygen not getting to tissues
• Low red blood cell count
• Low hemoglobin concentration
• Damaged red blood cells
Describe the pathway of blood through the heart:
• Deoxygenated blood Right Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery
• Oxygenated Blood Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta
Which parts are included in the axial skeleton?
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Rib cage
• Center of pelvis
Which parts are included in the appendicular skeleton?
• Arms
• Legs
• Hips, shoulders
• Edges of pelvis
What is the function of bones in general?
• Support
• Protection
• Movement
• Mineral + hormone storage
• Blood cell formation (marrow)
What is an epiphyseal fracture?
• A fracture along the epiphyseal line where cartilage cells are deteriorating.
Why is the fibrocartilaginous-callus stage of bone repair so important?• Excess blood and bone cells are removed
• Allows for following repair stages
What is the purpose of joints in the body?
• Allows for circular movement
• Allows for angular movement
• Reduces rigidity of the body
List the events in a muscle contraction:
• Depolarization of sarcolemma• Calcium released from sarcop. Reticulum• Calcium bines with tropomyosin• Conformation change of tropomyosin• Exposure of actin• Myosin attaches to actin• Actin + Myosin slide together• Release of actin + ATP• Calcium sent back to sarcop. Reticulum• Tropomyosin changes back
Which biomolecules are broken down in the duodenum?
• ALL OF THEM
• CARBS
• LIPIDS
• PROTEINS
• NUCLEIC ACIDS
List the Digestive Organs from Beginning to End:
• Oral Cavity• Esophagus• Stomach• Duodenum• Jejunum• Ileum• Cecum• Ascending—transverse—descending colon• Rectum + anus
What does your duodenum do?
• Neutralizes food
• Metabolizes all biomolecules
• Releases bile and pancreatic juice
Which solutions does your duodenum secrete?
• Bile
• Pancreatic Juice:– Chymotrypsin & Peptidase– Nuclease– Lipase– Amylase
• Bicarbonate