Anatomy and Physiology- Unit C

Essential Standard 5.00

Discuss the role of major systems of small animals.

Objective 5.01

Discuss the role of major body systems of small animals.

Basic Anatomy Terminology Cheek- fleshy side of the face Dewlap- loose skin under the chin (female

rabbits) Elbow- upper joint of the front leg Flank- fleshy part of the side between ribs and

rump (croup) Foot pad- part that the animal walks on Guard hair- longer coarse hair above the

shorter under fur (protection from rain and cold)

Basic Anatomy Terminology

Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the hind limb

Muzzle- projecting jaw (nose and mouth) Nose pad

Tip of the nose Used for investigating food and unfamiliar

objects Called the nose leather in cats

Basic Anatomy Terminology

Rump- upper rounded part of the hindquarter (a.k.a. croup)

Shoulder- above the elbow of the fore leg Stifle- joint above the hock Thigh- area between the rump and hock Whiskers- long hairs growing near the

mouth

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Birds

Crown top of the head

Ear covert feathers covering the ears

Nape back of the neck

Orbital ring ring around the eye

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles Brille

transparent layer covering eyes Eyelid for snakes

Fins Web of skin supported with bone or cartilage

rods Enables fish to move through water

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles Gills

Major organ of the respiratory system Breath without lungs

Scales Modified portion of the epidermal layer Provides protection Fish and reptiles

Scutes Epidermal scales found on turtles

Skeletal System

Purpose-to protect vital body organs and give form or shape to the bodySkull protects brainRibs protect lungs and internal organsSpinal column or backbone protects the spinal

cord and provides shape to the animal.

Skeletal System

Axial skeletonVertebral columnRibsSternumskull

Dog Skeleton

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/000f09ca.gif

Dog Skeleton

http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/images/S23.GIF

Skeletal System

Pectoral limbfront limbs

shoulders, legs and feet scapula (shoulder blade) humerus (arm) radius and ulna (forearm) carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (toes)

http://www.uoguelph.ca/~mammals/CatSkeleton.jpg

http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zoo.225/Catskeleton.jpeg

Skeletal System

Pelvic limbrear legs and pelvic bones

hooks pin bones femur (upper leg bone) tibia and fibula (lower leg bones) Tarsals (hocks) Metatarsals (feet) Phalanges (toes)

Rabbit Skeleton

http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/foods/458-878/rabbit.gif

Rabbit Skeleton

http://www.avte.net/AVTE2003/contents/anatomy/lab%20animal/rabbit_skeleton.jpg

Skeletal System-Birds

Have some unique bones unlike mammalsMost have a skull bone that elongates

toward the front of the headSome have a skull with an upper beak

fused to it while other birds have hinges on both upper and lower mandibles giving it more flexibility

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Skeleton.shtml

Internal Anatomy

Heartmajor organ in the circulatory

system3 muscle layers

Circulatory System

Myocardiumsecond layer muscle that makes up the

thickness of the heart Endocardium

thin layer inside myocardium Epicardium

thin cover over the myocardium Other parts of the circulatory system are the

arteries, capillaries, veins and blood

Layers of the Heart

Heart

Circulatory System- Functions

Transportsnutrientsmetabolic wasteoxygen

Protects against microbes and injury

Kidneys and Bladder

Part of the excretory system rids the body of waste maintain chemical composition volume of blood regulates tissue fluid

Stomach and Intestines

Major part of digestive systembreaks food down into smaller

pieces to be used by the bodyNutrients are gleaned from these

food materials

Lungs

Part of the respiratory systemoxygen is taken in by the nose,

passed on to the lungs and then goes into the blood

Nervous System

Brains, spinal cord, and nervesCoordinator of all body activitiesRegulates other systemsControls memory and learning

Reproductive system

Ovaries and testesEggSperm

Help produce new individuals of the same species

Muscular System

MusclesMovementPostureSupportProduces heat

Digestive SystemSingle-stomachedMonogastric

includes all of the small animalsCatsDogsRabbitsBirds

Rabbits

Non-ruminant herbivoresConsumes large amounts of

roughageLarge cecum and colon between

the small and large intestines contains bacteria

Rabbit Digestive System

http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/mammal_digestive_photos.htm

Rabbits

Rabbits eat undigested fecesCoprophagyUsually occurs late night or early

morning Makes use of undigested material

so they can make full use of bacteria in cecum

BirdsLack teeth

Saliva is added to aid in swallowingVery little breakdown in the mouth

GizzardLargest digestive organGrinds and crushes

Digestive System- Bird

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/bird_anatomy.jpg

Digestive Process of Non-Ruminants

Food is broken down in mouth (except birds)

Passes to the stomach Small Intestine

Primary site of absorption Large Intestine

Absorption of WaterAddition of mucus

Digestive Process

Food is broken down in the mouth (except birds), stomach (gizzard), and then passed into the small intestine.Primary site for digestionAbsorption of carbohydrates, fats, and

proteins.

Digestive Process

Undigested food passes from the small intestine into the large intestine Absorption of waterAddition of mucus to aid in waste passage

Fish Digestive System

Systems varyType of feed determines teeth

Some fish swallow their prey whole while others chew it up

Fish digestive system

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/Grzimek_fish/structure_function/digestive_system.jpg/medium.jpg

Reproduction in Small Animals

Sexual Reproduction is the union of egg and sperm to product a new animal.

Two parents required:Male furnishes spermFemale supplies egg or ovum

Sexual Terminology

ConceptionCreation of new life by fertilization

Union of egg and sperm

EstrusHeat periodFemale is receptive to breedingStand for mating

Estrus- Stand for mating

http://www.clas.ufl.edu/jur/199912/images/balaguer_4.jpg

Sexual Terminology

GestationPeriod of pregnancyBegins at conception ends at parturition

OvulationRelease of egg

ParturitionProcess of giving birth

Female Reproductive Anatomy

Ovary Primary reproductive organ Produces the female gamete (egg)

Gamete Sex cell that unites with other sex cells

Embryo Developing young Mammals

Enters uterus after 3-5 days

Female Reproductive Anatomy

UterusPlace of embryo growth and development

CervixPart of uterus that contains ringsCervical mucus

Seals uterus during pregnancy

Female Reproductive Anatomy

VaginaReproductive passagewayUrine excretion

VulvaExternal opening of reproductive tract

Male Reproductive Anatomy

TesticlePrimary organProduces male gametesExternally held in scrotum

Controls temperature

SheathFold of skinProtective covering

Objective 12.02

Use principals of reproductive physiology to determine gestation characteristics in small animals

Gestation

Time from conception to parturition (birth)Varies for each species

General Characteristics Increase size of breast and abdomen and

appetiteRestlessness

End of gestation

End of Gestation

Pocket pets and rabbits Nesting box should be provided

Wood shavings Straw Paper

Dogs and cats Birthing box

One to three weeks prior Helps them to get comfortable with the setting

Gestation PeriodSpecies Period (days)

Cats 51-65 (7-9 weeks)

Dogs 56-70 (9-10 weeks)

Rabbits 30-32 (4-4.5 weeks)

Hamsters 16

Gerbils 24-26

Rats 21-24

Mice 21-24

Guinea Pig 56-74

Ferrets 42

Essential Standard 6.00

Examine the role of nutrition in the support of animal life.

Objective 6.01

Discuss the nutritional requirements of small animals including deficiency symptoms and functions.

Nutrition

Process by which animals receive a proper and balanced food and water ration so it can grow, maintain its body, reproduce, and perform.

Nutrients

Substance or feedstuff that is necessary for an organism to live and grow

Single group of foods of the same general chemical composition that supports animal life

There are six basic nutrients

WaterMore important nutrient than any

other nutrientmakes up 55-65% of an animal’s

body

Water Aids in digestion Dissolves and transports nutrients Regulates body temperature Carries waste from the body Supports respiration

ProteinsComplex nutrients composed of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Develop and repairing body organs and tissuesmuscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves,

and feathers

Proteins Production of milk, wool, and eggs Reproduction process of the

developing fetus Developing the young Transmitting DNA

Carbohydrates Converting of food into energy Made up of chemical elements

CarbonHydrogenOxygen

Supports breathing and digesting

Carbohydrates Production of heat for body warmth Stores fat Types of carbohydrates

SugarsStarch fiber

Fats Chemical elements of

CarbonHydrogenOxygen

Same elements as carbohydrates but different combinations

Fats Fats contain 2.25 times more energy Aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins

A, D, E and K

Provides the essential fatty acids needed in an animal’s diet

VitaminsOrganic substances needed for

specific biochemical reactionsA,B, C, D, E and K

Needed in small amounts

Vitamins Regulation of body glands

Digestive systemAbsorptionMetabolism

The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized.

Minerals Supply the material for building

the skeleton and producing regulators such as enzymes and hormones

Divided into 2 groupsMacroMicro

Macro vs. MicroMacro

Seven major minerals needed in largest quantity and most likely lacking in the ration

MicroNine trace minerals needed in

small amounts

Macro-mineralsPhosphorusCalcium Potassium Sodium and chlorineSulfurMagnesium

Micro-minerals Iron Iodine Copper Cobalt Manganese

Zinc Molybdenum Selenium Fluorine

Nutrient Deficiencies

Slow growth (common of all nutrients)

Water deficiencyOverheatingslowdown in normal body functions occurs

Carbohydrates lack of energyLack of normal body functions loss of body heat

Nutrient Deficiencies Proteins

Normal growth development and repairing of body organs ex: muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers suffers

Protein deficiency may result Anorexia Anemia Edema Slow growth rate Low birth weight of young Lower milk production Decreased feed efficiency

Nutrient Deficiencies

FatsProvides energyaids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Vitaminsvarious body functions will suffer when

vitamins are lackingDepends on the vitamins in question

Nutrient Deficiencies

Mineral deficiencylow rate of gainspoor feed efficiencydecreased reproductiondecrease in milk, meat, eggs, and

wool production

Objective 6.02

Distinguish between feeding programs for small animals.

Nutrient Use Maintenance

keeping constantno gain or loss of weightusually high in carbohydrates and

fatsGrowth

increase in body sizerations high in energy and protein

Nutrient UseReproduction

Failures are a major result from poor nutrition

Contains a large amount of protein, minerals, and vitamins

Improper nutrition can affect conception rates and breeding ability

Reproduction

Babies that are underweight at birth, or which become an aborted fetus are often the result of improper nutrition to female during gestation

Nutrient Use

LactationTime during which females are

producing milkRequires the proper nutrients to

have large milk production

Lactation

Diet high in protein, calcium, and phosphorus.

The same nutrients contained in the milk are the same needed by a lactating female

Nutrient Use

Work and activityIncreased amounts of fats and

carbohydrates are needed in a working diet to supply the extra energy needed

Hunting dogs need special diets because they require energy to chase after game

Feeding Terminology Diet

Feed and water that an animal uses Amount and type of feedstuff is based

upon:Animal NeedsKind of and amounts of nutrients contained in

feed Palatability- digestible and appeals to the

animalA good nutritious feed is only good if it is eaten

Feeding Terminology Feed classifications

Roughages (or forages) made up of leaves and the plants tender

stems

Feeding Terminology Concentrates

recommended for small animals as a regular part of their diet

High energy Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oats

High protein Soybean meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower

meal

Feeding Terminology Supplements

contains a specific nutrient Ration

feed that contains the right amount and proportion of nutrients

Specific Diets Dogs and Cats Commercial feed is the best

Puppies need diet higher in protein than adults and food intake is regulated by activity

Cats need 2X the protein of dogs 10% of their diet should be fat

Rabbits

Pellet type of commercial feed is best

Avoid feeding too much leafy green vegetables

Pocket Pets

Best to use pellet type commercial feed

If mixing ration; should have a wide range of food

Pocket Pets

GerbilsNeed a little green food in diet

RatsCan have dog food substituted

Ferrets Can eat cat food

Pocket Pets

Mice Will not overeat

Guinea pigsNeed solid food to dull their teeth and a

certain amount of Vitamin C

Amphibians & Reptiles

Prefer to eat animals if large enoughTadpoles

eat pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat foodTurtles

Pieces of liver Strawberries and other fruits

Amphibians & Reptiles Snakes (in captivity)

Full grown can learn to eat canned dog food

Variety of insectsBaby rodentsFrogs and toads

LizardsMost eat insects

Birds

Diet mostly consists of seeds Including cereal seeds and oil seeds Fruit and nectar birds

OrangesGrapesApple slices

Fish

Diet is affected by water temperatureHigher temperature

Increased food intake

Variety of food should be given to decrease boredom

Fish Amount fish is fed should be amount it can

eat in a few minutes to avoid contaminating water

Smaller fish Flaked food

Larger Fish Shrimp Krill Plankton