Anatomy and PhysiologyPart 1

Anatomy - the study of the structure and relationship between body parts

Physiology - the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole.

Overview and Homeostasis

Organelles –

specialized subcomponents of cells that perform aspects of life functions.

Cells

- simplest units of structure and function in living things

Tissues-

Grouping of cells specialized to do certain jobs in our body

Examples?

Overview and Homeostasis

Organ-

structure made of tissue that has a major role in life

function

Examples?

Organ System-

series of organs that work together to do a job.

Examples?

Overview and Homeostasis

Differentiation or Specialization

cells contain all the genes to be all kinds of cells-

nerve, bone, skin, etc. Only those needed are

“turned on” the rest are "turned off”

Homeostasis

maintenance of a stable environment

How do animals get their food?

filter feeding living in your food

fluid feeding bulk feeding

Getting & Using Food Ingest

taking in food

Digest

mechanical digestion

breaking up food into smaller pieces

chemical digestion

breaking down food into molecules small enough to be absorbed into cells

enzymes

Absorb

absorb nutrients across cell membranes

diffusion

active transport

Eliminate

undigested material passes out of body

intracellulardigestion

extracellulardigestion

Digestive systems

Everybody’s got one!

Digestive System (aka GI tract)

Food is broken down so that it is small enough to enter body tissues and cells.

Mechanical- ex. Mouth-chewing with teeth increase the surface area of food

Chemical- ex. Amylase in salvia breaks starch (complex carbs) down to glucose

Digestive system is one-way passage through the body. Tube within a tube.

Human Digestive SystemMouth

Ingests food

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

Begins digestion of starch

teeth

break up food

chemical digestion (saliva)

amylase enzyme

digests starch

mucus

protects soft lining of digestive system

lubricates food for easier swallowing

buffers

neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay

anti-bacterial chemicals

kill bacteria that enter mouth with food

Swallowing (& not choking)

Epiglottis

flap of cartilage

closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing

food travels down esophagus

Peristalsis

involuntary muscle contractions to move food along

mouth

break up food

digest starch

kill germs

moisten food

Human Digestive System

Esophogus

- tube that connects

mouth to stomach

Food moves by peristalsis:

slow rhythmic contractions of

muscular contractions.

Human Digestive System

Stomach- muscular sac with

gastric juices- HCl and digestive

enzymes.

Begins digestion of protein

Peristalsis occurs here too.

can stretch to fit ~2L food

stomach

kills germs

break up food

digest proteins

store food

sphincter

sphincter

mouth

break up food

digest starch

kill germs

moisten food

Human Digestive System

Small Intestine- 6.5 m long coiled tube.

Intestinal juices and digestive enzymes break

food down into small enough sizes for

absorption.

Ex. starch to glucose, protein to amino acid,

lipids to fatty acid and glycogen.

Inner lining absorbs food through villi- finger

like projections increase surface area

An individual eats a hamburger. Which two systems must interact to transfer the

nutrients in the hamburger to human muscle tissue?

A) respiratory and excretory

B) digestive and immune

C) digestive and circulatory

D) circulatory and respiratory

Human Digestive System

Pancreas- manufactures and secretes

pancreatic digestive enzymes to break

down food and pancreatic juice (pH 8)

to neutrilize it. Makes insulin.

Liver- secretes bile (stored in

gallbladder) to break down fats.

filters the blood coming from the

digestive tract

small intestines

breakdown food

- proteins

- starch

- fats

absorb nutrients

stomach

kills germs

break up food

digest proteins

store food

mouth

break up food

digest starch

kill germs

moisten food

pancreas

produces enzymes to

digest proteins & starch

liver

produces bile

- stored in gall bladder

break up fats

Before starch can enter a cell, it must be

A) absorbed by simple sugars

B) diffused into simple sugars

C) digested to form simple sugars

D) actively transported by simple sugars

Teeth chewing food into smaller digestible pieces is known as

A) chemical digestion

B) circulation

C) mechanical digestion

D) regulation

Human Digestive System

Large Intestine- 1.5 m tube.

Reabsorbs water from undigested food (85%) to create solid waste (feces).

Absorbs Vit K made from intestinal bacteria

Feces held in colon until time to exit!

Sugar goes right into the digestive system immediately. Everything else needs to be broken down first.

Crash Course - Digestion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s06XzaKqELk

The diagram below represents a portion of the human body.

The principal function of structure X is to

A) produce salivary enzymes

B) secrete sex hormones

C) absorb water

D) digest bile

Common Digestive Diseases

Acid reflux

Common Digestive Diseases

Diabetes Type 2

Common Digestive Diseases

Colon cancer

“People born in 1990, like my son, have double the risk of colon cancer and quadruple the risk of rectal cancer” compared to the risk someone born in 1950 faced at a comparable age, said Rebecca Siegel, an epidemiologist with the American Cancer Society and the lead author of the new report, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute on Tuesday”

Common Digestive Diseases

Crohn's Disease

Common Digestive Diseases

Appendicitis

Common Digestive Diseases

Intestinal Parasites

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Excretion= Removal of metabolic waste from the body.

Some of the wastes we produce in our cells are carbon

dioxide, urea, and salts.

Many of the chemicals we rid from our bodies can be toxic

if they are not removed.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Lungs

Carbon dioxide, the by product of chemical

respiration is removed from our blood into the

lungs.

Each exhale contains water vapor and CO2

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Skin (Sweat Glands)

Sweat glands sweat out wastes like salt,

nitrogenous waste and water from the pores

of your skin.

Sweat glands are nestled deep within the

pores of your skin.

Each sweat gland is surrounded by small

blood vessels that transfer the waste to your

sweat gland through your pores to your skin.

EXCRETORY

SYSTEM

Liver

Filters dead red blood cells and toxins from the blood.

The liver converts excess amino acids in our bloodstream into other compounds the body can use.

Urea a waste product, is produced as a result.

The urea then gets removed from the bloodstream by the kidneys

Foie gras = $$$

$50/ lb!!

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Kidneys

Filters wastes out of blood.

Reabsorbs nutrients and water.

48 gallons of blood are filtered and reabsorbs in each

kidney every day

Two kidneys in the lower back

As long as a person has at least one kidney, their

body can maintain homeostasis.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

The Nephron

Each kidney has millions of microscopic, filtering units.

Microscopic webs of small blood vessels called capillaries

filter back the water and nutrients.

How to make urine:

As blood passes through nephron, water urea and

amino acids get filtered out.

Most of these materials make their way back into

the bloodstream.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Excess materials form

crystals and eventually

find their way out of the

body.

Glomerulus - a cluster of

capillaries around the end

of a kidney tubule, where

waste products are

filtered from the blood.

EXCRETORY

SYSTEM

Testing urine proves if

substances like drugs have

been in a person's system

recently.

Finding certain substances in

the urine, like glucose can

indicate a problem like

diabetes.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Bladder

Collects urine until it is ready

to be released.

A tube called a ureter leaves

each kidney and connect to

the urinary bladder.

The urethra connects the

bladder to the outside of the

body.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Malfunctions of the Excretory System

Kidney Disease

Gout

Cirrhosis

Jaundice

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

If you loose your kidneys you need to have

your blood filtered by dialysis.

It removes the wastes that could build up in

the body.

Kidney dialysis can be done with a machine

but it is expensive and time consuming

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Essential Questions

How does the kidney maintain homeostasis?

How is urine formed?

What does the liver filter out of the blood?

Which structure reabsorbs water and minerals from blood?

What kind of things are in sweat?

What are some common diseases of the excretory system?

Gout

Kidney Disease

Cirrhosis

Crash Course – Excretory System

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtrYotjYvtU

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood, and

blood vessels.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Blood Vessels

There are three types of blood vessels:

•Arteries- thick walled vessels with cardiac muscle,

moves blood away from the heart toward tissues

•Veins - thin walled vessels without muscle, moves

blood back toward the heart, one-way valves prevent

back flow.

•Capillaries- microscopic blood vessels only one cell

thick, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the

capillaries and body tissues.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Blood

Blood is composed of 55% plasma and 45% red blood cells,

white blood cells and platelets.

Plasma is made up primarily of water but also contains salts,

nutrients, hormones, and many other substances. It transports

EVERYTHING except for oxygen.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Red blood cells transport oxygen. Hemoglobin is a protein located on red blood

cells that binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to the tissues where

the oxygen gets released. They are produced in the bone marrow.

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease where the red blood cells are crescent

shaped and can't carry oxygen. The symptoms can be deadly.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

White blood cells fight disease. When you are

sick, the number of white blood cells in the

blood increases to help fight infection. They

are produced from stem cells in bone marrow.

White blood cells are the main components of

the immune system. Different white blood cells

have different roles.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Platelets clot the blood. Platelets are fragments of blood cells.

Platelets become sticky when they come into contact with broken blood

vessels. This causes clotting factors to be released, which can produce

microscopic filaments called fibrins. The strands of fibrin act like a net and

form a blood clot, which stops blood flow.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart

The heart is a four chambered

organ made of cardiac muscle

and it acts like a pump

The muscles of the heart

contract and pump blood away

from the heart (through the

aorta) and to the tissues of the

body.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Circulation of the heart

Blood rich in oxygen flows in the pulmonary vein from the

LUNG into the left atrium of the heart.

Next, the blood flows into the left ventricle. When it

contracts (with each heart beat) it pumps the oxygenated

blood into arteries that carry blood to all organs

Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins

into the right atrium. After the blood flows into the right

ventricle, it is pumped to the lungs through the

pulminary arteries.

Special valves in the heart prevent backflow!

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

More fun facts

Your heart beats when the pacemaker (sinoatrial node

located in the right atrium) sends an impulse that causes

muscle contractions to occur.

When your heart pumps, it produces a pressure in your

arteries called blood pressure.

Blood pressure is at a max when the ventricles contract

called systolic pressure.

The miniumum blood pressure is when the ventricles are

relaxed called diastolic pressure.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Cardiovascular Diseases

High blood pressure- makes the heart work harder and

can lead to many problems such as weakening of the

blood vessels and heart muscle.

•Also, if you have high blood pressure, you are

more susceptible to:

•Heart attack, stroke, coronary artery

disease, and other circulatory system

diseases.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Cardiovascular Diseases

Atherosclerosis occurs when fatty plaque deposits build

up on the walls of blood vessels.

If this condition occurs in the coronary arteries, it can

block the flow of blood that supplies the heart with

oxygen and nutrients.

The part of the heart that isn't getting the supply of

oxygen it needs can start to die, causing a heart attack.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Stroke occurs when the blood flow to part of your

brain stops.

•This can be due to some kind of blockage such as

a blood clot or a burst blood vessel.

•Without oxygen, cells in your brain die causing

permanent damage such as limb immobility.

Cardiovascular diseases can be prevented through

the avoidance of smoking, regular exercise keeping

your blood pressure low and balanced diet

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that causes

defected clotting factor proteins, leading to the

inability to clot blood.

THE CIRCULATORY and RESPIRATORY

SYSTEMS

Crash Course

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fxm85Fy4sQ

Respiratory System

The main organ of the respiratory system is the

lungs

When the air enters the lungs, it travels

through the bronchi to clusters of microscopic

air sacs called alveoli wrapped in capillaries.

Oxygen diffuses into alveoli and carbon

dioxide moves out

The next stop for the oxygen rich blood

is the heart where it will then be

pumped to all organs of the body

Bronchioles- smallest tubes within the lungs

Respiratory System

Bronchi- two tubes that lead

into each lung

Trachea- the wind pipe that

divides into bronchi

The diaphragm is a muscle

located underneath the heart

and lungs that contracts to pull

air into the lungs and relaxes

to force air out of the lungs.

Respiratory System

Respiratory Diseases

Many respiratory diseases can be caused by

smoking.

Chronic bronchitis is when the bronchi

become swollen and clogged with mucus

Emphysema is when your lungs loose their

elasticity making it extremely difficult to

breathe.

Respiratory System

Lung cancer is when the cells of your lungs

spontaneously divide, and divide and

divide. Smoking cigarettes can be deadly.

Anemia is when your blood is low in iron

Leukemia is cancer of the cells that

produce white blood cells.