ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues

The cell is the building block of all human things

Smallest unit capable of life by itself

Made of primarily 4 elementsC

H

O

N

Cell

arbon

ydrogen

xygen

itrogen

Includes many other elements important for functions

Cells are about 60% water and are bathed in interstitial fluid

Cells

The generalized cell is used to describe typical cell features.

In general all cells have 3 main parts

Cells

3 main parts:

•Nucleus

•Cytoplasm

•Plasma membrane

Cells

Nucleus

The Control Center

Genes located here

Genes contain coded information

that tells how protein molecules will be

made.

Nucleus

DNA has the instructions for building the body

Nucleus

Has 3 structures:

Nuclear membrane

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Selective and permeable

Site where ribosomes are assembled Ribosomes are sites for protein synthesis

When the cell is not dividing DNA is combined with protein to form chromatin.

When dividing the chromatin forms chromosomes

Nucleus

ChromatinWhen the cell is not dividing DNA is combined with protein to form chromatin.

When the cell is dividing the chromatin forms chromosomes

Plasma Membrane

Has 2 layers of lipids with 1 layer of protein. The two fats are phospholipids and cholesterol.

Some of the proteins are enzymes

Enzymes are special proteins

Plasma Membrane

Microvilli – tiny hair like projections that increase the surface area for absorption to occur more quickly

Cytoplasm

Outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane.

Contains organelles: the “machinary” of the cell.

Organelles

Means “little organs”

We will look at 9 organelles

Organelles: Ribosomes

Tiny round dark bodies Made of protein and RNA

Site for protein synthesis

Some float free in cytoplasm,others attach to the cell membrane

Organelles: Ribosomes

2. ribosomes

Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum

Fluid filled canals twisting through the cytoplasm

Network of channels to carry substances through the cell Rough ER

Smooth ER


Rough ER

Smooth ER

Studded with ribosomes.

Forms building material for cellular membranes

Does not synthesis protein. Does synthesis and breakdown cholesterol, fat metabolism and detoxification of drugs


3. Smooth ER

8. Rough ER

11. Smooth ER

Organelles: Golgi Apparatus

Stack of flattened membraneous sacs.

A “traffic director” for proteins

Modifies and packages proteins.

Organelles: Golgi Apparatus

4. Golgi

Organelles: LYSOSOMES

Membaneous bags containing powerful digestive enzymes

Digest worn out or non usuable cell structures and foreign bodies

Especially abundant in WBC

Contains enzymes

Organelles: LYSOSOMES

9. lysosome

Organelles: Peroxisomes

Membaneous sacs containing enzymes that detoxify harmful or poisonous substances

Disarms dangerous free radicals

Accumulated free radicals can cause Cancer

Especially abundant in liver and kidney cells

Organelles: Mitochondria

“Powerhouse” of the cell

Sausage shaped but can change shape continuously

Contain shelf like projections called Cristae

Contain enzymes used to break down food

As food is broken down, energy is released

Released as heat or used to form ATP

Abundant in liver and muscle cells

Organelles: Mitochondria

10. mitochondria

Organelles: Cytoskeleton

Network of protein structures throughout cytoplasm

Acts a cells bones and muscles

Includes :

•Intermediate filaments

•Microfilaments

•Microtubules

Gives cell shape and support

Organelles: Cytoskeleton

Organelles: Centrioles

Rod shaped bodies close to the nucleus

Important during cell division


1. centrioles

Organelles: Cilia and Flagella

Projections to move substances along

Flagella are projections that are much longer then cilia.

Found in sperm cells and are used to propel the cell itself.


5. Microvilli

6. nucleolus7. nucleus

Passive Transport

No energy required from cell.

1.Diffusion

2. Filtration

Passive Transport

Diffusion:

Movement from a high concentration to a low concentration.

Kinetic energy

(energy of motion)

Passive Transport

Diffusion

Osmosis is diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Passive Transport

Osmotic pressure: tendency of a solution to hold water or pull water into it.

Hypertonic

Isotonic

Hypotonic

Passive Transport

Hypertonic

Cell will shrink.

Solution has more solutes then inside cell.

More water inside cell then outside cell so water leaves cell and goes into solution.

Cell shrinks.

Passive Transport

Isotonic

Cell will stay the same

Same solute and water concentration as cell.

Cell stays the same.

Passive Transport

Hypotonic

Cell will swell

Solution has fewer solutes.

Water rushes into cell.

Cell swells.

Passive Transport

Salt SucksSalt SucksRemember:

Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.

Hypertonic

Isotonic

Hypotonic

Passive Transport

Passive Transport

Filtration:Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure.

In the body the blood exerts hydrostatic pressure

Still Movement from a high concentration to a low

concentration.

Active Transport

The cell uses some of its ATP to move substances across the cell membrane

1. Solute Pumping

2. Bulk Transport

Active Transport

Or active transport.

Uses ATP to move substances from a low concentration to a high concentration

1. Solute Pumping

The cell keeps the intracellular solute concentration low by pumping out ions

Active Transport

Also uses ATP to go from a low concentration to a high concenration but is used when the substance cannot move across the plasma (cell) membrane

2. Bulk Transport

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

Active Transport

Moves substances out of the cell.

Waste material are packaged in a sac that fuses to the membranes and spills out of the cell

Exocytosis

Active Transport

Moves substances into the cell.

Material are packaged in a sac that fuses to the membranes and moves into the cell

Endocytosis

Active Transport

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

When large particles such as bacteria or dead body cells are engulfed it is called:

Cell eating (large particles)

Cell drinking

Cell Division

Occurs to produce more cells for growth or repair

MitosisResults in the formation of 2 daughter cells with exactly the same genes as the mother nucleus

Mitosis

Meiosis

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Cell Division

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase Page 69

Cell Division

ProphaseChromosomes appear

DNA replication has already occurred.

Each chromosome is actually made of 2 strands

Cell Division

Metaphase

Chromosomes cluster and become aligned @center of the spindle

Cell Division

Anaphase

Chromosomes begin to move apart to opposite ends of the cell.

Cells begin to split

Cell Division

TelophaseProphase in reverse.

Chromosomes become chromatin again.

Cells have completely split

Cell Division

Body Tissues

Groups of cells with a similar function form tissues

4 major type of tissues

Body Tissues

Epithelium

Connective

Nervous

Muscle

4 major type of tissues

Body Tissues

EpitheliumLining, covering and glandular tissues of the body

Protects Skin protects against bacteria

Lining of respiratory tract sweeps debris away

Body Tissues - Epithelium

Absorb

Filter

Secrete

Lines digestive organs and intestines to absorb food

In kidneys

Glands. Secrete perspiration, oil, digestive enzymes, mucous


Generates easily.

Does not have their own blood supply.

Simple and Stratified

Squamous

Cubodial

Columnar

Glandular


Air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, esophagus, mouth, outer part of skin

Squamous1.

13.


Glands and ducts, salivary glands, pancreas, walls of kidneys

Cubodial5.

9.


Digestive tract: mouth to anus, mucous membranes

Columnar11.

15.


Endocrine glands: secrete hormones into blood.

Exocrine glands: sweat and oil

Glandular

Body Tissues

Connective

Connects body parts

Most abundant of all tissue types

Most have their own blood supply

The exception is tendons and ligaments

Protect, support and bind together other body tissues

Body Tissues

ConnectiveBone

Cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Dense

Loose

Areolar & Adipose

Blood

Body Tissues - Connective

Bone

Osseous tissue

Protects and supports

14.


CartilageMore flexible then bone 3.


Cartilage – 3 types

hyaline

elastic

fibrocartilage

Most wide spread. Larynx, ribs to breastbone, ends of bones

ears

Disc btw vertebrae


Dense Form strong rope like structures like:

tendons

ligaments

Connects muscle to muscle and muscle to bone

Connects bone to bone


Dense

10.


LooseSofter

2 types:

Aerolar

Adipose


LooseSofter

Aerolar

Cushions and protects. Acts as a glue to hold internal organs in place

17.


LooseSofter

AdiposeAlso called FAT. Forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin

Insulates and protects

Stores fat for fuel when needed

8.


BloodVascular tissue

4.

Body Tissues

Muscle Contracts or shortens to produce movement

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

Body Tissues - Muscle

Attached to the skeleton

Voluntary

Striated

Skeletal

You control movements

Stripes for strength

2.


Found only in the heart

Involuntary

Striated

Cardiac

not controlled by you

Stripes for strength

16.


Or visceral muscle tissue

Involuntary

nonstriated

Smooth

not controlled by you

No stripes, extra strength not needed

18.

Body Tissues

NervousMade of cells called neurons

Has the characteristic of:

Irritability

conductivity

senses stimuli

Reacts to stimuli

7

12.

Tissue Repair

Regeneration

Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

Tissue Repair

Fibrosis - repair with dense connective tissue

Tissue Repair

Epithelial tissue, fibrous connective and bone usually repairs well.

Tissue Repair

Skeletal muscle repair poorly

Cardiac and nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord are replaced only by scar tissue

Tissue Repair

NeoplasmAbnormal mass of proliferating cells.

Can be benign or malignant

Tissue Repair

Enlarged because of an irritant or stimulus.

benign

hyperplasia

Tissue Repair

Without development

Decrease in size. Occurs when decrease in stimulus. Muscles with no stimulus atrophy

atrophy

Meiosis

Mitosis

Review

The smallest unit capable of life

by itself is the _______________?cell

Review

What two substances are found in

the plasma membrane?

protein and lipids

Review

Which types of cells are most

likely to have microvilli?

those specializing in absorption

Which two organelles consume lots of oxygen?

Perioxisomes and mitochondria

Review

What is the coded information that dictates the structure of a protein molecule?

gene

Review

Groups of cells make?

tissues

Review

Groups of tissues make?

organs

Review

Powerhouse of the cell?

mitochondria

Review organelles

Synthesizes steroid hormones?

Smooth ER

Site of ribosome synthesis?

nucleolus

Review organelles

Assembles and packages materials to be secreted from the cell?

Golgi apparatus

Smooth cardiac and skeletal?

muscle

Review tissues

Lines body cavities, covers surfaces?

epithelium

Cartilage, adipose, areolar?

connective

Review tissues

Cubodial, columnar, squamous?

epithelium

Another name for adipose tissue?

fat

Review tissues

Which tissue is UNABLE to repair after injury?

Nervous – in the brain and spinal cord

A RBC in a hypertonic solution?

Will shrink

Review

A RBC in a hypotonic solution?

swells

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues.

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Transcript of ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues.