Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)

7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)

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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

Chapter #2Chapter #2


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2.1 Introduction

Chemistryis the branch of science thatconsiders the composition of matterand how this composition changes.

Chemistry is essential forunderstanding anatomy and

physiology because body structuresand functions result from chemicalchanges within cells.


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2.2 Structure of Matter

Matter is anything that has mass(weight) and takes up space. Matteris found in arious forms! gases!

li"uids! and solids #lements make up all matter. #lements are composed of tiny

particles called atoms. $he smallest complete units of

elements are atoms.


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%tomic Structure

&ucleus is the central portion of theatom which contains neutrons (neutral)and protons (positie).

#lectrons! which are e'tremely small!found outside the nucleus in energyshells or leels or rings hae a negatiecharge.

hat are the components of an atomthat determine its electrical charge

*rotons and electrons


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+rawing atoms

%tomic number is the number ofprotons in an element.

$he number of protons in the nucleusof an atom e"ual the number ofelectronsin its shells.

#nergy leels or shells,

1. 1stshell can hold a ma' of 2 electrons2. 2nd- th shells can hold a ma' of /

electrons


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+rawing atoms continued0

%tomic weight is the number ofprotons plus neutrons.

S0. %tomic weight - atomic number the number of neutrons.

+raw 3ithium


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$he defining characteristic of stableelements is the ma'imum number ofelectrons in its outer shell. &oblegases.

4nstable elements achiee stablestructures by gaining! losing! or

sharing electrons in their energyleels or shells.


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5ond $ypes 6 Main $ypes1) Ionic bond between a metal and

nonmetal they transfer electronsforming ions. Ion atoms that gain or lose electrons

(7) become electrically charged.

2) Coalent bond between two nonmetalsthey share electrons.

hen atoms combine with other

atoms! they can share an electron withanother atom! lose an electron or gainan electron.

6. 8ydrogen 5onds


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Molecules and Compounds

% moleculeis formed when two or moreatoms combine.

If atoms of different elements combine! the

resulting structure can also be called acompound. #'amples, 5aking soda! sugar

Molecular formula represents the numbersand types of atoms in a molecule.

#'amples0 82 9 C812 Structural formulas show what molecules

look like.


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Structural :ormation

You do Not need

in your notes


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Chemical ;eactions < $ypes

1) Synthesis when two or more atoms orreactants bond to form a new! morecomple' structure. Synthesis re"uires

energy and is important to the growthof body parts.

2) +ecomposition the opposite of

synthesis6) Single ;eplacement


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Catalysts affect the speed of areaction but is not consumed by thereaction.

#lectrolytes contains electricallycharged particles (ions)! it will conductan electric current. hen electrically

charged ions disassociate in water! thesolution will conduct electricity.#'ample, Salt water


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%cids and 5ases

p8 scale ranges from = to 1 &eutral p8 e"ual to >

5ases hae p8 greater than >


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2.6 Chemical Constituents ofCells

2 types of chemicals

1. rganic must contain carbon and

hydrogen but may contain otherelements as well. (C.812.) 3iing

things or once liing things.

2. Inorganic all the other compounds(82=) do &$ contain C.


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Inorganic Compounds

1. ater

2. 'ygen

6. Carbon +io'ide


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ater

In the human body! water plays animportant role in dissoling solidsubstances! moing chemicals around the

body! and absorbing and moing heat Is the most abundant compoundin cells

and is a solent in which chemical reactionsoccur.

$ransports chemicals and heat.


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'ygen

;eleases energy from glucose andother nutrients.

$his energy dries metabolism.


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Carbon +io'ide

Is an inorganic substances that is ametabolic waste product! e'haledfrom the lungs.


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Salts

*roide a ariety of ions thatmetabolic processes re"uire.


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rganic Compounds

1. Carbohydrates

2. 3ipids

6. *roteins


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Carbohydrates

Supply most of the energy needed by cells

Composed of what 6 elements C!8!

1) Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

2) +isaccharides are two sugars ?oinedtogether

6) *olysaccharides! such as starch! are built

of many sugars. 8umans synthesi@e the comple'

carbohydrate called glycogen.


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3ipids3ipids made of C!8! but in different amounts

3ipids include fats(most common)!steroids! and phospholipids.

% fat that has all of its carbon atoms ?oinedby single carbon to carbon bonds is said to

be saturated. (solid at room temp! bad foryou)

4nsaturated fats(li"uid at room temp!good for you! double bonds)

Cholesterol! estrogens! and testosteroneare all steroids.

% phospholipid typically has two fatty acidchains and a phosphate group.


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*roteins *roteinshae a great ariety of functions in the

body777as structural materials! as energysources! as certain hormones! as receptors oncell membranes! as antibodies! and as en@ymesto cataly@e metabolic reactions.

*roteins contain what < elements C!8!!&

Sometimes S 5uilding blocks of proteins are the amino acids

(2=) *roteins hae comple' shapesheld together by

hydrogen bonds. (their many shapes changes

their functions) *rotein shapes! which determine how proteins

function! can be altered by p8! temperature!radiation! or chemicals. 8 bonds break this iscalled denatured.

You do NOT need in


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%mino %cids1. %lanine

2. Alutamic acid

6. 3eucine

. 3ysine

/. $hreonine

. %sparagine

1=. Alycine

11. Methionine

12. $ryptophan

16. %spartic acid

1. Cysteine

1/.Isoleucine

1. *roline

2=.Daline

(&$#, the / essential aminoacidsare in red. $hesecannot be synthesi@ed bythe human body and mustbe obtained from food.%rginine and histidine are

essential only forchildren.)

You do NOT need in

your notes


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&ucleic %cids

&ucleic acids form genes and takepart in protein synthesis.

$hey contain the elements C!8!!&!* $he building blocks are called

nucleotides.

&ucleic acids are of two ma?or types,+&% (with deo'yribose) and ;&%(with ribose).


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+&% 9 ;&%

+eo'yribonucleic acid, +&%(deo'yribonucleic acid) stores themolecular code in genes.

8ow many strands does it hae 2 +eo'y means without 'ygen

;ibonucleic acid, ;&% (ribonucleic acid)functions in protein synthesis.

8ow many strands does it hae 1


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linical onnection

linical onnection

Prion protein can assume up to 12 differentPrion protein can assume up to 12 differentshapes before prion was discovered it wasshapes before prion was discovered it wasbelieved protein shape was always 3-Dbelieved protein shape was always 3-D

ome prions are infectious !mad cow disease"ome prions are infectious !mad cow disease"

ome prions are not infectious !#l$heimerome prions are not infectious !#l$heimerdisease" which cause %ummy pla&ues in thedisease" which cause %ummy pla&ues in the

brain and disrupt functionin%'brain and disrupt functionin%' ome forms of #l$heimer disease may beome forms of #l$heimer disease may becaused by protein misfoldin%caused by protein misfoldin%


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Work cited

ork cited

(hemistry )ma%e'(hemistry )ma%e'

www'aperfectworld'or%*healthcare+medicine'htwww'aperfectworld'or%*healthcare+medicine'ht

mlml DN# ima%e'DN# ima%e'

www'pbs'or%*w%bh*nova*ori%ins*,noll'htmlwww'pbs'or%*w%bh*nova*ori%ins*,noll'html

tructural formula ima%e'tructural formula ima%e'

www'chemistry'mtu'edu*pa%es*courses*coursewww'chemistry'mtu'edu*pa%es*courses*courses*ch12s*ch12
http://www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_medicine.htmlhttp://www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_medicine.htmlhttp://www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_medicine.htmlhttp://www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_medicine.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/knoll.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/knoll.htmlhttp://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412http://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412http://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412http://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412http://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412http://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/knoll.htmlhttp://www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_medicine.htmlhttp://www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_medicine.html

Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)

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