Anatomy & Physiology of the Excretory System Anatomy & Physiology 13-14.
Anatomy and Physiology Cell organelles
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Transcript of Anatomy and Physiology Cell organelles
CellsCells
Mr. HunterKennedy H.S.
Mr. HunterBiology
11/15/2012
• Objective(s)• SWBAT• Describe the function of the plasma membrane • Describe function and location of various organelles• Answer vocab / review questions
• Bell Ringer: What are the two components of the phospholipids of the cell membrane?
The Discovery of The Cell
• All living things are made up of one or more cells.
• A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all the processes of life.
Looking at cellsLooking at cells
Microscopes Reveal Cell StructureMicroscopes Reveal Cell Structure
Most cells are too small to see with the Most cells are too small to see with the naked eye. Scientists became aware of naked eye. Scientists became aware of cells only after microscopes were cells only after microscopes were invented in the 1600s.invented in the 1600s.
A.A. Robert HookeRobert Hooke used a crude microscope used a crude microscope to observe a thin to observe a thin slice of corkslice of cork in 1665. in 1665. He saw many small boxes which He saw many small boxes which reminded him of the small rooms in reminded him of the small rooms in which monks lived, so he called them which monks lived, so he called them cellscells. He observed plant cells.. He observed plant cells.
B.B. 10 years later a scientist, 10 years later a scientist, Anton vanAnton van LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek used a microscope to used a microscope to view pond water. view pond water. He observed many He observed many small living creatures. He named them small living creatures. He named them animalculesanimalcules (tiny animals). They were (tiny animals). They were singled-cell organisms.singled-cell organisms.
The Cell – Theory and The Cell – Theory and FeaturesFeatures
A.A. In 1838, the German botanist In 1838, the German botanist MattiasMattias SchleidenSchleiden concluded that cells concluded that cells compose every part of the plant.compose every part of the plant.
B.B. A year later, the German zoologist A year later, the German zoologist Theodore SchwannTheodore Schwann claimed that claimed that animals are also made of cells.animals are also made of cells.
C.C. In 1858, In 1858, Rudoloph VirchowRudoloph Virchow, a German , a German physician, determined that cells come physician, determined that cells come from other cells.from other cells.
D.D. The works of these three scientist form The works of these three scientist form the the Cell TheoryCell Theory
1.1. All living things are made of one or All living things are made of one or more cells.more cells.
2.2. Cells are the basic units of structure Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.and function in organisms.
3.3. All cells arise from existing cells.All cells arise from existing cells.
The Cellular Basis of Life
• All living things share several basic characteristics:
• Organized parts• Obtain energy• Perform chemical reactions• Change with time• Respond to environment• Reproduce• Maintain homeostasis• Share a Common History
Cell Diversity
• Cells are very different in terms of their shapes and functions.
• A cell’s function can influence its physical features
Cell Size
• Cells differ in shape and size.• Some cells may be seen by the
naked eye, such as a giraffe’s nerve cell ( 6 & ½ ft long) or a human egg cell (the size of a period at the end of sentence in your text book)
• A cell’s size is limited to its outer surface area to inner volume ratio.
• Nutrients, Oxygen and Waste produced must pass through the cell at its surface.
Surface Area
Surface Area
Volume
Volume
Two Basic Types of Cells
• Prokaryotes• Single Cell• Lack membrane bound
nucleus – control center of the cell / contains DNA
• Lack membrane bound organelles – specialized bodies with specific jobs
• DNA is found in nucleoid region
• Eukaryotes• Made of one or more cells• Nucleus and membrane
bound organelles present• Larger than prokaryotic
cells• More complex structure
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Cellular Organization
• Over time, cells began to form groups that function together.
Colonial organism: • Collection of genetically
identical cells that live together in a connected group.
• Few activities are coordinated.
Plasma Membrane
• The plasma membrane (cell membrane) has several functions.
• Selective access• Separation of internal and external
environments• Means of waste removal• Environmental interactions
• Fluid Mosaic Model – The membrane behaves more like a liquid than a solid.
• It is a pattern (mosaic) of lipids and proteins.
Cell Organelles• Organelle= “little organ”• Found only inside
eukaryotic cells• Organelles are
structures that have specific jobs within cells
• All the stuff in between the organelles is cytosol
• Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Cell Membrane• Boundary of the cell• Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Nucleus• Control center of the
cell• Contains DNA• Surrounded by a double
membrane• Usually the easiest
organelle to see under a microscope
• Usually one per cell
Cytoskeleton• Acts as skeleton and
muscle• Provides shape and
structure• Helps move organelles
around the cell• Made of three types of
filaments
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• A.k.a. “ER”• Connected to nuclear
membrane• Highway of the cell• Rough ER: studded with
ribosomes; it makes proteins
• Smooth ER: no ribosomes; it makes lipids
Ribosome• Site of protein synthesis• Found attached to
rough ER or floating free in cytosol
• Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiar…what is a That looks familiar…what is a polypeptidepolypeptide??
Golgi Apparatus• Looks like a stack of
plates• Stores, modifies and
packages proteins• Molecules transported
to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles
Lysosomes• Garbage disposal of
the cell• Contain digestive
enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with?
Mitochondria• “Powerhouse of the
cell”• Cellular respiration
occurs here to release energy for the cell to use
• Bound by a double membrane
• Has its own strand of DNA
Chloroplast• Found only in plant cells• Contains the green
pigment chlorophyll• Site of food (glucose)
production• Bound by a double
membrane
Cell Wall• Found in plant and
bacterial cells• Rigid, protective barrier• Located outside of the
cell membrane• Made of cellulose (fiber)
Vacuoles• Large central vacuole
usually in plant cells• Many smaller vacuoles
in animal cells• Storage container for
water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc.
What type of microscope may have been used to take this picture?
Centriole• Aids in cell division• Usually found only in
animal cells• Made of microtubules
Where else have we talked about microtubules?
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Quick Review• Which organelle is the control center of the cell?
• Which organelle holds the cell together?
• Which organelles are not found in animal cells?
• Which organelle helps plant cells make food?
• What does E.R. stand for?