Anatomy and Physiology 2211K
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Transcript of Anatomy and Physiology 2211K
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Anatomy and Physiology 2211K
Anatomy and Physiology 2211K
Lecture FourLecture Four
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Slide 2 –Upper and lower respiratory tract
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Slide 3 - Nose
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Slide 4 – Nasal septum
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Slide 5 – Perpendicular plate and the vomer bone
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Slide 6 – Nasal bone
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Slide 7 – Frontal process of the maxillae
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Slide 8 – Cartilages and adipose tissue of the nose
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Slide 9 – deviated septum
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Slide 10 – digging for gold
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Slide 11 – Nasal polyps
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Slide 12 - Septoplasty
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Slide 13 – Striated muscles of the nose
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Slide 14 - Vestibule
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Slide 15 – Hard and soft palate
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Slide 16 – Striated muscles of the soft palate
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Slide 17 – Nasal concha
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Slide 18 – Nasal concha and cavity
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Slide 19 – Superior, middle and inferior meatus
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Slide 20 – Paranasal sinus
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Slide 21 - Ostiomeatal complex
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Slide 22 – Sphenoethmoidal recess
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Slide 23 – Nasal mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated epithelium)
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Slide 24 – Pharynx
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Slide 25 - Larynx
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Slide 26 – Vocal cords
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Slide 27 – Muscles of voice - lateral view
Thyroarytenoid muscle
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Cricothyroid
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Slide 28 – Muscles of the larynx – caudal view
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Transverse arytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Thyroarytenoid muscle
Hyoid bone
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Slide 29 - Phonation
Phonation is defined as the vibration or sounds produced when air moved pass the vocal folds during exhalation
• The length of the vocal cords can be changed by relaxing or contracting the surrounding skeletal muscles
• High pitch voices are caused by the closing of the glottis whereby caused by the contraction of the muscles of the larynx
• The smaller the diameter of the glottis the higher the resonant frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and thereby the higher the pitch
• Lower pitch voice is caused by opening the glottis which is caused by the relaxation of the muscle of the larynx
• The larger the diameter of the glottis the lower the resonant frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and thereby the lower the pitch
Phonation is defined as the vibration or sounds produced when air moved pass the vocal folds during exhalation
• The length of the vocal cords can be changed by relaxing or contracting the surrounding skeletal muscles
• High pitch voices are caused by the closing of the glottis whereby caused by the contraction of the muscles of the larynx
• The smaller the diameter of the glottis the higher the resonant frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and thereby the higher the pitch
• Lower pitch voice is caused by opening the glottis which is caused by the relaxation of the muscle of the larynx
• The larger the diameter of the glottis the lower the resonant frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and thereby the lower the pitch
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Slide 30 - Trachea
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Slide 31 – Trachea and the bronchi
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Slide 32 – Conducting and respiratory zone
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Slide 33 - Asthma
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Slide 34 – Respiratory zone
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Slide 35 – Surfactant and alveolus
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Slide 36 – Alveolus and gas exchange
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Slide 37 – gas exchange
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Slide 38 – Hilum of the lungs
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Slide 39 – Bronchopulmonary segments
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Slide 40 – Muscles of inspiration and expiration
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Slide 41 – Ventilation - Inspiration
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Slide 42 – Ventilation - Expiration
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Slide 41 – Pleura of the lungs
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Slide 44 – Pulmonary circulation
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Slide 45 – Lymph vessels of the lungs
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Slide 46 – Carcinogen - Aflatoxin
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Slide 47 – Carcinogen - Benzene
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Slide 48 – EDB and Formaldehyde
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Slide 49 – Hepatitis B
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Slide 50 – Lung cancer
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Slide 51 – Adenocarcinoma
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Slide 52 – Large cell carcinoma
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Slide 53 – Oat cell carcinoma
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Slide 54 - spirometry
• Tidal volumeTidal volume – the volume of air inspired or expired – the volume of air inspired or expired during normal expiration and inspirationduring normal expiration and inspiration
• Inspiratory reserve volumeInspiratory reserve volume – after normal inspiration – after normal inspiration
has occurred, the remaining air that could still be has occurred, the remaining air that could still be forcefully inspired forcefully inspired
• Expiratory reserve volumeExpiratory reserve volume - after normal expiration - after normal expiration has occurred, the remaining air that could still be has occurred, the remaining air that could still be forcefully expired forcefully expired
• Residual volumeResidual volume – the volume of air still remains in the – the volume of air still remains in the lungs after the most forceful expirationlungs after the most forceful expiration
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Slide 55 – pulmonary capacity
• Inspiratory capacityInspiratory capacity – tidal volume plus the inspratory – tidal volume plus the inspratory reserve volume – the total amount of air that a person reserve volume – the total amount of air that a person can inspire after normal expiration.can inspire after normal expiration.
• Functional residual capacityFunctional residual capacity – expiratory reserve – expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume – the amount of air volume plus the residual volume – the amount of air remain in the lungs after normal expirationremain in the lungs after normal expiration
• Vital capacityVital capacity – inspiratory reserve volume plus residual – inspiratory reserve volume plus residual volume plus expiratory reserve volume – max volume of volume plus expiratory reserve volume – max volume of air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after maximum inspirationmaximum inspiration
• Total lung capacityTotal lung capacity – inspiratory reserve volume plus – inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus the tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume plus the tidal volume and residual volume. residual volume.
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Slide 51 – Respiratory centers in the brain stem
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Slide 57 – Regulation of gas exchange
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Slide 58 – Respiratory controls
Arterial CO2
levels
Arterial O2
levels
Central Chemo-
receptors
Peripheral Chemo-
receptors
Inspiratory neurons
Muscles of
inspiration
DecreaseIn
Lung volume
Hering-Breuer
reflex
Expiratory neurons
IncreaseIn
Lung volume
Muscles of
expiration
Off switch
Pneumotaxic center