Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheet ...
Transcript of Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheet ...
Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/
Anatomy vs. Physiology
anatomy: structure of an organism (whatdoes it look like?)
physio logy: function of an organism (whatdoes it do?)
Human Body Systems
digestive immune
circul atory integu mentary
nervous lymphatic
excretory reprod uctive
respir atory endocrine
skeletal muscular
Excretory System
anatomy: physio logy:
kidneys 1) removes waste productsfrom cellular metabolism (urea,water, carbon dioxide)
ureters 2) filters blood
bladder
urethra
lungs
skin (sweat glands)
liver (produces urea)
Excretory System Image
Skeletal System
anatomy: physio logy:
bones 1) protects organs
cartilage 2) provides shape, support
ligaments 3) stores materials (fats,minerals)
4) produces blood cells
5) allows movement
Skeletal System Image
Endocrine System
anatomy: physio logy:
glands(producehormones)
1) regulates body activitiesusing hormones. slowresponse, long lasting
~hypot halamus
~pituitary
~thyroid
~thymus
~adrenal
~pancreas
~ovaries
~testes
Endocrine System Image
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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/
Reprod uctive System
anatomy: physio logy:
ovaries(produceeggs)
1) allows organisms toreproduce which prevents theirspecies from becoming extinct
testes (produce sperm)
Reprod uctive System Image
Negative Feedback
when the effect or(s) activated by the controlcenter oppose or eliminate stimulus
ex) blood sugar regulation
Negative Feedback Image (Blood SugarRegula tion)
Regional Terms: Posterior View
cephalic:head
otic: ear occipital:back ofhead orbase ofskull
acromial:point ofshoulder
vertebral: spinalcolumn
scapular:shoulderblade
lumbar:loin
brachial: arm olecranal:back ofelbow
dorsum /do rsal:back
manus: hand sacral:betweenhips
gluteal:buttock
perineal: regionbetween anusand externalgenitalia
femoral:thigh
popliteal:back ofknee
sural: calf calcaneal:heel
plantar: sole
Regional Terms: Posterior View Image
Inferior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)
also known as caudal
away from the head end or toward the lowerpart of a structure or the body; below
ex) the navel is inferior to the breastbone
Inferior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image
Interm ediate (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)
between a more medial and a more lateralstructure
ex) the armpit is interm ediate between thebreastbone and shoulder
Interm ediate (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Im
Superf icial (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)
toward or at the body surface
ex) the skin is superf icial to the skeleton
Superf icial (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Img
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Deep (Orien tation and Direct ional Term)
away from the body surface; more internal
ex) the lungs are deep to the rib cage
Deep (Orien tation and Direct ional Term)Image
Abdomi nop elvic Quadrants Image
CT
full name:
computed tomography
how does it work?
different tissues absorb the electr oma ‐gnetic radiation in various amount
what does it show?
shows cross sectional pictures of thebody region scanned
CT (cont)
when is it used?
used to evaluate brain and abdominalproblems without the need of explor atorysurgery
CT Image
MRI
full name:
magnetic resonance imaging
how does it work?
magnetic energy causes the spin ofhydrogen molecules, and their energy isenhanced by radio waves; when theradio waves are turned off, energy isreleased and translated by a computerinto a visual image
what does it show?
dense structures do not show and softtissue, like the the brain, can beevaluated
when is it used?
to evaluate soft tissue, brain, interv ert ‐ebral pads and cartilage to detectdegene rative disease
MRI Image
Levels of Organi zation
atoms -> molecules -> macrom ole cules ->organelles -> cells -> tissues -> organs ->organ systems -> organism
8 Necessary Life Functions (Human)
1) maintain bounda ries: inside is separatefrom the outside
2) movement: whole body and cellular level
3) respon siv ene ss/ irr ita bility: sense andrespond to changes in the enviro nment
4) digestion: breaking down food tonutrients
5) metabo lism: breaking down and buildingmolecules for energy
6) excretion: remove wastes from the body
7) reprod uction: cellular or organismal level
8) growth: cellular or organismal level
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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/
Circul atory System
anatomy: physio logy:
heart 1) transport materials to andfrom cells
veins
arteries
capill aries
blood
Circul atory System Image
Respir atory System
anatomy: physio logy:
nose 1) takes in oxygen and removescarbon dioxide and water
trachea
bronchi
bronch ioles
alveoli
lungs
Respir atory System Image
Immune System
anatomy: physio logy:
white bloodcells
1) fights off foreign invadersin the body
~T cells
~B cells (produce antibo dies)
~macro phages
skin
Immune System Image
Lymphatic System
anatomy: physio logy:
lymph (liquid part ofblood - plasma, whenit is in lymph vessels)
1) stores andcarries white bloodcells that fightdisease
Lymphatic System (cont)
lymphvessels
2) collects excess fluid andreturns it to blood (second circul ‐atory system - reaches placesother one can't - between cells)
lymph nodes
contain white blood cells
Lymphatic System Image
Positive Feedback
initial stimulus produces a response thatexagge rates or enhances its effects; lesscommon
ex) labor and delivery
Positive Feedback Image (Labor andDelivery)
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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/
The Language of Anatomy
special termin ology is used to preventmisund ers tan dings
exact terms are used for:
~position
~regions
~direction
~struc tures
Superior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)
toward the head end or upper part of astructure of the body; above
ex) the forehead is superior to the nose
Superior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image
Anterior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)
also known as ventral
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
ex) the breastbone is anterior to the spine
Anterior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image
Lateral (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)
away from the midline of the body; on theouter side of
ex) the arms are lateral to the chest
Lateral (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image
Distal (Orien tation and Direct ional Term)
farther from the origin of a body part or thepoint of attachment of a limb to the bodytrunk
ex) the knee is distal to the thigh
Distal (Orien tation and Direct ional Term)Image
Body Cavities
dorsal body cavity ventral body cavity
~cranial cavity(brain)
~thoracic cavity(lungs)
~spinal cavity(spinal cord)
~abdom ino pelviccavity
~~abdo minal cavity(abdomen)
~~pelvic cavity(pelvis)
Body Cavities Image
PET Scan
full name:
positron emission tomography
how does it work?
requires an injection of short- lived radioi ‐sotopes that have been tagged tobiological molecules (ie. glucose) inorder to view metabolic processes
what does it show?
provides insights into brain activity inpeople affected by mental illness,Alzhei mer's disease, and epilepsy
when is it used?
to diagnose areas of impairment in thebrain
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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/
PET Scan Image
fMRI
full name:
functional magnetic resonance imaging
how does it work?
follows blood flow in the brain in realtime
what does it show?
shows brain activity
when is it used?
to diagnose brain disease; can not beused in the presence of metal in thebody, pacema kers, and tooth fillings
fMRI Image
Digestive System
anatomy: physio logy:
mouth 1) take in food (inges tion)
esophagus 2) digest food into smallermolecules and absorbnutrients
smallintestine
3) remove undigested foodfrom body (feces)
large intestine
rectum
anus
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbl adder
Digestive System Image
Nervous System
anatomy: physio logy:
brain 1) gathers and interpretsinform ation
spinalcord
2) responds to inform ation
nerves 3) helps maintain homeos tasis
hypoth alamus
Nervous System Image
Muscular System
anatomy: physio logy:
cardiacmuscle
1) allows for movement bycontra cting
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
tendons
Muscular System Image
Integu mentary System
anatomy: physio logy:
skin 1) barrier against infection(first line of defense)
~epidermis 2) helps regulate bodytemper ature
~dermis 3) removes excretory waste(urea, water)
~~sweatgland
4) protects against sun's UVrays
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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/
Integu mentary System (cont)
~~seba ceousgland
5) produces vitaminD
~~hair follicle
~~blood vessels
~~nerves
Integu mentary System Image
Homeos tasis
" hom eo- " = same
" -st asi s" = standing or status
goal: to maintain a relatively constantinternal enviro nment
Positive Feedback vs. NegativeFeedback
Regional Terms: Anterior View
axial: head, neck, and trunk
append icular: appendages or limbs
nasal: nose oral:mouth
cervical:neck
frontal:forehead
orbital:eye
buccal:cheek
Regional Terms: Anterior View (cont)
mental: chin acromial:point ofshoulder
axillary:armpit
abdominal:abdomen
sternal:breastbone
thoracic:chest
mammary:breast
umbilical:naval (bellybutton)
brachial:arm
antecu bital:front ofelbow
antebr achial:forearm
carpal:wrist
pollex:thumb
palmar: palm digital:fingers
coxal: hip pelvic: pelvis inguinal:groin
pubic:genitalregion
femoral: thigh patellar:anteriorknee
crural: leg fibula r/p ero ‐neal: side ofleg
pedal: foot
tarsal: ankle digital: toes hallux: bigtoe
Regional Terms: Anterior View Image
Posterior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)
also known as dorsal
toward or at the backside of the body;behind
ex) the heart is posterior to the breastbone
Posterior (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image
Medial (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)
toward or at the midline of the body; on theinner side of
ex) the heart is medial to the arm
Medial (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image
Proximal (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm)
close to the origin of the body part or thepoint of attachment of a limb to the bodytrunk
ex) the elbow is proximal to the wrist (elbowis closer to shoulder or attachment point ofarm than wrist is)
Proximal (Orien tation and Direct ionalTerm) Image
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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Cheat Sheetby julescrisfulla via cheatography.com/122651/cs/25356/
Body Planes Image
Xray
full name:
radiograph
how does it work?
shadowy negative image of internalstructures produced by directing electr ‐oma gnetic waves of very shortwavelength at the body
what does it show?
best to visualize hard, body structuresand locate abnormally dense structures(tumors, tuberc ulosis nodules) in thelungs and breasts
when is it used?
to diagnose fractures and dense tumors
Xray Image
Ultrasound
full name:
ultras ono graphy
how does it work?
high frequency sound waves is itsenergy source; the sound waves gothrough the tissues without harmingthem, and the echoes are recorded
what does it show?
it shows visual images of body organs
when is it used?
preferred method for fetal evaluation
Ultrasound Image
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