Anatomical Terminology and Orientation of Human...
Transcript of Anatomical Terminology and Orientation of Human...
Anatomical Terminology and
Orientation of Human Body
Prof AO Ihunwo, PhD
School of Anatomical Sciences
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Lecture Outline
• Definition of Anatomy
• Methods of study of Anatomy
• Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position
Anatomical Planes
Terms of Relationships and Comparison
Terms of Movement
• Body Cavities
• Anatomical Variations
• 3-D approach to study of Anatomy
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ANATOMY
• Oldest basic medical science
‘Anatomy’ is derived from the Greek word,
‘Ana-tem-mia’ which means “cutting up”.
• Latin equivalent is ‘dissectio’
(‘Dissection’ – an action)
• Anatomy is the study or science of the
structure of the human body
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Methods of study of Anatomy
•Living Anatomy
•Macroscopic (Morphological or Gross)
•Microscopic (Histology)
•Developmental (Embryology)
•Radiological and
•Experimental Anatomy
(All incorporating regional or systemic anatomy and clinical implications)
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Living Anatomy
Involves physical examination of a living individual:
• Inspection: ‘Looking at’ the body
Proportions, postures and contours
• Palpation: Touching the body
Consistency, shape and size
• Percussion: Tapping of a surface with a finger
Produces sounds
• Auscultation: Using a stethoscope
Information on air and blood flow
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Surface Anatomy & Endoscopy
• Surface Anatomy
• Visualisation in the
“mind’s eye” of
structures that lie
beneath the skin and
are hidden by it.
• Useful in study of living
anatomy.
• Endoscopy
Use of special
instruments called
Endoscopes (tubes with
optic fibres) to examine
deeper parts of orifice or
openings of the body
and cavities of viscera
(organs). E.g.
Gastroscopy – stomach
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Macroscopic (Gross/Morphological) Anatomy
Regional/Topographical
• Major Parts (Regions)• Head, Neck, Thorax, Abdomen,
Pelvis & Perineum, Back, Upper and Lower Limbs
• Based on form & relations of component parts of the body.
1. Upper limb & Thorax
2. Head/Neck & Neuroanatomy
3. Abdomen, Pelvis & Perineum
4. Lower limb
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Clinically Oriented Anatomy 5th Ed
Macroscopic (Gross/Morphological ) Anatomy: Systemic
• Integumentary
• Skeletal, Articular & Muscular
(Locomotor/Musculoskeletal)
• Nervous system
• Circulatory system
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Gastro-intestinal
• Urinary
• Reproductive (Genital)
• Endocrine
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Microscopic Anatomy
(Histology)
• Using microscopes to study
cells, tissues and organs of
the body
Computer Assisted Learning
Systemic approach adopted
• Cytology: Study of
ultrastructure of cell and its
organelles. Based on
electron microscopy.
Electron Micrographs
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http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/
http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/20101ooa.htm
Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)
• Progressive changes from
time of fertilisation of
ovum by the sperm until
birth.
• Pre-natal period of
development.
• Teratology
study of congenital
abnormalities and its causes
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http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/embryo_main/index.html
Radiological (Imaging)
Anatomy • Study of structure and function of the body using radiographic techniques.
• Forms anatomical basis for Radiology• using radiant energy in diagnosis
and treatment of disease.
• Ultrasound, Computerised Axial Tomography (CAT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI or fMRI), etc.
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Wikipedia
Experimental Anatomy & Anthropometry
Experimental Anatomy
• Study of problems in human anatomy that has opened up
many fields with new techniques
• E.gs. tissue culture and organ transplantation.
Anthropometry
• A component of Biological Anthropology that deals with
measuring the body.
• Examples: Weight, Height, Circumference, etc.
• Body Mass Index (BMI): A measure of body fat based
on height and weight
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Anatomical Terminology
• Internationally accepted terminology for the study of Anatomy
• Forms the basis of a large part of medical terminology. E.g.
‘axilla’ for ‘armpit’.
• Federative International Programme on Anatomical
Terminology (FIPAT) of the International Federation of
Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) guideline;
https://www.ifaa.net/committees/anatomical-terminology-fipat/
• Terminologica Anatomica (TA 2nd Ed, 2019)
• Terminologica Histologica (TH, 2008)
• Terminologica Embryologica (TE, 2009)
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What is ‘Anatomical Position’
Frame of Reference accepted globally
• A human body standing upright,
Head (face and eyes directed forwards (anteriorly)
upper limbs by the side with palms of hand directed forwards (anteriorly)
lower limbs close together with toes directed forwards (anteriorly)
• Visualised in your “mind’s eye” when describing cadavers or patients lying on their backs
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http://www.medicalillustration.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=26006
Supine position:The body is lying down with face pointing upwards.
All the remaining positions are similar to anatomical position with the only
difference of being in a horizontal plane rather than a vertical plane.
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Four (4) Anatomical Planes
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Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Vertical or longitudinal planes passing from one
side to the other at right angles to median plane (Front & Back)
Transverse(Horizontal) Plane: Transects body from front to back and side
to side into an upper (superior) and a lower (inferior) part.
Median Plane: Passes through body from front to back dividing it into Right
and Left halves. Sagittal Plane: Vertical planes parallel to median plane
Terms of
Relationship and
Comparison
Superficial,
‘Intermediate’ & Deep
Medial and Lateral
Anterior (ventral) &
Posterior (dorsal)
Superior (cranial) &
Inferior caudal)
Proximal & Distal
Palmar & Dorsal
(hand)
Plantar & Dorsal
(foot)
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Terms of Relationship
• Median sagittal planeMedial ……. nearer,
Lateral ……. farther from
• Coronal PlaneAnterior…… towards the front
(ventral)
Posterior … towards the back (dorsal)
• Horizontal Plane
• Superior (Cephalic)Towards the head. E.g. Neck is
superior to Thorax
• Inferior (Caudal)Towards the foot. E.g. Abdomen
is inferior to Thorax
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http://www.medicalillustration.com/
Terms of Comparison
• Proximal: near trunk or origin. E.g. elbow proximal to
wrist
• Distal: farther from trunk or towards the end. E.g.
hand is distal to wrist
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wikidoc.org/index.php/Anatomical_terms
Terms of Comparison… Ipsilateral: on the same side
Contralateral: on the opposite side
Combined terms: Inferomedial &
Superolateral
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Superficial/External/Outer: Closer to
body surface (skin) e.g. sternum
Deep/Internal/Inner: farther from body
surface e.g. heart
Terms of Movements
Of limbs and parts of the body
• Flexion: Forward movement. E.g. bending or angulation
• Extension: Straightening from the flexed position
• Abduction: Movement away from median plane or midline
• Adduction: Movement towards midline
• Rotation: Movement around longitudinal axis of body.
• Medial & Lateral rotation
• Circumduction: Circular movement combining flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction & rotation
• Opposition: Bringing thumb and other fingers together.
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Terms of
Movements …
Abduction vs Adduction
Rotation (medial vs lateral
Circumduction
Dorsiflexion vs Plantarflexion
Inversion vs Eversion
Elevation vs Depression
Protrusion vs Retrusion
Protraction vs Retraction
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Terms of Movements …
• Supination: Lateral rotation of forearm & hand (palm faces forwards)
• Pronation: Medial rotation of forearm & hand (palm faces backwards)
• Inversion: Sole of foot facing medially
• Eversion: Sole of foot facing laterally
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Protraction Moving anteriorly (protrusion)
Retraction Moving posteriorly (retrusion)
Depression Movement inferiorly .. Downwards
Elevation Movement superiorly .. Upwards
Movements at Temporomandibular Joint
Anatomical Variation
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• The structures among peoples vary. Likewise, structures within an individual.
• An anatomical variation is usually compatible with life unlike an abnormality (congenital or acquired), although this may yield to medical or surgical therapy.
• Examples of anatomical variations: Neurovascular structures and in extreme cases, Situs Inversus (transposition of organs)
Clinically significant variations will always be highlighted in the Anatomy course
Expect variations during dissections
3 Ds Approach to study of Anatomy
•Dissection/Demonstration Practicals
•Diagrams
•Description
• Dr Hartmann’s Approach to Studying Morphological Anatomy on
the School of Anatomical Sciences Website;
• School’s website: http://anatomical-sciences.health.wits.ac.za/
• Password: anatomy2020
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