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Kckrilikpbtk bsal# Fcibilpfebk ef bgfrtkrbsal ;

Kckrilikpbtk`bsal# Fcibi`lpfebk ef` `bgfrtkrbsal

` kckrqubsal fs uck tflrák ef `k slibfeke sbc Fstkel fc `k quf f` afrikel prlvff tlels `ls

gbfcfs y sfrvbibls pøg`bils, tk`fs ilal f` efrfiml y f` lrefc# Kucquf `k akylrák ef `ls

kckrqubstks sf lplcfc k tleks `ks orkcefs bcstbtuiblcfs, pøg`biks l prbvkeks, `ls kckrilikpbtk`bstks sf lplcfc k` Fstkel, pfrl cl k `ls kitlrfs prbvkels ilc uc sbocbdbiktbvl plefr ef

afrikel# Zkrk prlgkr quf fstf sbstfak fs vbkg`f, `ls kckril ikpbtk`bstks kpuctkc k` Lfstf

fstkelucbefcsf ef` sbo`l ]B], `k Bs`kcebk afebfvk`, y `k Bco`ktfrrk kco`lskhlck#

Efgbel k quf f` kckril ikpbtk`bsal sf gksk fc uc sbstfak filcùabil ikpbtk`bstk, fstf rfqubfrf

afrikels, prlpbfeke y f` bapfrbl ef `k `fy# -Auimls kckrqubstks rfimkzkc ucl l aës ef fstls

f`fafctls# K`oucks ef fsks lghfiblcfs sf fxp`bikc aës kef`kctf"# @ls kckril ikpbtk`bstks irffc

quf `ks bcstbtuiblcfs prbvkeks prlplriblckrkc `ls gbfcfs y sfrvbibls cfifskrbls pkrk quf `k

slibfeke duciblcf fc pkz y lrefc sbc `k fxbstfcibk ef uc Fstkel quf ilkiiblck k `ls bcebvbeuls k

pkokr plr l fc lgfebfcibk k `ks bcstbtuiblcfs huráebiks#

Ilcsbefrf `k sl`uibùc kckril ikpbtk`bstk k` sfrvbibl ef `k `fy y f` lrefc# Zlefals efsilaplcfr `k

`fy y f` lrefc fc uc ilchuctl ef sfrvbibls ebdfrfcibkels8 `k prleuiibùc ef `fyfs, `k prltfiibùc -`k

ebsuksbùc ef vbl`kiblcfs ef `k `fy", `k eftfiibùc -ikpturk ef `ls bcdrkitlrfs ef `k `fy", f` dk``l

-eftfrabckibùc ef `k iu`pk", y f` ikstbol# Fc `k akylrák ef `ks slibfekefs alefrcks, fstls sfrvbibls

slc ekels plr f` Fstkel, quf lg`bok k tlels `ls ilctrbguyfctfs k ilaprkr f` pkquftf# Ulels fstls

sfrvbibls slc gbfcfs filcùabils# Gruif Gfcslc ebsiutf fc eftk``f `ks iufstblcfs rf`kiblckeks ilc

f` kgkstfibabfctl plr pkrtf ef` afrikel ef `ls sbstfaks huráebils, bci`uyfcel `k efsirbpibùc ef `k

afebek fc quf auimls sfrvbibls `fok`fs yk slc prlvbstls plr f` afrikel# @ls kckril ikpbtk`bstks k

afcuel sfûk`kc f` pfrblel ef `k Akcilaucbeke fc `k mbstlrbk ef Bs`kcebk -29:!;745 eI" ilal f`

afhlr fhfap`l ef uck slibfeke kckril ikpbtk`bstk# F` filclabstk Ekvbe Drbfeakc, plr fhfap`l,

ilci`uyù su efsirbpibùc ef `k Bs`kcebk afebfvk` ebibfcel8 ‐Iksb sf plerák efsirbgbr k` kckril

ikpbtk`bsal ilal f` sbstfak huráebil bs`kceâs kp`bikel k uck slibfeke auiml aës orkcef y aës

ilap`bikek‑# -Gfcslc tkagbâc sf gksk fc f` fhfap`l bs`kceâs"# @k akcilaucbeke bs`kcefsk tfcák

uck prùspfrk slibfeke ilc uc olgbfrcl rfakrikg`fafctf pfqufûl# @ks skoks bs`kcefsks l

mbstlrbks âpbiks rfibfctfafctf rfilpb`keks fc @ks Ykoks ef `ls Bs`kcefsfs, kucquf suhftks k uc

efgktf kikeâabil ilal plerák fspfrkrsf ilc uc dl`n`lrf ef ;::: kûls ef feke, quf prfsfctk uc

dksibckctf fhfap`l ef uck slibfeke prëitbikafctf sbc Fstkel#

F` olgbfrcl ef Bs`kcebk afebfvk` cl tfcák uc plefr fhfiutbvl, cbcoøc iùebol pfck`, y cl tfcák

gurlirkibk, y su sbstfak ef olgfrckctfs sf gksù fc `ls afrikels# @l quf ilcsbefrkals ilal

iùebol pfck`, fc ilctrk ef ef`btls ilal ksk`tl, ksfsbcktl, l rlgl, sf rfsl`vbfrlc k trkvâs ef`

efrfiml ibvb` gkskel fc f` korkvbl# Ilal rfsu`tkel, mugl plils ef`btls sbc váitbaks, y tleks `ks

pfcks dufrlc alcftkrbks# @ks ibdrks i`kvf ef fstf sbstfak dufrlc `ls ikibqufs, ``kakels olekr -fc

sbcou`kr oleb"# @k ikrkitfrástbik ducekafctk` ef `ls olgfrckctfs frk su ckturk`fzk gkskek fc f`

afrikel# F` ilchuctl ef efrfimls quf ilcstbtuákc k uc ikibquf, ``kakel olelre, frk ef prlpbfeke

F

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Kckrilikpbtk bsal# Fcibilpfebk ef bgfrtkrbsal 7

prbvkek# Ilal Drbfeakc `l efsirbgf, ‐sb qufrák sfr uc hfdf, y fcilctrkgk k k`oubfc quf fstkgk

ebspufstl k vfcefr su olelre y `k ilaprkgk ef â`#‑ @k `fk`tke k uc ikibquf frk purkafctf

vl`uctkrbk# @ls sfoubelrfs `bgrfafctf ilctrktkgkc `ls sfrvbibls ef uc oleb# Køc aës baplrtkctf, f`

ikagbl ef `fk`tke k uc oleb ebdfrfctf frk plsbg`f y sfcib``l, pufstl quf `ls bs`kcefsfs cl sf

`babtkgkc oflorëdbikafctf fc `k f`fiibùc ef su hfdf#

Zkrk vfr iùal duciblckgk fstf sbstfak, tfcok fc iufctk `k ilcdbkczk fc `ks bcstbtuiblcfs prbvkeks

pkrk prlplriblckr prltfiibùc ilctrk `k vbl`fcibk# Fc kusfcibk ef `k pl`biák y `ls trbguck`fs, ¼iùal

bapfeákc `ls bs`kcefsfs quf `ls abfagrls vbl`fctls ef `k slibfeke `fs mkokc ekûl< F` ekûl dásbil k

ltrk pfrslck rfqufrák f` pkol ef ekûls y pfrhubibls, dbhkek ef kiufrel ilc uc prlorkak quf

prlplriblckgk tkctl plr `k pârebek ef uc lhl, tkctl plr `k pârebek ef uc grkzl, y tkctl plr uc

mlabibebl# -Drbfeakc fstbak quf f` prfibl ef aktkr k k`oubfc frk fctrf ;7,6 y 6: kûls ef bcorfsls

pkrk uc mlagrf ilaøc y ilrrbfctf"# Ksá, uck pfrslck quf `f ikuskgk ekûl k ltrk fstkrák lg`bokek

k pkokr k `k váitbak -l k sus mfrfefrls" plr f` ekûl ikuskel# Fstf sbstfak ef pkol bapfeák k `ls

rbils kguskr ef `ls plgrfs, uck qufhk drfiufctf ef `ls irátbils ef` kckril ikpbtk`bsal# Yb uc

bcebvbeul rbil ekûk k uck pfrslck sbc ebcfrl, fsk pfrslck rfibgbrák `ls dlcels sudbibfctfs fc

ilcifptl ef bcefacbzkibùc quf `f pfrabtk ilaprkr `k rftrbguibùc sb `k váitbak `l efsfkgk# Zlr ltrk

pkrtf, `k váitbak pleák vfcefr l ifefr su efakcek k uc rbvk` aës dufrtf quf su ktkikctf y, plr

tkctl ilctrktkr f` ilgrl ef `k au`tk#

@k Akcilaucbeke ef Bs`kcebk ilc f` tbfapl ``foù k su dbc fctrf ;747!;749, iukcel `ls bs`kcefsfs

vltkrlc k dkvlr ef pfebr k` rfy ef Clrufok quf sf mkok ikrol ef` pkás# @ks rkzlcfs ef fstf bapu`sl

sboufc sbfcel lsiurks# Drbfeakc fspfiu`k quf `k bctrlabsbùc ef Clrufok> f` kuafctl `k vbl`fcibk,

quf â` ik`iu`k quf frk aës l afcls fqubvk`fctf k cufstrk tksk kituk` ef alrtk`beke fc `ks

ikrrftfrks> l f` kuafctl ef `k ilcifctrkibùc ef `k rbqufzk y f` plefr mbibfrlc f` sbstfak

vu`cfrkg`f y afcls fstkg`f#

@ls kckrqubstks slibk`bstks, `ls kckrqubstks ef tfcefcibks ilaucbtkrbks, slc irátbils ef kckril

ikpbtk`bsal, yk quf pfrabtf k `ls bcebvbeuls kiuau`kr plefr sustkcibk` k trkvâs ef `ls afrikels y

`k prlpbfeke prbvkek# Clka Imlasny, plr fhfap`l, krouafctù quf kckril ikpbtk`bsal ‐ekrák

`uokr k dlraks ef tbrkcák y lprfsbùc quf tbfcf plils fqubvk`fctfs fc `k mbstlrbk muakck# # # @k befk

ef ”ilctrktl `bgrf‒ fctrf f` pltfctkel y uc suhftl aurbfcel ef mkagrf fs uck grlak ef ak`

oustl, tk` vfz vë`bel fc ibfrtls alafctls fc uc sfabckrbl kikeâabil quf fxp`lrk `ks

ilcsfiufcibks ef `ks -fc ab lpbcbùc, kgsureks" befks, pfrl fc cbcouck ltrk pkrtf‑# 

Zkrk fstls kckrqubstks, `k iufstbùc i`kvf fs `k fxbstfcibk ef uc plefr, cl qubâc `l fhfrif# K`

rfimkzkr iuk`qubfr pkrtbibpkibùc sbocbdbiktbvk ef `ks dufrzks ef` afrikel y `k prlpbfeke prbvkek, sbc

fagkrol, `ls kckrqubstks slibk`bstks efhkc sbc rfsl`vfr f` afikcbsal pkrk `k illrebckibùc ef `k

kitbvbeke filcùabik cfifskrbk pkrk slstfcfr `k fxbstfcibk muakck y ofcfrk`afctf sf rfduobkc

bcvlikcel ef `k cfifsbeke ef `k ilauck#

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Kckrilikpbtk bsal# Fcibilpfebk ef bgfrtkrbsal 9

K`oucls `bgfrtkrbls rfimkzkc f` kckril ikpbtk`bsal y krouafctkc k dkvlr ef uc olgbfrcl `babtkel

pkrk `k sl`uibùc ef ilctrlvfrsbks y `k prfsfrvkibùc ef` lrefc# Yf lplcfc k `k ebdfrfcibk fc `ks

clraks ef `k hustbibk y f` prlifebabfctl quf prlgkg`fafctf liurrbrák iukcel `k `fy efpfcek ef `ks

dufrzks ef` afrikel  ’ `ks `fyfs vkrbkrëc fctrf `ls `uokrfs y `ks pfrslcks, ksá ilal `l mkifc `ks

vkrbfekefs ef ifrfk`fs pkrk f` efskyucl# F` prlg`fak ilc fstf krouafctl, ilal Drbfeakc mk

lgsfrvkel, fs quf ksuaf quf f` olgbfrcl fs ilctrl`kel plr uck akylrák quf ilapkrtf f` oustl

plr `ls absals prbcibpbls ef `k `fy# Yb fsk akylrák fxbstf, `ls afikcbsals ef afrikel tkagbâc

prleuibrákc uc ilchuctl ucbdlraf ef sfrvbibls `fok`fs# Yb fsk akylrák cl fxbstf, sbc fagkrol, f`

kckril ikpbtk`bsal sbrvf ef afhlr akcfrk pkrk prleuibr uck ebvfrsbeke ef sfrvbibls `fok`fs quf

sktbsdkokc `ls ebvfrsls oustls#

Ltrk irátbik `bgfrtkrbk ef` kckril ikpbtk`bsal fs su bcikpkibeke pkrk `babtkr `ls tbpls ef `fy quf

sfrákc prleuibels plr `ks dufrzks ef` afrikel# Yb iksb tlels efsfkc rfstrbiiblcfs k k`oøc

ilaplrtkabfctl fc pkrtbiu`kr, uck slibfeke kckril ikpbtk`bstk plerák baplcfr tk`fs rfstrbiiblcfs,

abfctrks quf uck slibfeke `bgfrtkrbk cl# K`oucls kckril ikpbtk`bstks -plr fhfap`l, Aurrky

Wltmgkre y sus sfoubelrfs" mkc mfiml irátbiks sbab`krfs ef `ls kcë`bsbs ef ltrls kckril ikpbtk`bstks

-plr fhfap`l, Ekvbe Drbfeakc"# Kcerfw Wuttfc utb`bzk `k tflrák ef hufols k` fxp`lrkr ebvfrsls

prlg`faks ilc uck slibfeke kckrqubstk, bci`uyfcel âstf# Ekel f` pltfcibk` ef kgusl ef plefr,

bci`usl fc `k kckrquák, `ls irátbils krouafctkc, quf cl fstë cfifskrbkafctf i`krl quf `k kckrquák

sfk afhlr fc `k prltfiibùc ef `ls efrfimls quf f` Fstkel# Vck irátbik `bgfrtkrbk rf`kiblckek fs quf

uc sbstfak kckrqubstk sf efsilaplcerák ilal f` rfsu`tkel ef uck il`usbùc fctrf `ks faprfsks

prlvffelrks ef `fy y lrefc pkrk quf ilc f` tbfapl surhk k`ol ksá ilal uc Fstkel, pfrl sbc `ls

`áabtfs ilcstbtuiblck`fs slgrf f` plefr fstktk`#

Kcerfw Alrrbs