Anaplocefala perfoliata
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Transcript of Anaplocefala perfoliata
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Ileocecal junction: distal ileum U cecum(H.Ross, 2011)
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http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/digestive_system/colic_in_horses/diseases_associated_with_colic_by_anatomic_location.html
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Small intestine submucosa
Enterocytes Absorption
Globet cellls Mucin-secreting
Paneth cells Immune system
Enteroendocrine cells Hormones
M cells Cover lymphatic nodules
Villi Projections of the mucosa. The core of the villlus is anextension of the lamina propia, which contains fibroblasts,
smooth muscle cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and blood capillaries
Intestinal glands Crypts of lieberkuhn
Lamina propia Surrounds the intestinal glands and contains numerouscells of the immune system and nodules of lymphatictissue that represent a major component of the GALT
GALT Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Muscularis mucosae 2 thin layers of smooth muscle cells, an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer
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Small intestinemucosa
Connectivetissue
Adipose cellsBrunner’s
glands
Alkalinesecretion
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ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Gastrointestinal’s tract nervous system
Third division of the ANS
Lies in the wall of the gut (esophagus – anus)
Innervate the smooth muscle layers
Totally independently of the CNS.
Movement and secretion. C.Guyton, 2011
2 plexuses
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• http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/alimentary-canal/deck/4630881
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• http://desoconnors.com/course/myenteric-plexus-histology&page=6
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• Neural control of thegut wall: myentericand submucosalplexuses
• Extrinsic control ofplexuses: sympatheticand parasympatheticnervous systems
• Sensory fibersluminal epitheliumand gut wall -- entericplexuses --prevertebral gangliaof the spinal cord --the spinal cord andbrain stem. C.Guyton,2011
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Although the enteric nervous system can function independently of these extrinsic nerves, stimulation by
the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems can greatly enhance or inhibit gastrointestinal functions.
C.Guyton, 2011
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Sensory nerve ending: afferent fibers (epithelium)
Local reflexes within the gut wall itself and still other reflexes that are related to the gut
C.Guyton, 2011
Afferent fibers
Vagusnerves
Plexuses
Prevertebralganglia of the
SNS
Spinal cord
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• http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394005012814
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The myenteric the gastrointestinal movements, and the submucosal plexus controls mainly gastrointestinal secretion
and local blood flow. C.Guyton, 2011
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Myenteric Plexus Submucosal Plexus
• Increased "tone," of the gutwall
• Increased intensity of therhythmical contractions
• Increased rate of therhythm of contraction
• Increased velocity ofconduction of excitatorywaves along the gut wal
• rapid movement of the gutperistaltic waves
• Local intestinal secretion• Local absorption• Local contraction of the
submucosal muscle
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Anaplocephala perfoliata
Cestodo de equinos (95%).
Parásitos planos, hermafrodita
s.
Sin sistema digestivo.
Requieren de un huésped
intermediario.
Prepatencias muy cortas y
patencias muy largas.
No tiene rostro ni ganchos, Anillos mas anchos que
largos, Tiene cabeza, ventosas y única con lóbulos
Pueden tener unos 2 cm.
Se ubican en:
Intestino delgado
Válvula ileocecal
Válvula cecocolica
Huevos: circulares,
cutícula gruesa, embrioforo piriforme y
contenido denso.
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Lóbulos
Ventosas
Escólex
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Huésped intermediario:
galumna (acaro de los pastos).
Forma juvenil (cisticercoide; cabeza
invaginada sin vesícula que da origen a un
solo individuo)
Contaminación: el caballo se contamina
al ingerir pastos contaminados
Huésped definitivo: caballo
Síntomas: cólicos, perdida de peso, pelo
hirsuto.
Dx: huevos en materia fecal
Tratamiento: mebendazol, fenbendazol (panacur) por 3
diasconsecutivos, febente
l (rital) por 3 diasconsecutivos
Control: controlar el acaro de pasto
mediante un cultivo del potrero
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Ciclo de vida
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Introducción
Hipótesis
Ganglionitis mienterica y de la submucosa(Burns et al., 1990; Summerset al., 1995)
Posible causas de desordenes de motilidad.
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Objetivos
Investigar los cambiospatologicos asociadoscon A. Perfoliata en launion iliocecal encaballos naturalmenteinfectados y medir laslesiones a nivel demucosa y submucosa.
Investigar los cambios(desordenes de motilidady ganglionitis en losplexos entericos) en elsistema nerviosoenterico, teniendo encuenta la actividadmotora intestinal.
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Materiales y métodos
31 horses, 2–8 years-old, of both sexes (15 male and
16 female horses).
Ileocecal junction
The tapeworms and the histological samples 10%
buffered formalin solution for morphological identification.
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Estudios histopatológicos
El corte de Lasmuestras de la unionileocecal fueronorientadas para nodañar la capamuscular circular de lamuscularis externa.
Fueron cortadastransversalmentea la direccion dela fibra paravisualizar lavalvula ileocecal
(HE) para evaluacionhistologicade rutina
Tinción violeta decresilo: fue usadapara evaluar loscambioscromatoliticos encuerpos deneuronas de losganglions del ENS
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SE EXAMINO
PRESENCIA DE:
Lesiones erosivas/ulcer
ativas
Inflamación
Atrofia de las vellosidades intestinales Cambios
degenarativosen celulas
globet
Cambios de los foliculos
linfoides intestinales
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GRADO LESIÓN DAÑO TOTAL DE MUCOSA Y
SUBMUCOSA
0 AUSENTE 0- 2 PUNTOS
1 MENOR 3-7 PUNTOS
2 MODERADA 8- 12 PUNTOS
3 GRAVE 13- 15 PUNTOS
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Investigación histopatológica del ENS
Gangliosmientericos
NeuronasNeuronas
necroticas/ cromatoliticas
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Criterios para la identificación del plexo mienterico:
Cuerpos de neuronas
rodeados de tejidoconectivo denso
intermuscular
Localizados entre la capa muscular
circular y la capamuscular
longitudinal
HE
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Criterio para identificar neuronas ganglionares normales:
Células largas BasófilasCitoplasmaabundante
Bordesovalados con
violeta de crecilo positivo
alrededor.
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Análisis estadístico
GRUPOS DE A CUERDO AL NUMERO DE CESTODOS REGISTRADOS
GRUPO N 0
GRUPO A 20 a 100
GRUPO B MAS DE 100
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El modelo lineal general (GLM) fue usado para verificar la relación entre el parasito y la histopatología de la mucosa y la submucosa.
Un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) fue utilizado para detectar diferencias estadísticas entre el numero de ganglios mientericos, neuronas, neuronas necróticas/cromatoliticas y el grosor de las capas musculares.
Basado en el grupo correspondiente
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Resultados
Ningun parasito de otra especie o genero fueencontrado.
GRUPO # DE CABALLOS
% DE ANIMALES
LESIONES
N 11 35.4 % Mucosa normal rosada y brillante
A 15 48.3 % Edema,hiperemia ylesioneshemorrágicasen general.
Lesiones menores, erosióndifusa de la válvula ileocecal
B 5 16.1 % Áreas múltiples deulceración cubiertas demembranas amarillentas.
Incremento del diámetro delas papilas del íleonresultando en una estenosisdel orificio de la válvulaileocecal.
En dos casos, se observo unprolapso de la terminacióndel íleon
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Grupo N (11)
Mucosa no dañada
No se encontraron atrofiadas las
vellosidades intestinales
No degeneración de las células globet
Folículos linfoides normales
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Grupo A (15)
Moderate mixed inflammation of the lamina propra and submucosa
Mild to severe fusion and occasionally shortening of villi
Increase of degenerated goblet cells Hyperplastic lymph follicles
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Grupo B (5)Diffuse erosion and focal ulcerations of mucosa
Structural disorganization
Extensive infiltration of eosinophils in the lamina propria, submucosa and deep layers along with
lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages.
Eosinophilic granulomas.
Shortening and fusion of intestinal villi
Depletion of goblet cells: vacuolized, with picnotic nuclei, and detached from the underlying basement membrane
Marked follicular hyperplasia of lymph follicles
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Statistical analysis
Confirmed the significant correlation
between parasite burden and
histopathologicalgrading of
lesions.
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Muscle layers
evaluation
Increased thickness of the circular muscle
layer (m) (hypertrophy) in
group A and group B horses compared to
those in group N .
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Myenteric ganglia appeared as far apart expansive ganglia, irregular in shape,
Oedema with a separation of the myenteric plexus from the surrounding connective tissue was seen in groups A and B.
In three horses in group B, periganglionitis and ganglionitis were also observed
Significant decrease in the number of myenteric ganglia in groups A and B compared to group N
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Group A and group B loss of neuronalcells
Pyknosis Karyiorrhexis Karyiolysis
Swelling to vacuolization of the cytoplasmsometimes hypereosinophilic and with angularborders
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En el grupo A y en el grupo B la coloración violeta de crecilo mostro que las células de los ganglios mientericos estaban marginadas y había perdida de la sustancia Nissl, lo que sugiere cromatolisis
sobre un citoplasma vacuolizado
Neuronas necróticas hipereosinofilicas (HE)
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(A)Healthy, irregularlyshapedmyentericgangliacharacterized by wellrepresentedneurons.Horse fromgroup N (H–E stain).
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(B) The myenteric ganglia characterized bygliosis and a significant decrease of neuronssome with a necrotic appearance (arrow-heads). Horse from group A (H–E stain).
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(C) Lymphoplasmacytic ganglionitisassociated with necrotic neurons (arrow-heads). Horse of group B (H–E stain).
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(D) Normal expansive ganglia characterized by neuronswith abundant granular Nissl substance surroundingthe large nucleus with a dark round nucleolus. Horsefrom group N (cresyl violet).
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(E) Myenteric ganglia characterized by severechromatolysis of neuronss (arrow). Horsefrom group A (cresyl violet).
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(F) Severe damage of myenteric gangliasurrounded by inflammation. The neuronsshowed dark shrunken angular cytoplasm. Horsefrom group B (cresyl violet).
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Discusión
La calificación histológica demostró que si hay una relación entre la parasitosis y las lesiones.
Una hipertrofia significativa de la capa muscular interna de la unión ileocecal de los caballos infectados de los grupos A y B fue descubierta en el estudio. Esto se relaciona con el engrosamiento de las paredes del íleon.
Una obstrucción parcial del íleon (estenosis ileocecal por inflamación, neoplasias o parásitos) frecuentemente resulta en una hipertrofia considerable de la musculatura lisa del íleon. (Knottenbelt and Pascoe, 2003).
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La asociación entre el cólico espasmódico y el cólico por impactación del íleon con A.perfoliata ha llevado a especulaciones entre este parasito con desordenes de motilidad (Proudman et al., 1998).
De acuerdo a Lee and Tatchell (1964), los desordenes en la motilidad podrían ser el resultado de la interferencia de la transmisión de los nervios parasimpáticos debido a la gran cantidad de acetil-colinesterasa liberada por estos parásitos.
A.Perfoliata puede resultar en lesiones obstructivas con disfunciones secundarias del flujo sanguíneo intestinal (Fogarty et al., 1994; Williamsonet al., 1997), (Lyons et al., 1983).
De acuerdo a Rodrìguez-Bertos et al. (1999), la degeneración hialina de los vasos y las lesiones eosinofilicas granulo matosas observadas en la infección por A.perfoliata pueden producir hipoxia/anoxia local con atonía resultando en cambios de la motilidad.
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Parece que la ganglionitis que afecta los plexos (mienterico y submucosa) puede resultar en injurias del sistema nervioso autónomo, afectando así la motilidad. (Burns et al., 1990; Summers et al., 1995).
Aunque el daño del ENS aparentemente no produce ningún síndrome de cólico, dado el papel de los plexos sobre el control de la actividad motora intestinal, los hallazgos soportan el papel de A. perfoliata como un factor de riesgo para el cólico equino.
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Bibliografía
• Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2011). Guyton and HallTextbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia:SAUNDERS ELSEVIER.
• Pavonea, S., Veronesia, F., Genchib, C., Fioretti, D. P.,Brianti, E., & Mandaraa, M. T. (2011). Pathologicalchanges caused by Anoplocephala perfoliata in themucosa/submucosa and in the enteric nervous systemof equine ileocecal junction. ELSEVIER , 43- 52.
• Ross, M. H., & Pawlina, W. (2011). Histology: A Text andAtlas. Philadelphia : THE POINT.
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