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A preliminary assessment of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties
in three common traditional medicinal plants of Madurai
by
ANANDARAJ P (06BOT01)ANANTHVINOTHAN I (06BOT02)
ARUN PANDI N (06BOT04)
Under the guidance of
Dr. G. C. ABRAHAM
INTRODUCTION
Resurgence of interest on herbal
medicine and traditional practices.
FRLHT, MSSRF – agency involved in
protecting the indigenous knowledge and
information.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
To collect information on common plants
that are used by the community as medicine.
To study the specific uses of the selected
plants.
To conduct phytochemical tests and an
antimicrobial assay on the selected plants.
METHODOLOGY
1. Field survey and collection of data. (a) Interviewing the practitioners and public with
prepared questionnaire (b) Documentation of information in the form of
tables
2. Phytochemical investigation of shoot extracts. (c) Solvent extraction
3. Antimicrobial assay
QUESTIONNAIRE (model)
A mini-survey on the therapeutic uses of certain common medicinal herbs at Madurai and its suburbs
S.no Plant Species
Family Common name Medicinal practice
Region Mode of use Purpose
1 Aerva lenata Amaranthaceae Koorai poo Kulasekaran kottai Wet pasteTo remove poison
2 Aristalochia bracteata Aristalochiaceae Aaduthinaa kulai Nagamalai Wet paste Itching
3 Anisochilus ovata Lamiaceae Sethukku raja Poikaraipatti Wet paste Ringworm
4 Blepharis mulluginifolia AcanthaceaeKayamarunthu
chediApan thriupathi Wet paste
Bruises and cut wounds
5 Cadaba fruticosa Capparaceae Vivili Azhagar kiol Wet paste and oilLigament disposition & coolant
6 Cardiospermum halicacabum Sapindaceae Mudakkathan Kogimangalam Leaf juice Gastric problems
7 Centella asiatica Apiaceae Vallarai Poikaraipatti Wet pateImporves memeory and nervine
8 Cocculus hirsutus Menispermaceae Kattukodi Nagamalai Leaf juiceCoolant & Fabrifuge
9 Delonix elata Caesalpinniceae Vavari kaachi Kammachipuram Leaf paste Rheumatic pain
10 Dodonea viscosa Sapindaceae Virali KamatchipuramPaste with gingili
oilRheumatism and swelling of bones
11 Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Amman pacharisi Vaadipatti Wet pasteAntiasthmatic and diarrhoea
12 Vitex negundo Verbenaceae Notchi NagamalaiInhalement of
VaporHead ache
Binomial – Cardiospermum halicacabum LinnCommon – Ballon vine, winter cherry.
Family – Sapindaceae
Tamil - Mudakkathan
Binomial – Coccinia indica W&A
Common – Ivy-gourd
Family – Cucurbitaceae
Tamil – Kovai kodi
Binomial – Vitex negundo LinnCommon – Cat leaf chaste tree
Family – Verbenaceae
Tamil - Notchi
PLANT EXTRACTION PROCEDURE
Extracted with distilled water
Aqueous extract
Extracted with alcohol
Greenish black residue
Alcoholic extract
Dark green residue
Dry coarse shoot material extracted by Soxhlet method and in iodine flask
Sl. no
Phytochemical tests General Results
1
Test For CARBOHYDRATES
a. Molisch’s test Brown ring formation
b. Fehling’s test Brick red color formation
c. Benedict’s test Yellow precipitate formation
Test for starch Blue color formation
2
Test For GUMS And MUCILAGE Alcoholic precipitation and Molisch’s test
Swelling in dried filtrate
3
Test For PROTEINS And AMINO ACIDS
a. Ninhydrin test Purple color formation
b. Biuret test Violet color formation
c. Tannic acid test White precipitate formation
4
Test For FIXED OILS And FATS
a. Spot test Stains of oils in paper
b. Saponification test Soap formation
5
Test For ALKALOIDS
a. Dragendorff’s testOrange brown precipitate formation
b. Wagner’s testReddish brown precipitate formation
6
Test For GLYCOSIDES
a. Legal’s test pink color formation
b. Borntrager’s test Pink color formation
c. Cyanogenetic glycoside test Brick color formation
7
Test Of PHYTOSTEROLS
a. Liebermann’s test Blue color formation
b. Liebermann-Burchard’s test Green color formation
8
Test For FLAVANOIDS
a. Ferric chloride testBlackish red color formation
b. Shinoda’s testMagenta color formation
c. Flavones Orange color formation
9
Test For TANNINS
a. 5% ferric chloride solution test
Bluish black color formation
b. Reaction with lead acetate
White precipitate formation
c. GelatinWhite precipitate formation
d. Potassium ferric cyanide test Red color formation
10Test For SAPONINS
Frothing test Formation of foam
PHYTOCHEMICAL TESTS
Sl.no
Test for plant constituents
Plant species
Vitex Coccinia Cardiospermum
PE OH Aq PE OH Aq PE OH Aq
1 Carbohydrates - - - - - - - - -
2 Gums & Mucilage - - - - - - - - -
3Proteins & Amino Acids
- - - - - - - - -
4 Sterol - + + - - - + + +
5 Alkaloids - - - - + + - + +
6 Glycosides - + + - - - - - -
7 Flavanoids + + + - - - - - -
8Tannins and Phenolics + + + - _ - - + +
9 Saponins - - - - - - - + -
PE -Petroleum Ether, OH –Methanol and Aq stands for Aqueous extracts.
Phytochemical screening of selected plant species (End results)
ANTIMICROBIAL ASSAY
Selection of microbial culture.
Preparation of Muller-Hinton agar plates.
Spreading the microbial culture.
Wells creation over the medium.
Loading the wells with extracts.
Analyzing the zone of inhibition after incubation.
Targeted microbe
Plant species
Vitex Coccinia Cardiospermum
Escherichia coli (with aqueous extract )
- - -
Staphylococcus aureus (with aqueous extract )
+ + -
E.coli (with Methanol extract )
- + -
S. aureus (with Methanol extract )
+ ++ +
E.coli (with pet ether extract)- - -
S. aureus (with pet ether extract)
++ ++++ ++
RESPONSES: - indicate absence of any effect. +, ++ & +++ indicate the extent of the zone of inhibition in increasing order.
Test for the antimicrobial activity of three selected species of medicinal
plants
Control (E.coli)Control
(Staphyllococcus aureus)
Coccinia indica W&A pet ether extract showing resistance against S.aureus growth.
Methanol extract of Coccinia showing inhibition activity over E.coli..
ANTIMICROBIAL ASSAY WITH SELECTED STRAINS
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Many common plants have medicinal property.
Of these, the three selected plants have some
special constituents.
Among the selected strains, S.aureus (G+) is
controlled more than E.coli (G-).
Of the three plants, Coccinia is more effective
than the other two.
Among the extracts, organic is more effective
than aqueous and in that methanol is better than
per ether extract.
THANK YOU