ANALYTICAL X-RAY SAFETYANALYTICAL X-RAY SAFETY User Training User Training

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HistoryHistorySources/uses of X-raysSources/uses of X-raysLegislationLegislationBiological & Health EffectsBiological & Health EffectsX-ray safety in the labX-ray safety in the lab– ExposureExposure– SOPSSOPS– SecuritySecurity– EmergenciesEmergencies– SummarySummary

ReferencesReferencesQuizQuiz

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TRAINING OUTLINE TRAINING OUTLINE

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How are X-rays producedHow are X-rays produced

Atomic properties and interaction with matterAtomic properties and interaction with matter

Description of a X-ray machineDescription of a X-ray machine

Types of Laboratory X-rays machinesTypes of Laboratory X-rays machines

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Source and Uses - Outline Source and Uses - Outline

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X-rays are part of electromagnetic spectrum (energy X-rays are part of electromagnetic spectrum (energy range of 10eV – 120KeV)range of 10eV – 120KeV)

type of ionizing radiation (made of photons) type of ionizing radiation (made of photons) originating originating from the electron shellfrom the electron shell

produced by machinesproduced by machines

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Source and UsesSource and UsesWhat Are X-rays?What Are X-rays?

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Electron(-) X-Ray

Target NucleusTungsten

Example of electromagnetic radiation which comes Example of electromagnetic radiation which comes from from electronselectrons which are deflected from their original paths or which are deflected from their original paths or inner orbital electrons change their orbital levels around inner orbital electrons change their orbital levels around nucleusnucleus

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Source and UsesSource and UsesX-ray Production - BremsstrahlungX-ray Production - Bremsstrahlung

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Produced whenever a high voltage, a vacuum and Produced whenever a high voltage, a vacuum and a source of electrons presenta source of electrons present

Most x-ray devices emit electrons from a cathode, Most x-ray devices emit electrons from a cathode, accelerate them with a voltage and hit the anode accelerate them with a voltage and hit the anode (target)(target)

Emits x-raysEmits x-rays

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Source and UsesSource and UsesHow Are X-rays Produced?How Are X-rays Produced?

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Cathode(-)

Anode (+)

X-Rays

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Source and UsesSource and UsesX-ray MachineX-ray Machine

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Consists of a x-ray tube, an electrical source of high Consists of a x-ray tube, an electrical source of high voltage, tube filament current, and radiation shielding to voltage, tube filament current, and radiation shielding to shape the beamshape the beam

Principle Types of Principle Types of Diagnostic X-raysDiagnostic X-rays: : Radiographic, Fluoroscopic, and Photo-Radiographic, Fluoroscopic, and Photo-FluorographicFluorographic

Industrial X-raysIndustrial X-rays - Nondestructive - Nondestructive examination of metal parts examination of metal parts

Therapeutic X-raysTherapeutic X-rays - Superficial x-ray for - Superficial x-ray for skin cancer, orthovoltage x-ray generators skin cancer, orthovoltage x-ray generators for deeper lying tumorsfor deeper lying tumors

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Source and Uses Source and Uses

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X-ray machineX-ray machineelectrically powered device with a PRIMARY electrically powered device with a PRIMARY purpose of producing X-rayspurpose of producing X-rays

analyzes structures or materialsanalyzes structures or materials

X-ray sourceX-ray sourceany part of a device that emits x-rays, whether or not the any part of a device that emits x-rays, whether or not the device is an x-ray machine e.g. electron microscopedevice is an x-ray machine e.g. electron microscope

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Source and UsesSource and Uses

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X-ray Diffraction (XRD)X-ray Diffraction (XRD)commonly used in chemical analysiscommonly used in chemical analysis

studies arrangements of atoms in solids studies arrangements of atoms in solids by studying scattered x-ray beam from by studying scattered x-ray beam from atomic arrangementatomic arrangement

X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)observes fluorescent emissions of x-ray observes fluorescent emissions of x-ray and UV as atoms hit by x-raysand UV as atoms hit by x-rays

structure of material examines atomic structure of material examines atomic

absorptionabsorption

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Source and UsesSource and Uses

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