Analytic

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Analytic philosophers

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)

Gilbert Ryle (1900-76)

Gottlob Frege (1848-1925)

Richard Rorty (1931-)

Gottlob Frege (1848-1925)

• wanted to put a rigorous logic at the heart of philosophy.

• He was influential in the philosophy of mathematics, logic and language.

• He thought that the basis for mathematics could be securely derived from logic and that a rigorous analysis of the underlying logic of sentences would enable us to judge their truth-value.

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)

• combined Frege's logical insights with the influence of David Hume's empiricism

• Russell thought that the world was composed of 'atomic facts'. Sentences, if they were to be meaningful, had to correspond to these atomic facts

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)

• studied under Russell, his early ideas influenced the Vienna Circle and help form the logical positivism of the 1920's and 30's.

• In his earlier work Wittgenstein saw language as picturing the world, in his later philosophy he understands language by using the metaphor of a game.

Gilbert Ryle (1900-76)

• 'Linguistic philosophy', in the mid 20th century

• Linguistic philosophers such as Gilbert Ryle (1900-76) thought many of the traditional problems of philosophy could be dissolved by the careful study of language as it is used.

Richard Rorty (1931-)

• By the 1970's there was a growing dissatisfaction with linguistic philosophy, and philosophers began to show more interest in the philosophy of mind and the application of philosophical methods to wider issues in politics, ethics and the nature of philosophy itself

• has used the methods of analytic philosophy to deconstruct its assumptions. Rorty is influenced as much by Heidegger as he is by Wittgenstein, and his approach echoes the ideas of the post-structuralists. It may be that the future will see the concerns of 'analytic' and 'continental' philosophies converge.

Analytic• 20th century ,a style of doing

philosophy• Is concerned with analysis –

analysis of thought, language, logic, knowledge, mind, etc;

• Is most evident in methodology, that is, in a focus on analysis or on synthesis.

• try to solve fairly delineated philosophical problems by reducing them to their parts and to the relations in which these parts stand.

Continental• Demarcates a group of (primarily)

French and German philosophers of the 19th and 20th centuries

• is concerned with synthesis – synthesis of modernity with history, individuals with society, and speculation with application

• its concerns (more interested in actual political and cultural issues and, loosely speaking, the human situation and its "meaning"), more self-conscious about the relation of philosophy to its historical situation

Bertrand Arthur William Russell [3rd Earl]

(18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970)“The good life is one inspired by love and

guided by knowledge.”(What I Believe, 1925)

• He was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician and historian.

• He was a prominent atheist, pacifist and anti-war activist, and championed free trade between nations and anti-imperialism.

• Russell was born on 18 May 1872 at the Russell family seat at "Ravenscroft" in the village of Trellech in Monmouthshire, southeast Wales, into an aristocratic family

• John Stuart Mill the great Utilitarian philosopher, was Russell's godfather and, although Mill died the year after his birth, Russell was influenced by his work

• Russell died of influenza on 2 February 1970, aged 97, after suddenly falling ill while reading at his home in Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, and Wales

As a PHILOSOPHER:

• most famous amongst philosophers for his work on mathematical logic

• Begins with the treatment propositions called analysis

• They continued together with Wittgenstein a fascinating approach to be philosophical language, followed by the school of logical positivism with its concern with the problem of meaning as empirical verifiability

• As a young man however he abandoned the basic beliefs of religion namely freewill, immortality and God

• He rejected Hegelianism and every kind of idealism

• philosophy should be scientific and perhaps even more rigorous than the sciences themselves,

ANALYSIS OF EMPIRICAL DATA--- analysis of things as they are given in

experience

• FACTS---sense data are realities, they are trans-subjective things of the outside world are not given to us directly they are given to us through their properties and their relations to each other

• we therefore can not infer the existence of either not known empirically to exist and mind constructs logical relations with in the sense field in which facts are given

Empiricist

To be cognitive meaningful, a principle must be testable by empirical sensible

LANGUAGE• the most fruitful source of logical construction• it is by the analysis of language that we are

brought to a knowledge of the reality beyond it• there is some kind of connection between the

way the mind works and the way reality is or between " the laws of syntax and the laws of physics“

1. laws of syntax- language 2. laws of physics- science

His Philosophy Focus on:

• Involves a criticism of scientific knowledge not from a point of view less concerned with details and more concerned with the harmony of the whole body of special sciences.

• . The laws and language of the sciences must themselves be subjected to logical analysis in order to clarify their meaning which becomes one of the major tasks of philosophy

• Looking for harmony trying to find out what is "ultimate" in the universe, is a clear indication that he is not eschewing metaphysics altogether Philosophy

• he's holding one goal: philosophy is to give an account of "daily life" - borne out in practical way by his ardent and personal commitment to social causes for most of his life

The Supreme Moral Rule"Act so as to produce harmonious rather than discordant desires”

a. Morality derives meaning in a social context, the common good/ happiness is the fundamental consideration

b. Person's action should be inspired by love and guided by knowledge -- a desire for harmony in the whole of society

Where life is finally all about is worth giving in full three passions, simple but overwhelming strong governed life:

1. Longing for love2. The search for knowledge3. Unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind

Ludwig Wittgenstein1889-1951

“The world is everything that happens”

• was the youngest of eight children, born to one of the wealthiest families in Vienna

• The family was of Jewish descent but had been Christianized for three generations and had no involvement in Jewish culture or community

• Wittgenstein went to Manchester to study engineering and aeronautics, where he designed and patented a new airplane propeller.

• this time he became interested in mathematics after discovering the works of Bertrand Russell and Gottlob Frege, two of the founders of what would later be known as the Analytic school of philosophy.

Philosophy: As a PHILOSOPHER:

• Which is a search for meanings, truth, knowledge, etc., can only be understood as a social undertaking proceeding accorded to grammatical forms.

• Linguistic Analysis-- All philosophical problems are not real problems but only part of a language game — instead of epistemology or metaphysics

• philosophy is an activity which can be therapeutic and lead to understanding, but can only describe things as they are in the world, and not vice versa

• Things are connected by relationships. These relationships are the backbone of the world logic that defines the junction between language and the world.

• Philosophy fight against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of our language

• Philosophy is not a doctrine but an activity and as such it can produce, ‘no ethical propositions’

• The object of philosophy is the logical clarification of thoughts, so that the result of philosophy is not a number of philosophical propositions, but to make propositions clear.

Logical Positivism

• Was a school of thought that appeared in Vienna in the 1920’s

• It was centered on the discussions of a group of philosophers known as the Vienna Circle.

• They discussed logic, mathematics, language and had a great distaste of metaphysics.

• They claimed that true knowledge was gained through sense experience and reason alone.

• Influenced by advances in modern science, logical positivists sought to apply the scientific paradigm to philosophy and show metaphysics to be meaningless.

Verifiability principle:

•A factual statement is meaningful if and only if it is empirically verifiable•A claim is true or false if it can be verified by empirical experience.•Empirical Data – to analyze is language

Wittgenstein and Language

• each language has its limits

• The Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921) asserts

SIX central thesis:

1. The world is everything that happens2. What happens, the fact, is the existence of states of affairs3. The logical picture of facts is the thought4. Thought is the meaningful proposition5. The proposition is a truth function of elementary sentences6. The general form of the function of truth is [p, x, N (x)] This is the

general form of the proposal

Language Game:

• Clarification of language what can be said by all can be said clearly

Language--- Expression of thought

Proposition – is a vehicle of expressionA statement of fact, totality of propositions of factHow? A proposition is a picture of realityPicture: simply a representation

‘’ What we can not speak of we must pass over in silence—mystical

Tractatus

• clarification of language

• Language is like a tool box language is different usage uses purposes

• Game- because it has many usage

Thank You and Have a blessed day ahead :P