Analysis of the urban structure in England and Wales 1971-2001 Basak Demires Ozkul
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Transcript of Analysis of the urban structure in England and Wales 1971-2001 Basak Demires Ozkul
Analysis of the urban structure in England and Wales 1971-2001
Basak Demires Ozkul
Outline
Research question Hypothesis Definition of city structure
Functional urban regionsTravel to work areas
Exploration of Travel-to-work Areas Conclusion
Research Question
Where do people live and work in post-industrial England and how does this affect the
structure of cities?
Hypothesis
The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on commuting patterns.
Hypothesis
The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on commuting patterns.Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial
segregation of land use of jobs and housing.
Hypothesis
The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on commuting patterns.Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial
segregation of land use of jobs and housing.Jobs and housing are segregated by occupational
class.
Hypothesis
The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on commuting patterns.Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial
segregation of land use of jobs and housing.Jobs and housing are segregated by occupational
class. Occupational classes are dependent on labour demand
in the economy.
Hypothesis
The main hypothesis is that city structure is dependent on commuting patterns. Commuting patterns are a result of the spatial segregation of land
use of jobs and housing. Jobs and housing are segregated by occupational class. Occupational classes are dependent on labour demand in the
economy.
Thus changes in labour demand in industrial and post-industrial England is reflected in the city structure.
Definition of City Structure
Hall (Hall 1973) divided urbanisation into two main components: 1. The physical components were land use coverage and
intensity. 2. The functional components were within place and
between place activities.
DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS
Definition of City Structure
Hall (Hall 1973) divided urbanisation into two main components: 1. The physical components were land use coverage and
intensity. 2. The functional components were within place and
between place activities.
DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS
Key Issues in Time-Series
DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS
DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !
Exploration of TTWAs
“TTWAs are designated by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) as a statistical geography that represents a set of sub-regional labour market areas which is identifiable as patterns of commuting”
DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS
Source: Coombes (2007)
Deconstructing TTWAs
Distinct Areas Self-contained Representing all trips
DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS
TTWAs – Distinct areas (2001)
DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS
TTWAs – Self Containment
DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !
2001 Size and self-containment values:
{a} flow X to Y as a % of all flows from X (including flows from X to itself)
{b} flow X to Y as a % of all flows to Y (including flows from Y to itself)
{c} flow Y to X as a % of all flows from Y (including flows from Y to itself)
{d} flow Y to X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself)
The final Tij2 index is computed in the following way.
[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]
Source: Coombes (2007)
x
a
bz
y
Supply side self containment of x
TTWAs – Self Containment
DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !
2001 Size and self-containment values:
{a} flow X to Y as a % of all flows from X (including flows from X to itself)
{b} flow X to Y as a % of all flows to Y (including flows from Y to itself)
{c} flow Y to X as a % of all flows from Y (including flows from Y to itself)
{d} flow Y to X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself)
The final Tij2 index is computed in the following way.
[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]
Source: Coombes (2007)
x
a
bz
y
Demand side self containment of y
TTWAs – Self Containment
DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !
2001 Size and self-containment values:
{a} flow X to Y as a % of all flows from X (including flows from X to itself)
{b} flow X to Y as a % of all flows to Y (including flows from Y to itself)
{c} flow Y to X as a % of all flows from Y (including flows from Y to itself)
{d} flow Y to X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself)
The final Tij2 index is computed in the following way.
[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]
Source: Coombes (2007)
x
a
bz
y
Supply side self containment of y
TTWAs – Self Containment
DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !
2001 Size and self-containment values:
{a} flow X to Y as a % of all flows from X (including flows from X to itself)
{b} flow X to Y as a % of all flows to Y (including flows from Y to itself)
{c} flow Y to X as a % of all flows from Y (including flows from Y to itself)
{d} flow Y to X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself)
The final Tij2 index is computed in the following way.
[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ]
Source: Coombes (2007)
x
a
bz
y
Demand side self containment of x
TTWAs – Self Containment
DATA ! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !
1970 1981 1991 2001
TTWA resident and workplace self-containment levels to at least meet the 75% minimum level
TTWA resident and workplace self-containment levels, and economically active population size, must at least meet minimum levels; (but all TTWAs must be at least 70% self-contained)
TTWA resident and workplace self-containment levels, and economically active population size, must at least meet minimum levels; (but all TTWAs must be at least 69.5% self-contained)
TTWA resident and workplace self-containment levels, and economically active population size, must at least meet minimum levels; (but all TTWAs must be at least 66.67% self-contained)
TTWAs – Trip Identity
Travel to Work Patterns
[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ] sum of all flows to X from areas outside
of X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself)
DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS
x
a
bz
y
TTWAs – Trip Identity
Travel to Work Patterns
[ {a} * {b} ] + [ {c} * {d} ] sum of all flows to X from areas outside
of X as a % of all flows to X (including flows from X to itself)
1971 and 2001 Reading and Blackburn
DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS
Reading and Blacburn
Blackburn By the first half of the 18th century,
textile manufacture had become Blackburn's main industry. From the mid-18th to the early 20th century, Blackburn evolved from a small market town to become "the weaving capital of the world", with its population increasing from less than 5,000 to over 130,000.
Blackburn's textile sector fell into a terminal decline from the mid-20th century.
Major employers in Blackburn include: BAE Systems (British defence and aerospace company ); Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council; and the East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust.
DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS
Reading In the 19th century became known as the
town of 3 Bs, bulbs, biscuits and breweries.
Suttons Seeds (bulbls) closed in 1976. Huntley and Palmers (biscuits) closed in 1977. Simmonds (brewery) moved to a new site on the edge of Reading in the 1970's.
The town hosts the headquarters of major British companies and the UK offices of major foreign multinationals, predominantly in the technology industry, including Symantec, Verizon Business, Microsoft, Oracle, Sage, Xansa (now Steria), Cisco, Symbol Technologies, Websense, SGI.
Several of these are at the Thames Valley Business Park .
Employment 1971 - 2001
Blackburn
1971: ca. 54,6002001: ca. 45,000
DATA GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS
Reading
1971: ca. 73,2502001: ca. 89,000
1971 – Geography
DATA GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS
Reading BlackburnNote: Images not to scale
1971 – Industry
DATA ! GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS !
I. Agriculture, forestry, fishing
VIII. Instrument engineering
XV. Clothing and footwear
XXII. Transport and communication
II. Mining and quarrying
IX. Electrical engineering
XVI. Bricks, pottery, glass, cement, etc.
XXIII. Distributive trades
III. Food, drink and tobacco
X. Shipbuilding and marine engineering
XVII. Timber, furniture, etc.
XXIV. Insurance, banking, finance and business services
IV. Coal and petroleum products
XI. Vehicles XVIII. Paper, printing and publishing
XXV. Professional and scientific services
V. Chemical and allied industries
XII. Metal goods not elsewhere specified
XIX. Other manufacturing industries
XXVI. Miscellaneous services
VI. Metal manufacture XIII. Textiles XX. Construction XXVII. Public administration and defence
VII. Mechanical engineering
XIV. Leather, leather goods and fur
XXI. Gas, electricity and water
Industry inadequately described
1971 – Industry Share (10% Sample)
DATA! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !
Reading Blackburn
XXI Gas, 2.1%
XX Construction, 7.5%
XXII Transport , 9.5%
XXIII Distributive, 15.5%
XXIV Insurance, 7.5%
XXV Professional, 14.9%
XXVI Miscalleneous , 11.0%
XXVII Public , 7.0%
NC, 0.8%
III-XIX Manufacturing, 23.8%
II Mining , 0.1%
I Agriculture, 0.2%
III-XIX Manufacturing, 49.6%
XXI Gas, 2.8%
XX Construction, 5.2%
XXII Transport , 5.4%
XXIII Distributive, 12.7%
XXIV Insurance, 2.3%
XXV Professional, 10.8%
XXVI Miscalleneous , 7.0%
XXVII Public , 3.7%
NC, 0.3%
II Mining , 0.0%
I Agriculture, 0.3%
1971 – Socioeconomic Group
SEG 1. Employers & managers in central and local gov., industry, commerce etc. – large est. (II, III(N-M))
SEG 7. Personal service workers. (II, III (N-M), IV)
SEG 13. Farmers – employers and managers (II)
SEG 2. Employers a& managers in industry, commerce, etc. – small est. (II, III(N-M), IV, V)
SEG 8. Foremen and supervisors – manual (III (M))
SEG 14. Farmers – own account (II)
SEG 3. Professional workers – self-employed (I)
SEG 9. Skilled manual workers (III (M))
SEG 15. Agricultural workers (III(M), IV)
SEG. 4. Professional workers – employees (I)
SEG 10. Semi-skilled manual workers (IV)
SEG 16. Members of the armed forces
SEG 5. Intermediate non-manual workers (II, III(N))
SEG 11. Unskilled manual workers (V)
SEG 17. Inadequately described occupations
SEG 6. Junior non-manual workers (III(N), IV)
SEG 12. Own account workers (other than professionals) (II, III (M-N), IV, V)
DATA ! GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS !
I. Professional etc. occupations
II. Intermediate occupations
III (N). Skilled occupations – Non manual
III (M). Skilled occupations – Manual
IV. Partly skilled occupations
V. Unskilled occupations
1971 – Social class % (10% Sample)
I., 5%
II., 19%
III (N). , 29%III (M)., 23%
IV. , 16%
V , 7%
NC, 1%
I. Professional etc. occupations
II. Intermediate occupations
III (N). Skilled occupations – Non manual
III (M). Skilled occupations – Manual
IV. Partly skilled occupations
V. Unskilled occupations
I., 3%
II., 16%
III (N). , 18%
III (M)., 33%
IV. , 22%
V , 8%
NC, 1%
DATA! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !
Reading Blackburn
1971 – % of people commuting from
outside by social class (10% Sample)
I. Professional etc. occupations
II. Intermediate occupations
III (N). Skilled occupations – Non manual
III (M). Skilled occupations – Manual
IV. Partly skilled occupations
V. Unskilled occupations
DATA! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !
Reading (%36) Blackburn (%29)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%I.
II.
III (N).
III (M).IV.
V
NC
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%I.
II.
III (N).
III (M).IV.
V
NC
2001 – Geography
DATA GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS
Reading BlackburnNote: Images not to scale
2001 – Industry (1997 SIC)
DATA ! GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS !
A. Agriculture, hunting and forestry (010-015, 02)
G. Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles etc. (500-505. 51-52)
M. Education (800-801. 0021-8022, 8031-8032. 8041-8042)
B. Fishing (05) H. Hotels and restaurants (550-555)
N. Health and social work (850, 8511-8514, 852-853)
C. Mining and quarrying (10-14) I. Transport, storage and communication (600-603, 61-62, 630-634, 640-642)
O. Other community, social and personal services (90-91, 920-927, 93)
D. Manufacturing (150-159, 16-18, 190-192, 21, 210-212, 220-223, 23, 240-247, 250-252, 260-268, 27-28, 290-297, 30-32, 330-335, 340-342, 350-355, 360-366, 37)
J. Financial intermediation (65-67)
P. Private households with employed persons (95)
E. Electricity, gas and water supply (400-403, 41)
K. Real estate, renting and business activities (70-73, 740, 7411-7415, 742-748)
Q. Extra-territorial organisation and bodies (99)
F. Construction (45) L. Public administration and defence (750, 7511-7514, 7521-7525, 753)
Not Applicable
2001 – Industry Share
DATA! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !
Reading Blackburn
C. Mining & Manufacturing, 28.8%
F. Construction, 4.8%
G. Wholesale, 16.3%
H. Hotels, 3.3%
I. Transport, 5.3%
J. Financial, 1.8%
K. Real Estate, 8.0%
L. Public, 4.4%
M. Education, 9.2%
O,P,Q. Health, 13.2%
Other, 4.3%
A-B. Agriculture, 0.5% A-B. Agriculture,
0.4%C. Mining &
Manufacturing, 10.2%
F. Construction, 5.9%
G. Wholesale, 14.9%
H. Hotels, 2.9%
I. Transport, 10.5%
J. Financial, 9.3%
K. Real Estate, 19.5%
L. Public, 6.2%
M. Education, 6.2%
O,P,Q. Health, 9.6%
Other, 4.5%
2001 – Socioeconomic Group
I. Professional etc. occupations
II. Intermediate occupations
III (N). Skilled occupations – Non manual
III (M). Skilled occupations – Manual
IV. Partly skilled occupations
V. Unskilled occupations
NS-SEC 1.1 Employers in large organisations (L1, L2) (II)
NS-SEC 3. Intermediate occupations (L7.1-L7.4) (III(N-M))
NS-SEC 6. Semi-routine occupations (L12.1-L12.7) (III(N), IV)
NS-SEC 1.2 Higher professional occupations (L3.1-L3.4) (I, II)
NS-SEC 4. Employers in small organisation (L8.1, L8.2) (II)
NS-SEC 7. Routine occupations (L13.1-L13.5) (IV, V)
NS–SEC 2. Lower professional and higher technical occupations (L4.1-L4.4, L5, L6) (II, III(N))
NS-SEC 5. Lower supervisory occupations (L10, L11.1, L11.2) (III(M), ,IV)
NS-SEC 8. Never worked and long-term unemployed (L14.1, L14.2)
DATA ! GEOGRAPHY DEFINITIONS !
2001 – Social class %
1.1, 7%
1.2, 11%
2, 31%
3, 16%
4, 7%
5, 8%
6, 12%
7, 7%
1.1 Employers in large organisations (II)
1.2 Higher professional occupations (I, II)
2. Lower professional & higher technical occupations (II, III(N))
3. Intermediate occupations (III(N-M))
4. Employers in small organisation (II)
5. Lower supervisory occupations (III(M), ,IV)
6. Semi-routine occupations (III(N), IV)
7. Routine occupations (IV, V)
DATA! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !
Reading Blackburn
1.1, 4%1.2, 5%
2, 27%
3, 13%4, 7%
5, 11%
6, 18%
7, 15%
2001- % of people commuting from
outside by social class
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
6
7
1.1 Employers in large organisations (II)
1.2 Higher professional occupations (I, II)
2. Lower professional & higher technical occupations (II, III(N))
3. Intermediate occupations (III(N-M))
4. Employers in small organisation (II)
5. Lower supervisory occupations (III(M), ,IV)
6. Semi-routine occupations (III(N), IV)
7. Routine occupations (IV, V)
DATA! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !
Reading (51%) Blackburn (51%)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
6
7
1971- 2001 rough comparison
Reading Blackburn
1971 2001 Change 1971 2001 Change
% employment out of total
I to XXIII (1971) & A to I (2001) 59% 45%14%
76% 59%17%
XXIV to XXVII (1971) & J to Q (2001) 41% 55% 24% 41%
% of social class of workers out of total
I to III(N) (1971) & 1.1 to 3 (2001) 53% 66%13%
37% 49%12%
III(M) to V (1971) & 5 to 7 (2001) 47% 34% 63% 51%
% of workers living outside 36% 51% 15% 29% 51% 22%
% by class of worker living outside
I to III(N) (1971) & 1.1 to 3 (2001) 65% 76%11%
52% 61%9%
III(M) to V (1971) & 5 to 7 (2001) 35% 24% 48% 39%
Conclusion
DATA! GEOGRAPHY ! DEFINITIONS !
There has been a shift in both the industries and the social class structure in both settlements Getting a clear picture of the shift requires a translation of both
industrial and social class structure amongst the years Commuting patterns have changed in both settlements,
the change in Blackburn has been more pronounced than the one in Reading
There is a recurring pattern of commuting for different class structures that occurs regardless of settlement or time