ANALYSIS OF THE TENSES AND ABSTRACT ...repository.unair.ac.id/29888/1/HALAMAN DEPAN .pdfANALYSIS OF...

ANALYSIS OF THE TENSES AND ABSTRACT STRUCTURES IN

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ARTICLES

A THESIS

By:

DANNA PRATIWI

St. N: 121112133

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

SURABAYA

2015

ADLN - Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga

SKRIPSI ANALYSIS OF THE TENSES... DANNA PRATIWI

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ANALYSIS OF THE TENSES AND ABSTRACT STRUCTURES OF

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ARTICLES

A THESIS

Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Humanities

Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya

By:

Danna Pratiwi

St. N: 121112133

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

SURABAYA

2015



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Declaration

This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of

any other degree or diploma in any university. And to the best of this candidate‘s

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

other persons except where due reference is made in the text of thesis.

Surabaya, June 17th

2015

Writer,

Danna Pratiwi

121112133



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I dedicated this Thesis to my dearest family,

Specially for parents

Mama & Papa

Do the best

and God will take care of the rest



v



vi



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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my huge gratitude towards Allah SWT,

the one who gives me mercy and guidance as well as strength and pertinacity to

help me accomplish my tasks in life, including finishing this thesis. This thesis

will never be accomplished without the help of my thesis advisor, Viqi Ardaniah,

M. A. Linguistics Thank you so much for your precious guidance, advices and

motivation. With your endless critics, suggestion and motivation, I was able to

finish my thesis. I would also like to express my gratitude towards all the lecturers

who have shared their precious knowledge when I was studying in English

Department, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Airlangga. Especially for my

academic advisor, Arum Budiastuti, S.S., M.S.C thank you ma‘am, for your

guidance and helpful references these past years.

I would also love to express my deep gratitude towards my mother,

Sakiyati, who always gives me big support. Mama, thanks for always giving me

time in finishing my thesis firstly and breaking off my daily routine in handle your

company, without your permission I cannot finishes this thesis on time. My

gratitude is also directed to my father, Agus Suparno, the one who always gives

me motivation in my life and guides me till now I can get a higher education, on

undergraduate level, Papa. For my family, younger brother, Andre Wichaksono,

thank you, for asking me to finish this study on time. To my sister, Rosalia Indah

Pratiwi, thank you for taking my position to help our mother when I create my

thesis. I am so glad to have you both.



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For my big family in English Department Students‘s Association (EDSA)

in Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Airlangga, especially 2011, I really

appreciate the good and the bad times we had shared together for past years.

Thanks also to my friends Widya Rahayu, Debby Febrian.I, Della Anggar,

Dhahayu Nabila.A, Shabrina Nurin.A, Riska along with my vacation's gengs Luki

Ashrofy, Galang hari.P, Oky Urtya, Ikhlasul Amal, Reza Aphe and Hanggono

Wibi. Thank you for the amazing vacations memory that I never had before, our

friendship will be unforgettable story. Last but not least, I would thank my best

friends, Lucy Meirawati, Satya Swesty.W, and Sony Adi.P. Thank you so much

for our togetherness, your support, suggestion, and spirit during the hard times I

had in my life until now I can finish my study. I have learned from your

experience to have a better understanding about the meaning of real life.

The Writer



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Table of Contents

Inside cover page...................................................................................................... i

Inside title page ....................................................................................................... ii

Declaration page..................................................................................................... iii

Dedication page ..................................................................................................... iv

Thesis advisor‘s approval page ................................................................................ v

Thesis examiner‘s approval page ........................................................................... vi

Acknowledgement................................................................................................. vii

Table of contents ................................................................................................... ix

List of Appendixes ................................................................................................ xi

Abstract ................................................................................................................ xii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the study ................................................................................ 1

1.2 Statement of the Problems ............................................................................. 6

1.3 Objective of the study ..................................................................................... 7

1.4 Significance of the Study ................................................................................ 7

1.5 Scope and Limitation ..................................................................................... 8

1.6 Terms written down in the table ..................................................................... 8

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................... 10

2.1 Related Theories............................................................................................... 10

2.1.1 Academic writing .............................................................................. 10

2.1.2 Research Paper of journal ................................................................. 13

2.1.3 Sentence ............................................................................................ 15

2.1.4 Journal of pragmatics and Lingua journal ....................................... 17

2.1.5 Flesch-Kincaid Grade level .............................................................. 18

2.2 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................... 19

2.2.1 Abstract structure .............................................................................. 19

2.2.1.1. Overview of the study ...................................................... 20

2.2.1.2. Aim of the study ................................................................ 21

2.2.1.3. Reason for the study ......................................................... 21

2.2.1.4. Methodology used in the study ......................................... 21

2.2.1.5. Finding of the study .......................................................... 22

2.2.2 Tenses ............................................................................................... 22



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2.2.2.1. Simple Present tense ......................................................... 23

2.2.2.2. Simple past tense ............................................................... 24

2.2.2.3. Present perfect tense .......................................................... 25

2.3 Related studies ................................................................................................. 26

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE STUDY ................................................................................ 27

3.1 Research Approach ......................................................................................... 27

3.2 Source of data ................................................................................................... 28

3.3 Technique of data collection ........................................................................... 29

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ............................................................................. 30

CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS ........................................................................... 32

4.1 Types of tenses used in abstract of Journal of pragmatics and Lingua journal

................................................................................................................................ 32

4.1.1 Simple present tense .......................................................................... 33

4.1.2 Simple past tense ............................................................................... 36

4.1.3 Present perfect tense .......................................................................... 38

4.2 Abstract structures of Journal of pragmatics and Lingua journal ................... 40

4.2.1 (OR)................................................................................................... 41

4.2.2 (OA) .................................................................................................. 43

4.2.3 (OAR) ................................................................................................ 44

4.2.4 (OARMF) .......................................................................................... 45

4.2.5 (ORMF) ............................................................................................. 47

4.2.6 (OAM) ............................................................................................... 48

4.2.7 (ORF) ............................................................................................... 49

4.2.8 (OARM) ............................................................................................ 50

4.2.9 (OARF) ............................................................................................. 51

4.2.10 (OAF) .............................................................................................. 53

4.2.11 (OAMF)........................................................................................... 54

4.2.12 (OMF) ............................................................................................. 55

4.3 Interpretation of findings.................................................................................. 56

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................................................. 62

5.1 Conclusion............................................................................................ 62

5.2 Suggestion ............................................................................................ 63

References .............................................................................................................. 65

Appendixs .............................................................................................................. 67



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LIST OF APPENDIXES

Appendix 1: The sample of the tenses use in abstract of Journal of pragmatics and

Lingua journal ........................................................................................................ 67

Appendix 2: The sample of the abstract structure of Journal of pragmatics and

Lingua journal ........................................................................................................ 84



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ABSTRACT

Pratiwi, Danna. Analysis of the tenses and abstract structures in the International

Journal Artiles. A thesis submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the Sarjana Degree of the English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas

Airlangga, Surabaya, 2015.

The present study concerns of the tenses and abstract structure which are found in Journal

of pragmatics and Lingua journal. A good abstract should have tight tenses and structures

which are consist of the overview of the study (O), the aim of the study (A), the reason of

the study (R), the methodology used in the study (M), and the finding of the study (F).

Those are used to attract the reader read the whole articles. This study aims to know what

tenses are mostly found in the abstract and what the abstract structures are used by the

article‘s writer in the International journal. The theory of Paltridge & Starfield (2007) and

Wallwork (2011) is used to identify the tenses and the abstract structure. Thirty abstracts

were chosen as the data. Four of 30 articles have (OARMF) while other have variant

cases abstract structures, such as (OR), (OA), (OAR), (ORMF), (OAM), (ORF),

(OARM), (OARF), (OAF), (OAMF), (OMF). From those all cases should contain the

overview of the study. In addition, the tense that is mostly used in the abstract generally

are simple present, simple past, and present perfect. This study found that the article‘s

writer tends to use simple present tense. There are found 336 from 386 occurrences of

simple present tense.

Keyword: Abstracts; Abstract structure; International journal articles; Tenses;



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