Analysis of the Shrimp Production

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Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cincias (2009) 81(2): 287-295(Annals o the Brazilian Academy o Sciences)ISSN 0001-3765www.scielo.br/aabc

Analysis of the marine shrimp culture production chain in Southern Brazil

RODRIGO R. FREITAS1, LUIS VINATEA2 and SRGIO A. NETTO3

1Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Departamento de Oceanograa, Programa de Ps-Graduao em Aqicultura

Laboratrio de Maricultura, Estao Marinha de Aquacultura, Cassino, Caixa Postal 474, 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brasil2Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Centro de Cincias Agrrias, Departamento de Aqicultura

Rua Beco dos Coroas, Barra da Lagoa, Caixa Postal 10136, 88063-600 Florianpolis, SC, Brasil3Laboratrio de Cincias Marinhas (LCM), Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL)

Av. Colombo Sales, 84, Centro, 88790-000 Laguna, SC, Brasil

Manuscript received on March 5, 2008; accepted for publication on March 4, 2009;

presented by ELIBIO L. REC H

ABSTRACT

This study was elaborated to identiy and describe the main links o the sea shrimp productive chain in the municipal

district o Laguna, historically known as the main sea shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production area in the State o

Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study, held rom April to July 2005, previously identied the local productive process

through observation, interviews and bibliographical research. Aterwards, specic questionnaires were elaborated or

each o the several segments connected to the local activity. A total o 90 interviews were conducted, intending to map

out the procedures and unctionality o the productive chain, rom the necessary inputs or production to the moment

o shrimp acquisition by nal consumers. Results indicated that the entire productive chain requires actions that range

rom improvement o sanitary and genetic conditions o larvae to product commercialization. Reduction o bureaucracy

in public organs, better investment credit conditions, improvement in productive practices, training o technical and

productive labor, and reduction o production costs will not occur until industrialization politics and commercializationo local production are standardized.

Key words: Litopenaeus vannamei, marine shrimp culture, production risks, supply chain.

INTRODUCTION

In Southern Brazil, commercial cultivation o sea shrimp

initiated during the seventies, in the state o Santa Cata-

rina (SC) (Fig. 1). However, it was only in the eighties

that it acquired actual business characteristics (Barbieri

Jnior and Ostrensky Neto 2002, Costa et al. 1998). Ex-

ponential growth o the activity was conrmed through

censusesperormedby the ABCC (Associao Brasileira

de Criadores de Camaro) in 2003, when it was noted

that, between 1997 and 2003, pond areas increased in

more than 400%, and by the ICepa/SC (Centro de Estu-

dos de Saras e Mercados 2004), which reported a leap

Correspondence to: Rodrigo Randow de FreitasE-mail: [email protected]

rom 35 ha o occupied pond areas in 1998 to 1361 ha

in 2004.

In the state o Santa Catarina, with the introduc-

tion o species Litopenaeus vannamei around 1998 and

the creation o the Programa Estadual de Cultivo de Ca-

mares Marinhos (May 22, 1999), the activity became

promising (Costa et al. 1998). At the time o its estab-lishment, there was an expectation that 3000 jobs would

be created in the state, with a R$50 million/year revenue.

The project initiated with the creation and preparation

o areas destined or cultivation. The states produc-

tion reached approximately 50 tons in 1998, and in 2004

production reached 4267 tons/year (Costa et al. 1998).

The municipal district o Laguna has historically

constituted the main sea shrimp production/growth area

An Acad Bras Cienc (2009) 81 (2)


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288 RODRIGO R. FREITAS, LUIS VINATEA and SRGIO A. NETTO

in the state o Santa Catarina. Farms settled down along

the entire lagoon compound, with approximately 83

arms occupying 1536 ha o water in roughly 453 pond

arms at the present (Costa et al. 1998).

With the objective o providing a better productor the customer, as well as improving productive e-

ciency, studies on productive chains aim towards raising

eciency and production when acing diculties im-

posed by increasingly globalized and competitive com-

mercial transactions. This study is intended or iden-

tiying and describing the current links o the shrimp

culture productive chain in the municipal district area o

Laguna, SC, in order to generate inormation that con-

tributes towards overcoming impediments and permit-

ting the maximization o existent potentialities that are

not yet being explored.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SIT E SELECTION

This study was developed in the estuarine system o

Laguna, Southern Brazil (2812 to 2830S; 4838 to

4855W),withatotalareaoapproximately183.94km2.

Three main lagoons orm the system: Santo Antonio, at

the Southern portion (33.85 km2), Imaru (86.32 km2),

at the central area, and Mirim, at the North (63.77 km 2)

(Fig. 1).

METHODS

Basedon a previous identication o theregionalproduc-

tive process, through observation, interviews and bibli-

ographical research, specic questionnaires were elabo-

rated or each sector related to the local shrimp culture.

In this manner, it was possible to accompany the sectors

and unctionality o the productive chain, starting rom

the necessary inputs or production up to the moment o

shrimp acquisition by the nal consumer.

Data was collected rom April to July 2005, withinterviews o three laboratories, three eed manuac-

turer representatives, three aerator actory representa-

tives, 30 producers, one creator association, two pro-

ducer cooperatives, our technicians, one technical sup-

port and extension company, two research and teaching

institutions, two control and inspection agents, one Insti-

tution o Fomentation and Incentive to Credit, one pro-

cessing plant, three middlemen, three sh markets, two

Fig. 1 Study area. Circles represent researched arms.

supermarkets, three restaurants, one hotel and 25 nal

consumers. In this manner, interviews included all links

o the sea shrimp productive chain at the area (Fig. 2),

with a total o 90 interviewees.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Input group (Fig. 2) considered that shrimp eed

presents high cost, and that it is dicult to understand

the reasons or constant increases in prices. Feed quality

was evaluated as good, as was delivery time and ater-

sales service by the producers. The companies were verymotivated in participating in the growth o the activity,

and do not perceive any diculties in supplying the re-

gionaldemand or shrimp eed, as previously established

by Ormond et al. (2004). Aerators also received a pos-

itive evaluation in terms o durability, technical support,

replacement pieces and maintenance. Other inputs, such

as ertilizers, also received good evaluations regarding

prices and easiness o acquisition.



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ANALYSIS OF THE MARINE SHRIMP CULTURE PRODUCTION CHAIN IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL 289

Fig. 2 Local shrimp culture productive chain.

Most interviewees reported motivation in working

with the local shrimp culture, regardless o problems

such as the white spot virus (WSSV), which causes break

in production and halts acilities. Even while under-going several diculties, every party involved in this

process is optimistic or the uture due to decrease in

production costs and improvement o arm production

eciency (Table I).

Due to the continuous search or productivity and

protability, producers nd themselves in high bank

debt, causing production loss. Other reasons or their

debt are bad loan management and occurrence o

WSSV at the area. Shrimp culture is a high-risk activ-

ity; thereore, producers must always be aware o cur-

rent market transormations, local climate and dis-eases. Large debts and risks have imposed a new at-

titude among administrators, which is to enlarge pro-

its and avoid decits in order to stay in business (Raz-

zolini 2001, Guimares and Brisola 2001, Christopher

and Towill 2002).

The producers point out super-harvests o native

shrimp rom the municipal district o Rio Grande, RS,

as the main actor o economical losses because o price

all with shrimp commercialization. But in an extremely

competitive globalized world, it is not advisable that

producers become unamiliar with the production risks.

They must be prepared or any possibility, such as dropsin the products commercial value (Bn et al. 2000).

Knowing their own company and the possible oppor-

tunities and threats o the market are necessary or the

establishment o uture goals.

The lack o appropriate loans needed or produc-

tion also increases production costs, reducing nal pro-

itability o the commodity. This is especially true when

considering that the producer many times tends to har-

vest the shrimp beore the commercially appropriate

moment or payment o contracted debts. An appropri-

ate loan provides autonomy to the small producer, sothat they can better manage the production and com-

mercialization o their product, resulting in larger prots

(Ormond et al. 2004).

On the other hand, i producers do not have money

to invest on their property, a portion o the producers

have no choice but to take on more loans, being drawn

into a vicious circle o loan acquisitions. Bank credit

destined to nance productionand investment in ecient



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TABLE IIPossible obstacles in the local productive chain.

Laboratories Ration Aerators

White Spot Virus WSSV White Spot Virus WSSV White Spot Virus WSSV

Shut-down Facilities WSSV Noncompliance Noncompliance

Scarce Credit Lines Scarce Credit Lines Bad Practices o commissions by Scale

Lack o representatives rom ACCC Long Payments Plans Low technologic innovation Research

High Production Costs (Ration, Energy and Employers) High Production Costs High Production Costs

PoorAcclimatization Scarce Raw Material Low Business Proessionalism-Producers

Low Genet ic Improvement o Shrimp Shrimp Super Oer rom Rio Grande RS Bad Farm Access

Inappropriate Transport o the Larvae to the Farms Bad Farm Access Bad Farm Access

Poor Bio-security Practices Low Commercialization Prices Low Commercialization Prices

Bad Farm Access

Low Commercialization Prices

Unproductive Farms WSSV

Discontinued Work by Support and Research Institutions

Estate Building UFSC

Producers Uninormed or with Bad Intentions

Not Following Environmental Rules

productive techniques or properties are badly managed.

Also, they are oten inadequately expended, such as in

payments o previous debts or even acquisition o per-

sonal goods. In that manner, at therst sign o production

ailure, the producers cannot pay their acquired loans.

Producers are aware o the existence o contract

breaks, payment diculties, bureaucracy and ew credit

lines destined to the activity. Producers classiy interest

rates and nancings rom good to regular, thereore de-

mystiying the notion that the credit problem is only inrelation to bank institutions, which are orced to ask or

more warranties in order to provide loans. It is essential

or the producer not to become excessively dependent o

such bank loans.

In terms o accessing road conditions, it was evi-

dent through the interviewees that a larger attention by

public institutions is necessary. Unpaved and precari-

ous access roads are a big obstacle or acquisition o

ration and larvae as well as commercialization o the

nal product, and also hold back the economic devel-

opment o the community that utilizes those accesses.It was also veried that, when arriving at the arm, lar-

vae are not acclimated as is required by a qualied pro-

essional. These impediments need to be reviewed and

solved in the imminent uture (Table II).

The accelerated growth o the activity at the area

also created countless conficts on how to use common

resources. This generated a negative image o the activ-

ity on the community, public service and environmental

organs. In this manner, meetings or the promotion o

understandings and agreements are necessary. This will

also put an end to the belie that environmental licenses

serve only as a money source to the local environmen-

tal organs, requested only as a necessity or initiating

activities.

The level o environmental conscience and concern

o the producers with the environment surrounding their

properties is directly linked to their own survival in theactivity. Producers request more support and inspection

o the daily routine at the arms, as well as education and

control rom the environmental organs. Better organi-

zation o the actions and rules that orientate the activity

is necessary in order to avoid generating misunderstand-

ings that harm the activity and its productive chain.

In order to improve and encourage the established

productive practices, environmental organs are strongly

attempting to mitigate the current environmental impacts

o arm construction and operation, such as disposal o

cultivation efuents into the ecosystem and impacts othe conversion o terrestrial intoaquatic ecosystems, with

actions such as efuent treatment (Vinatea 1999).

There is no easy way to measure the control o en-

vironmental impacts and inadequate use o natural re-

sources; in order to accomplish that, it is necessary to

establish economic incentives and harden the laws (Cor-

dero et al. 2005). It is essential that the obligations and



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regulations made to the producers be regarded as nec-

essary or the sustainability o the activity, and in the

uture become spontaneous attitudes or seeking the ra-

tional use o the local common resources. It is important

to see that the ast commercial and productive world-wide growth o aquaculture is usually accompanied by

environmental degradation and distancing o social re-

sponsibilities (Brummett and Williams 2000).

The ACCC (Associao Catarinense de Criadores

de Camaro) complicated the regional political-eco-

nomical scenery, act evidenced by the lack o cooper-

ation among its own members. Producers act indepen-

dently without normative and surveillance by the entity.

Actions or the benet o all, intended to improve e-

ciency and reduce production costs, are not put into prac-

tice because individual needs surpass collective needs.This practice goes completely against the competitive

world pattern o agribusiness, which debates the impor-

tance o integrating all links o any productive chain.

By creating common practices, the producers generate

knowledge and aggregate value to their product (Laz-

zarini et al. 1995).

Due to the ragile politics and economy o the lo-

cal productive chain, it is undamental that the ACCC

works as an Agency o Local Competitiveness, des-

tined to generate programs with the objective o devel-

oping the competitive capacity o the activity. In that

manner, it could create a channel o dialogue, integrat-

ing the entity and the productive chain with decision-

makers, establishing goals and incentive actions or the

growth o the activity. These actions will help to gen-

erate jobs, income and technological and regional de-

velopment (Pio and Maldonado 2005). This would also

open up the possibility o a harmonic channel o rela-

tionships capable o gathering the town, state and nation,

aiding in the solution o the activitys problems by pro-

viding appropriate inrastructure (road access) and re-search (Brummett and Williams 2000).

As or quality o labor used in the arms, it re-

ceived good and bad evaluations rom the interviewees.

Major obstacles include the need or constant training

and the lack o recognition, by some producers, that em-

ployees are essential or the activity, considering that

they are responsible or caring o the shrimp, which

in turn generates prots. Also, arm workers receive

low wages and possess low education, thereore need-

ing to complement their income with other activities, as

described in Schaeer and Panitz (A.L.C. Schaeer and

C. Panitz, unpublished data). This was a negative act

established by this research.In terms o technicians, it was evidenced that they

are not motivated. Due to the act that they do not

have autonomy to make changes, they are considered

by some producers useless and unnecessary in accom-

plishing arm handling, being the rst to be cut o the

payroll at the rst sign o problems. They also receive

low wages and do not have labor contracts.

The producers are also acing many restrictions at

the time o commercialization, depending entirely on the

intermediate persons. By selling their products to ew

buyers, the producers must accept prices determined bythe mediators. Thereore, the generated prot does not

provide satisactory return to the producers, who ace

alone the production risks.

The Shrimp Producers o Laguna Cooperative (Co-

percamaro) needs to ll the gap among producers and

consumers. Since the Cooperative is in its initial stages,

their actions are still restricted to stockpiling and reez-

ing, but nevertheless it is a promising idea. The Coop-

erative has the double-unction o gathering people and

improving business, and users o the Cooperative also

need to incorporate the double-unction o being own-

ers and users o the enterprise (Antonialli 1998). Due

to that act, group trust and motivation are a major part

o the success o the enterprise. A good example is the

relationship o the Cooperative o Aquacultures rom the

Esprito Santo State, which sells their products directly

to supermarkets (Piedade et al. 2002).

Storage techniques ater harvest also need to be

improved. Sanitary problems are common. Dirty boxes

and inadequate trucks occasionally bring problems at

the moment commercialization due to reduced productquality and consequent price reduction. Adequate stor-

age and handling practices are crucial actors or prod-

uct quality, preserving maximum sensorial and nutri-

tional qualities or consumption (Neiva 2002).

Traditional markets treat all their customers

equally; thereore, they must know how to interact with

potential consumers in an individualized way in order

to discover their desires and needs. Every process be-



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gins and ends with the consumer, so it is necessary to

identiy market opportunities through the needs o the

nal customer (Razzolini 2001, Naim et al. 2002). Un-

derstanding the local productive chain is important due

to the act that it is a sensitive system. The product(shrimp) reaches the consumer and the inormation on

consumption returns to producers, which in turn can

adopt ast measures to solve possible distortions in the

system (Quinn 1997, Christopher and Towill 2002).

Consumers should be more conscious about what they

are consuming. Such concern o consumers with prod-

uct does not exist, act conrmed by the answers o the

interviews on the productive chain.

Value aggregation, creation o trademarks and ad-

vertising o the product do not exist at the area and

should become priorities or the local shrimp culture.Trademarks, or instance, identiy products, simpliy

choices and reduce risks or the consumers. All pro-

ducer interviewees said that their produced shrimp are

only sold resh, without any aggregated value. This

limits their nal price and does not support the grow-

ing demand or dierent products and the implemen-

tation o various health procedures required by several

importer countries. For instance, shrimp classied as

headless, wrapped and rozen would be sellable in only

about 40% o the North American market (Ormond et

al. 2004). Such setback pointing in the local produc-

tive chain is also beginning to be solved by the Coper-

camaro initiative.

Cultural, economical, social, amiliar and psycho-

logical aspects interere in the consumers behavior, a-

ecting the buying decision. It can be said that the pur-

chase process o a certain product is divided into ve

stages: recognition o necessity, research or relevant

inormation, evaluation o alternatives, purchase deci-

sion and ater-sale evaluation (Guimares and Brisola

2001). Thereore, through this research, we have dis-covered that the major decision actors or purchasing

this product at the area are price, ollowed by quality

(Fig. 3). Price is still considered the largest diculty

in the diusion o a shrimp alimentary habit among the

Brazilian people (Ormond et al. 2004).

The main concern or the consumer is to receive

a product with the best possible quality, speed and with

a low and competitive price. In order or that to be pos-

Fig. 3 Questions destined or nal consumers.

sible, urther studies or discovering the local demandor captive shrimp are necessary. Considering that the

demands are dicult to predict, increases in the local

population income are an important aspect that will a-

ect the demand or these products (Brummett and Wil-

liams 2000, Christopher and Towill 2002). Consumers

will be beneted not only by low prices, but also by a

constant oer o the product in commercial establish-

ments (Ridler and Kabir 1989).

The interviewed consumers do not consider the

consumption o captive shrimp unnecessary, dierent

rom what is observed in the USA, where shrimp prod-ucts are considered a luxury, reserved or special oc-

casions and expensive restaurants (Barbieri Jnior and

Ostrensky Neto 2002). It was veried that more re-

searches on the local population alimentary habit would

be necessary in order to reveal expectations and elabo-

rate ways o increasing consumption, due to the act that

the Brazilian national market or shrimp is concentrated

in Rio de Janeiro and So Paulo states.



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The commercial and consuming establishments

also reported that the native species o the area (Far-

fantepenaeus paulensis) is better accepted by the con-

sumers than the captive shrimp. This problem was also

evidenced by Bn and collaborators (2000) in theirstudy o Penaeus subtilis shrimp market dynamics at

the French Guiana area. The act that the local commu-

nity dislikes the cultivated shrimp because o its favor

ater cooked has to be reviewed. Also, the productive

chain needs to distribute their product to local markets.

Today, quality is the big distinction between products

(Neiva 2002).

The local community preers native shrimp; con-

sumption o captive shrimp in the summertime can be

explained by the larger concentration o tourists at the

area. There is need to perorm specic marketing re-search in order to reach those potential consumers in

that determined season.

Shrimp waste rom processing should also be bet-

ter employed and could benet countless groups o the

local productive chain. For example, ecdise could be

used by local amilies or extraction o chitin, which

could in turn be used in glue production or orthodon-

tic material and the aeronautical industry. Heads could

also be used or the production o meals or the eed

industry.

Making these changes will have major eects o

extreme social importance on the community, generat-

ing income and sustenance or many amilies excluded

rom economical lie by utilizing products that would

otherwise be discharged in the local ecosystem, generat-

ing pollution.

CONCLUSIONS

As a result o this study, it was observed that the local

productive chain groups are waiting or a management

capable o consolidating, establishing and enlarging theniches that have not yet been explored. Projects that will

make production dynamic and the chain more eective

should be treated as priority, i there is real desire to

strengthen this activity in the uture.

RESUMO

O presente estudo oi elaborado para identicar e descrever os

principais elos da cadeia produtiva no municpio de Laguna,

regio que historicamente constitui-se em principal rea de

produo de camaro marinho ( Litopenaeus vannamei) em

Santa Catarina, Brasil. O estudo oi desenvolvido de abril a

julho de 2005, a partir de uma prvia identicao do proces-

so produtivo local, atravs de observao, entrevistas e buscabibliogrca. Foram elaborados questionrios especcos para

os vrios segmentos atrelados atividade local. Foi realizado

um total de 90 entrevistas, pretendendo-se azer um acompa-

nhamento do desempenho e uncionalidade da cadeia produ-

tiva desde os insumos necessrios produo at o momento

da aquisio do camaro pelo consumidor nal. Os resultados

indicam quetodosos elos descritosnecessitam aes quevisem

desde o melhoramento sanitrio e gentico das ps-larvas at

a comercializao do produto. Desburocratizao dos rgos

pblicos, maior acesso ao crdito para investimentos, melho-

rias nas prticas produtivas, capacitao da mo-de-obra tc-nica e produtiva e reduo de custos produtivos no ocorrero

at haver uma normalizao das polticas industriais e de co-

mercializao da produo local.

Palavras-chave: Litopenaeus vannamei, carcinicultura, ris-

cos produtivos, cadeia produtiva.

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Analysis of the Shrimp Production

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