Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual...

Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2011

SRG 65/10 & COM 64/15

Prepared for the European Commission

Directorate General E - Environment ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade &

Multilateral Agreements

by the

United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre

October 2013

UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre

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CITATION

UNEP-WCMC (2013). Analysis of European Union

and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2011.

UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.

PREPARED FOR

The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect

the views or policies of UNEP, contributory

organisations or editors. The designations

employed and the presentations do not imply the

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© Copyright: 2013, European Commission

http://www.unep-wcmc.org/

3

Table of Contents

I. Introduction ......................................................................................... 4

II. Summary of EU trade in 2011 ........................................................... 6

III. Species showing noteworthy trends ............................................... 9

A. Data included .............................................................................................. 9

B. Selection criteria ........................................................................................ 10

C. Species selected ......................................................................................... 12

IV. Species valuation .............................................................................. 55

A. Overall value of EU imports of CITES-listed animal species in 2011 55

B. Key commodities imported by the EU by value .................................. 57

C. Value by EU Annex .................................................................................. 60

D. Value of timber imports ........................................................................... 61

V. Exports and re-exports ..................................................................... 63

A. European Union (re-)exports .................................................................. 63

B. Candidate countries ................................................................................. 77

VI. Non-CITES trade .............................................................................. 79

Annex A – CITES purpose and source codes ...................................................... 82

Annex B – Glossary of terms .................................................................................. 83

Annex C – Conversion factors ............................................................................... 83

Annex D – Country name abbreviations ............................................................. 83

Annex E - Valuation methodology overview ..................................................... 84

Introduction

4

I. Introduction

This analysis provides a

comprehensive overview of the

information submitted by the

Member States of the European

Union (EU) and candidate

countries (Figure 1.1) in their 2011

annual reports to the Convention

on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna

and Flora (CITES). In 2011 there

were 27 Member States and five

candidate countries. It describes

their trade in species listed in the

Appendices to CITES and the

Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade

Regulations, which enforce CITES in the EU.

During 2011, the relevant EU Wildlife Trade Regulations were Council Regulation

(EU) No 338/97 amended by (EC) No 709/2010, and Implementing Regulation (EC)

No 865/2006 amended by (EC) No 100/2008.

Data on trade between EU Member States, trade in artificially propagated

Appendix II plants and re-exports of manufactured articles were excluded from the

analysis. Trade recorded as a seizure/confiscation (source ‘I’) was also excluded, as

reporting is inconsistent and incomplete within the CITES Trade Database. Where

appropriate, conversion factors were applied to terms and units to facilitate analysis

(see Annex C).

Throughout the text, certain country names have been abbreviated; a key to these

abbreviations is provided in Annex D.

A. Annual reports included

The 2011 data used for the analysis were taken from the CITES Trade Database on

the 8th of April 20131, following the submission of CITES annual reports by Member

States and key trading partners.

Table 1.1 lists the 74 non-EU CITES Parties and dependent territories (including all

five candidate countries) that had submitted their annual reports for 2011 at the time

of the analysis.

1 Annual reports for 2011 were received from two candidate countries after this date (FYR Macedonia and Iceland), and the data has been included in the analysis.

Figure 1.1: EU Member States and candidate countries in 2011 © European Commission

Introduction

5

Table 1.1: Third-party CITES annual reports for 2011 available at the time of analysis (8th April 2013).

Countries and Territories

Basis of reporting

Argentina --

Armenia* Permits issued

Aruba (NL) --

Azerbaijan Permits issued

Bangladesh --

Belarus --

Benin* --

Bonaire* Actual trade

Chile Permits issued/

Actual trade

China Permits issued

Colombia Permits issued

Costa Rica Permits issued/

Actual trade

Croatia Permits issued/

Actual trade

Dominican Republic Permits issued

El Salvador Permits issued/

Actual trade

Ethiopia* --

Georgia Permits issued/

Actual trade

Guyana Permits issued/

Actual trade

Honduras*^ --

Hong Kong (CN) Permits issued

Iceland§ --

Indonesia* Permits issued

Japan◊ Permits issued

Jordan --

Kenya Permits issued

Kuwait Permits issued

Kyrgyzstan* --

Liberia* --

Macao (CN) Permits issued

Madagascar Permits issued/

Actual trade

Malaysia Actual trade

Mali Permits issued

Mexico Permits issued/

Actual trade

Monaco Permits issued

Montenegro** --

Morocco Permits issued

Myanmar Permits issued

Namibia* Actual trade

Nepal* --

New Zealand Permits issued

Countries and Territories

Basis of reporting

Norway Actual trade

Oman --

Pakistan --

Panama --

Papua New Guinea* Permits issued

Paraguay* Permits issued

Peru Actual trade

Qatar --

Russia Permits issued

Rwanda --

Serbia Permits issued

Seychelles* Permits issued

Sierra Leone --

Singapore Permits issued

South Africa Permits issued

St Kitts & Nevis* --

Suriname Actual trade

Swaziland --

Switzerland --

Syrian Arab Republic Permits issued

Tanzania* Actual trade

Thailand --

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia§

--

Togo* Permits issued

Trinidad and Tobago Permits issued/

Actual trade

Turkey* --

United Arab Emirates Actual trade

United States Actual trade

Uruguay* Permits issued

Uzbekistan Permits issued/

Actual trade

Venezuela --

Viet Nam Permits issued

Zambia Permits issued

Zimbabwe* --

Key: *reporting exports only; **reporting imports only; ◊includes introductions from the sea; ^provisional report; § candidate country report received after data extraction but included in the analysis; ‘--‘not specified

Summary of EU trade in 2011

6

Box 2.1: Taxa showing noteworthy patterns in 2011

EU: Candidate countries:

Mammals: 19 Hippopotamus amphibius* Birds: 2 Lycalopex griseus* Reptiles: 16 Lycalopex gymnocercus* Fish: 2 Lynx rufus* Invertebrates: 41 Lontra canadensis* Plants: 9 Arctocephalus pusillus

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae Psittacus erithicus Python reticulatus* *Also selected on the basis of EU imports

II. Summary of EU trade in 2011

This report provides a detailed analysis of the information submitted by the Member States

of the European Union2 and candidate countries3 in their 2011 annual reports to the

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES).

Annual reports to CITES contain information on trade in species listed in the CITES

Appendices and the Annexes of Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 and subsequent

updates. This analysis includes data from all 27 EU Member States and all five candidate

countries (Croatia, Iceland, Montenegro, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and

Turkey) that had submitted their annual reports for 2011 at the time of writing (July 2013).

All trade data submitted by EU Member States in their 2011 annual reports to CITES is

available via the CITES Trade Database4 and also via the 2011 EU Annual Report to CITES,

which is available to download on the EU Analysis website: http://euanalysis2011.unep-

wcmc.org/.

Noteworthy patterns of trade

CITES trade data for 2011, as reported by EU Member States and candidate countries, were

analysed to identify taxa showing noteworthy patterns of trade. The selection process

included imports reported as wild-sourced, ranched or source ‘unknown’, or reported

without a source specified. Imports were

considered noteworthy according to

four criteria:

High volume of imports in 2011;

Sharp increase in imports in 2011;

Overall increases or decreases in imports between 2002 and 2011;

Long-term variability in imports between 2002 and 2011.

In total, 89 taxa were selected on the

basis of a high volume of trade and/or a

sharp or overall increase in trade reported by EU Member States. For species that have been

newly selected through this year’s analysis, detailed summaries of the trade in these species

2 “Member States of the European Union” hereafter referred to as EU, EU Member States or European Union. 3 Five countries were candidate countries to the EU in 2011: Croatia, FYR Macedonia, Iceland, Montenegro and Turkey. 4 http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/citestrade/trade.cfm

The number of taxa showing noteworthy patterns of trade in 2011 was slightly greater than in 2010, with 56 of the same taxa selected as in 2010.

http://euanalysis2011.unep-wcmc.org/

http://euanalysis2011.unep-wcmc.org/


7

are provided. For species selected in the 2010 analysis, a shorter summary focussing on 2011

trade levels has been included, with any updates since last year’s summary.

Nine taxa met the criteria for selection on the basis of a high volume of trade or sharp

increase in trade reported by candidate countries, all of which are Annex B species (Box 2.1).

Species valuation

To estimate the monetary value of EU imports of CITES-listed species in 2011, species-

specific value data (submitted to United States Customs and included within the United

States annual report to CITES) adjusted for inflation was applied to EU-reported import

volumes.

Excluding caviar extract, the value of animal imports in 2011 was estimated at

approximately US$662 million (~EUR499 million), with reptile parts and derivatives

accounting for 74% of this value. The main commodities in trade (again excluding caviar

extract) were leather products (41%), skins (31%), raw corals (9%) and live animals (5%),

amongst others. A significant proportion of the overall value of the trade to the EU appears

to be in high value, luxury goods.

When caviar extract was analysed, the value of imports into the EU of this high-end item

was estimated at US$3.6 billion. The high value for caviar extract used in this analysis is

based on the median of over 400 value records from the US Customs Dataset spanning 2007-

2011, with adjustments made for inflation, so it is unlikely that this value in erroneous,

although further investigation may be merited. When caviar extract is included, the total

value of CITES-listed animals and animal products imported by the EU in 2011 was

estimated at USD4.3 billion (USD4 268 015 000 or ~EUR3.2 billion).

Exports and re-exports

In 2011, the EU and candidate countries exported captive-bred and artificially propagated

specimens of many species, in addition to a small number of wild-collected native species.

Exports of wild-collected CITES-listed species native to the EU (Box 2.2) were mainly

reported for scientific and commercial/hunting trophy purposes. With the exception of two

transactions, all CITES Appendix I/Annex A species were (re-)exported for scientific or

medicinal purposes.

Tridacna maxima was the species that was exported at the highest levels from the wild; live sturgeon eggs, live invertebrates and reptile skin pieces were (re)-exported at the highest volumes overall.

The value of EU imports in 2011 of CITES-listed animals and animal products (excluding caviar extract) was estimated at USD662 million.


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Box 2.2: Exports of wild collected taxa from the EU in 2011

Mammals: 22 Annex A taxa 4 Annex B species Birds: 5 Annex A species 1 Annex B species Reptiles: 1 Annex A species Fish: 1 Annex B species Invertebrates: 2 Annex B species Corals: 4 Annex B taxa Plants: 1 Annex B species Timber 1 Annex B species

Box 2.3: High volume (re-) exports from the EU in 2011

Mammal taxa: 12 Bird taxa: 10 Reptile taxa: 19 Amphibian taxa: 0 Fish taxa: 10 Invertebrate taxa: 4 Plant taxa: 4 Timber taxa: 7

Box 2.4: Main non-CITES, Annex D species imported by the EU in 2011

Homalopsis buccata

Elaphe carinata

Elaphe radiata

Physignathus cocincinus

Pterapogon kauderni

Harpagophytum procumbens

Harpagophytum spp.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Both the EU and candidate countries act as

entrepôts for non-manufactured parts; some

products and live specimens imported from

producer nations, as well as products originating

within the EU and candidate countries are (re-)

exported at high

volumes (Box 2.3).

Much of the high

volume trade was in

(re-)exports of non-

native species.

Mammals, plants and fish were traded under a variety of

terms, whereas high volume trade in birds was

predominantly in feathers and live animals, reptiles were

mainly traded as skins and skin pieces and invertebrate trade

was principally live individuals.

Trade in non-CITES species

EU imports of non-CITES taxa listed in the EU Annexes in 2011 principally comprised

Annex D reptile skins and skin products, dried plants and plant derivatives, the majority of

which were reported without a source specified. Trade in live animals was also recorded for

twenty-four taxa, with two species (Physignathus cocincinus and Pterapogon kauderni)

imported at levels exceeding 5000 individuals. Trade was

principally for commercial purposes or reported without a

purpose specified. The primary Annex D species in trade

were reptiles, fish and plants (Box 2.4).

Imports of three non-CITES Annex A and B taxa were

recorded by the EU in 2011; the majority of transactions

comprised live Trachemys scripta elegans imported for

scientific purposes.

Five non-CITES taxa listed in the EU Annexes were

recorded as (re-)exported in 2011, with majority of trade in live, captive-bred Columba livia

exported directly for commercial purposes at levels more than double those exported in

2010.

Imports: mainly reptile skins and skin products, dried plants and plant derivatives of Annex D species. Imports of live animals also recorded Exports: primarily live, captive bred Columba livia exported for commercial purposes.

Species showing noteworthy trends

9

III. Species showing noteworthy trends

This section provides a detailed analysis of taxa imported by the EU and candidate countries

in 2011 that showed noteworthy trade patterns, according to one or more of the following

criteria: high volume of trade in 2011, high volume of trade in globally threatened species in

2011, sharp increase in trade in 2011 and overall increases or decreases in trade between 2002

and 2011. The process of selection according to these criteria is summarised below.

A. Data included

In the process of selection of species for discussion in this section, only imports from wild,

ranched and ‘unknown’ sources, as well as trade reported without a source specified, were

considered. Scientific specimens, which often refer to blood, tissue etc., and other terms that

could not easily be related to numbers of individuals (e.g. feathers, hair), were not used as

part of the selection process. However, some discussion of the volume of trade in these

terms is included if a species was selected for further review based on other terms imported.

In addition to the conversion factors applied to all trade data (see Annex B), the following

conversion factors were applied to the data used to select highly traded species so that

certain terms could be more easily equated to numbers of individuals (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1: Conversion factors applied to data used to select highly traded species.

Converted from: Converted to:

Elephant tusks No. individuals [1.88 tusks = one elephant (Parker and Martin, 19825)]

Hippopotamus teeth No. individuals [12 teeth = one hippopotamus]

5 Parker, I.S.C. and Martin, E.B. (1982). How many elephants are killed for the ivory trade? Oryx 16 (3): 235-

239.


10

Yes

B. Selection criteria

The criteria for selection of species showing noteworthy patterns of trade are summarised in

Figure 3.1, followed by a detailed description of each criterion. Species were selected for

discussion if they met at least one of the criteria.

EU imports from wild, ranched, unknown and ‘blank’ sources only

Figure 3.1: Criteria for selection of species showing noteworthy patterns of trade.

Select as a ‘High volume’

species

Yes Is 2011 trade minimum trade level?

Is the species globally threatened?

AND is 2011 trade minimum trade level?

Yes Select as a

‘High volume (globally threatened)’

species

Is 2011 trade over three times the mean of the preceding five years (2006-2010)? AND is 2011 trade > 5% of minimum trade level?

Select as a species showing a

‘Sharp increase’

Is slope/mean of trade data over ten

years +0.15 or -0.15?

AND is goodness of fit (R²) 0.75?

AND IF slope +0.15, is 2011 trade > 5% of minimum trade level?

AND IF slope -0.15, is 2011 trade >0?

Select as a species showing an

‘Overall increase / decrease’

Yes

Is Coefficient of Variation > 2 ? AND is total trade over ten years >

100? AND are there more than five years

with non-zero trade? AND is 2011 trade > 5% of minimum

trade level?

Yes Select as a species showing

‘High variability’


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1. High volume

Species qualified for selection on the basis of ‘high volume’ trade if imports during 2011

exceeded pre-determined thresholds based on taxa-wide assumptions of general

reproductive biology (Table 3.2).

Table 3.2: Minimum number of wild, ranched, source ‘unknown’ and source ‘blank’ individuals imported in 2011 needed to qualify for selection on the basis of high trade volume.

Taxonomic group CITES Appendix

I II CR, EN, VU, NT*

II III CR, EN, VU, NT*

III

Mammals 50 50 5000 50 25000

Birds 50 50 5000 50 25000

Reptiles 50 50 25000 50 50000

Amphibians 50 50 25000 50 50000

Fish 50 50 25000 50 —

Invertebrates (non-corals) 250 250 25000 250 50000

Corals — 10000 25000 10000 50000

Plants (non-tree) 250 250 25000 250 50000

Plants (trees) 250 m³ 250 m³ 500 m³ 250 m³ 2500 m³

* CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened in IUCN Red List

High volume (Globally threatened)

The ‘high volume’ trade thresholds (Table 3.2) were adjusted for all species categorised as

Critically Endangered (‘CR’), Endangered (‘EN’), Vulnerable (‘VU’) or Near Threatened

(‘NT’) in the 2013 IUCN Red List of threatened species.

2. Sharp increase

Species qualified for selection on the basis of a sharp increase in trade if the volume of

importer-reported imports during 2011 was more than three times the average trade volume

of the preceding five-year period (2006-2010).

Species that, despite a sharp increase in trade, were still only traded in very low volumes

(i.e. less than 5% of the high volume thresholds not taking into account threat status

(Table 3.2)), were not selected on the basis of this criterion. Newly-listed species meeting this

criterion artificially due to the absence of trade records in previous years were also excluded.

3. Overall increase or decrease

General trends in trade for each species over the ten-year period 2002-2011 were identified

by calculating the slope of a best-fit linear function to the trade data. For the purpose of

comparison between species, the value of the slope was divided by the mean level of trade

(for the ten-year period in question) for each species. Values greater than +0.15 and lower

than –0.15 were considered large slopes. The goodness of fit of the trend-line was also taken

into consideration; only species with R2 values greater than 0.75 were retained in the final

selection.


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Species that, despite an overall increase in trade, were only traded in very low volumes (i.e.

less than 5% of the high volume thresholds not taking into account threat status (Table 3.2)),

were not selected on the basis of this criterion. Similarly, species selected on the basis of an

overall decrease in trade for which there was no trade in 2011 were excluded. In addition,

where it is clear that a species qualified artificially on the basis of an overall decrease due to

a taxonomic change (e.g. a species split into two or more separate species), these species

were also excluded after closer scrutiny.

4. High variability

Variability was quantified using the coefficient of variation (the standard deviation divided

by the mean) of the data over the ten-year period 2002-2011. Taxa were selected on the basis

of this criterion if levels of trade showed a coefficient of variation higher than +2.

Only species with non-zero data points in six or more years 2002-2011 were considered for

selection. In the case of species added to the CITES Appendices within the period of

analysis, only the years since its listing were analysed where a minimum of five years of

trade data were available. Species that were traded in very low volumes (less than 5% of the

high volume thresholds not taking into account threat status (Table 3.2), or totalling less

than 100 units over the ten-year period) were also excluded.

C. Species selected

A summary of the species that were selected for review according to the criteria outlined

above is provided in Table 3.3. In total, 21 mammal, four bird, 16 reptile, two fish, five

invertebrate (other than coral), 36 coral, and nine plant (including four tree) taxa were

selected on the basis of high volume of trade, sharp increase and changing trends in trade by

EU Member States and candidate countries.

The sections that follow provide information on the EU trade 2002-2011 for each of the taxa

selected as presented in Table 3.3. Details of trade in species selected for review based on

candidate country data are included at the end of this chapter. Where a species was selected

in 2010, a shorter summary of trade is provided in this year’s analysis which provides

details of the 2011 trade and includes any additional relevant information (e.g. SRG

opinions, etc) that is new since the 2010 summary was compiled. In the case of corals,

summaries are only provided where the coral was selected on the basis of trade reported at

the species level. More detail is provided for the remaining species, including information

on the criteria met, the principal trade terms (trophies, skins, etc.), the principal source of

imports (wild, captive, etc), the main EU/candidate country importers, the main trading

partners exporting the species to the EU/candidate countries, and the CITES Appendix and

IUCN Red List status for each species. As reporting is inconsistent and incomplete within

the CITES Trade Database, imports recorded as seizures/confiscations (source ‘I’) are not

discussed in this section.


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Table 3.3: Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of trade in 2011 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened), sharp increase in trade, overall increase or decrease in trade, and high variability in trade.

Annex Taxon Common name

IUCN Red List

Selection Criteria Selected in

2009? Selected in

2010?

ANNEX A

Mammals

A Panthera pardus Leopard NT High volume (GT)

A Monodon monoceros Narwhal NT High volume (GT)

A Equus hemionus hemionus Mongolian Wild Ass EN* High volume (GT), sharp increase

x

A Equus przewalskii Przewalski’s Horse EN High volume (GT), sharp increase

x x

A/B Ceratotherium simum simum Southern White Rhinoceros NT Sharp increase x x

A/B Loxodonta africana African Elephant VU High volume (GT)

Birds A Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle LC Overall increase x x

A Struthio camelus Ostrich LC Sharp increase x x

ANNEX B

Mammals

B Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotamus VU High volume (GT)♦

B Pecari tajacu Collared Peccary LC High volume

B Tayassu pecari White-lipped Peccary NT High volume (GT)

B Lycalopex griseus South American Grey Fox LC High volume♦ ♦

B Lycalopex gymnocercus Pampa Fox LC High volume◊ x x

B Lynx canadensis Canada Lynx LC High volume x

B Lynx rufus Bobcat LC High volume; sharp increase◊

♦

A/B Panthera leo African Lion VU High volume (GT)

B Lontra canadensis North American Otter LC High volume; sharp increase◊

B Arctocephalus pusillus Cape Fur Seal LC High volume◊ ◊

B Ursus maritimus Polar Bear VU High volume (GT)

B Pteropus vampyrus Large Flying-fox NT High volume (GT) x x

B Equus zebra hartmannae Hartmann's Mountain Zebra VU High volume (GT) x


14


IUCN Red List


2009? Selected in

2010?

Mammals (cont.)

A/B Ceratotherium simum simum Southern White Rhinoceros

NT High volume (GT) x x

B Papio ursinus Chacma Baboon LC Overall increase x x

A/B Loxodonta africana African Elephant VU High volume (GT)

Birds B

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae

Red-fronted Parakeet VU High volume (GT) ◊ x x

B Psittacus erithacus Grey Parrot VU High volume (GT) ◊ x x

Reptiles

B Alligator mississippiensis American Alligator LC High volume

B Caiman crocodilus crocodilus South America Spectacled Caiman

LC High volume§ x x

A/B Crocodylus porosus Estuarine Crocodile LC Overall increase x

B Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor - High volume x

B Varanus salvator Water Monitor LC High volume

B Python brongersmai Blood Python LC High volume x x

B Python regius Royal Python LC High volume

B Python reticulatus Reticulated Python - High volume; sharp increase◊

B Chelonoidis denticulata Brazilian Giant Tortoise VU High volume (GT)

B Kinixys homeana Home's Hinge-back Tortoise VU High volume (GT)

B Testudo horsfieldii Afghan Tortoise VU High volume (GT), overall increase

Fish B Scaphirhynchus platorynchus Sand Sturgeon VU High volume (GT)

B Polyodon spathula Paddlefish VU High volume (GT)

Invertebrates (non-coral)

B Ornithoptera croesus Wallace's Golden Birdwing EN High volume (GT)

B Ornithoptera rothschildi Rothschild's Birdwing VU High volume (GT) x

B Hirudo medicinalis Medicinal Leech NT High volume (GT)

B Tridacna maxima Small Giant Clam NT High volume (GT)

B Strombus gigas Queen Conch - High volume

Corals B Scleractinia spp. Stony Corals - High volume


15


IUCN Red List


2009? Selected in

2010?

Corals (cont.)

B Catalaphyllia jardinei Elegant Coral VU High volume (GT), Sharp increase

B Euphyllia ancora Anchor Coral VU High volume (GT)

B Euphyllia divisa Frogspawn Coral NT Sharp increase x

B Euphyllia glabrescens - NT High volume (GT) x

B Plerogyra sinuosa Bladder Coral NT High volume (GT), Sharp increase

x x

B Duncanopsammia axifuga Whisker Coral NT High volume (GT), Sharp increase

B Turbinaria reniformis Yellow Scroll Coral VU Sharp increase x x

B Caulastraea furcata Finger Coral - Sharp increase x x

B Favia spp. Knob Corals - Sharp increase, Overall increase

x

B Favites spp. Larger Star Corals - Sharp increase x

B Goniastrea spp. - - Sharp increase x x

B Leptastrea spp. - - Sharp increase x x

B Moseleya latistellata - VU Sharp increase

B Platygyra spp. - - Sharp increase x x

B Fungia spp. Mushroom Corals - Sharp increase x x

B Lithophyllon undulatum - NT Sharp increase x

B Acanthastrea lordhowensis - NT Overall increase x

B Acanthastrea spp. - - Overall increase x

B Acanthophyllia deshayesiana - NT Sharp increase x x

B Australomussa rowleyensis - NT Sharp increase x x

B Blastomussa merleti Branched Cup Coral LC Sharp increase x x

B Cynarina lacrymalis Cat's-eye Coral NT High volume (GT), Sharp increase


16


IUCN Red List


2009? Selected in

2010?

Corals (cont.)

B Lobophyllia spp. - - Sharp increase x x

B Scolymia spp. - - Overall increase x

B Scolymia australis Button Coral LC Sharp increase

B Symphyllia spp. - - Overall increase x x

B Echinophyllia spp. - - Sharp increase x x

B Mycedium elephantotus - LC Sharp increase x x

B Oxypora spp. - - Sharp increase x x

B Pocillopora spp. - - Sharp increase x x

B Stylophora spp. - - Sharp increase x x

B Goniopora spp. - - Sharp increase x

B Goniopora stokesi Flowerpot Coral NT High volume (GT)

B Porites spp. - - Overall increase x

B Trachyphyllia geoffroyi Crater Coral NT High volume (GT) x

Plants

B Galanthus elwesii Greater Snowdrop - High volume

B Galanthus woronowii Green Snowdrop - High volume

B Euphorbia antisyphilitica Candelilla - High volume, Sharp increase

B Euphorbia primulifolia - VU High volume (GT) x x

B Aloe ferox Aloe - High volume, Sharp increase

Trees

B Pericopsis elata African Teak EN High volume (GT)

B Prunus africana African Cherry VU High volume (GT) x

B Aquilaria filaria - - Sharp increase x x

B Gonystylus bancanus Ramin VU High volume (GT)

ANNEX C

Mammals C Antilope cervicapra Blackbuck NT High volume (GT) x x


17


IUCN Red List


2009? Selected in

2010?

Reptiles

C Cerberus rynchops Dog-faced Water Snake LC Sharp increase x x

C Graptemys ouachitensis Ouachita Map Turtle LC Sharp increase x x

C Graptemys pseudogeographica False Map Turtle LC High volume

C Mauremys reevesii Reeve’s Turtle EN High volume (GT), Sharp increase

x x

C Mauremys sinensis Chinese Stripe-necked Turtle EN Sharp increase x

Key: Within the IUCN column, ‘CR’ = Critically Endangered, ‘EN’ = Endangered, ‘VU’= Vulnerable, ‘NT’= Near Threatened, ‘LC’= Least Concern and ‘-’= not evaluated; * = assessed as Equus hemionus; § = assessed as Caiman crocodilus. Within the Selection Criteria, High volume (GT) = High volume (globally threatened), ◊ = met the criteria based on candidate countries' trade only; ♦ = met the criteria based on both EU and candidate countries' trade.


19

1. Species selected on the basis of EU imports

Annex A

MAMMALS

Panthera pardus (Leopard)

As in 2010, this species was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally

threatened species and primarily comprised wild-sourced trophies and trophy items.

Wild-sourced trade in trophy items that can easily be equated to individuals (234

trophies, ten skins, eight skulls, three bodies and one skeleton) equated to

approximately 256 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that three of the skins

were imported on the same permits as other trophy items, potentially reducing the

number of animals involved to 253. This represents a decrease of 7% relative to 2010.

As in 2010, wild-sourced trophies and trophy items primarily originated in Tanzania,

Zimbabwe and Namibia.

Monodon monoceros (Narwhal)

In 2011, M. monoceros was again selected on the basis of high volume trade in a

globally threatened species. Trade originating in Greenland is treated as belonging to

Annex B, assuming that the proper domestic licensing procedures were followed6. In

2011, Annex B trade primarily consisted of 74 wild-sourced carvings and 54 tusks

traded for personal purposes; trade in these terms decreased by 68% and 27%,

respectively, compared to 2010. As in 2010, the remaining Annex A trade was all

imported directly from Canada and primarily comprised wild-sourced tusks (56

tusks and 3.1 kg tusks) and teeth (13 teeth); trade in these terms combined remained

at similar levels between 2010 and 2011. A positive opinion for Canada was removed

on 30/06/2009. The species was reviewed for SRG 51, which indicated concerns

regarding overexploitation and lack of information on population sizes and

sustainable catch levels for the Greenland population. Greenland introduced a ban

on the export of M. monoceros products in 2006; a former negative opinion for

Greenland was removed on 16/02/2010, replaced with a ‘no opinion’ with all

applications to be referred to the SRG.

Equus hemionus hemionus (Mongolian Wild Ass)

This species, as in 2010, was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally

threatened species and a sharp increase in trade. EU imports consisted of 90 wild-

sourced skulls imported directly from Mongolia for scientific purposes. All trade

over the ten year period 2002-2011 was for scientific purposes (2004: 250 skulls; 2010:

50 skulls).

6 in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 2724/2000 and Regulation (EU) No. 709/2010 (applicable

from 22 July 2010), all Appendix II Cetacea “including products and derivatives other than meat

products for commercial purposes, taken by the people of Greenland under licence granted by the

competent authority concerned” are treated as belonging to Annex B.


19

Equus przewalskii (Przewalski’s Horse) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened), sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: skulls Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Mongolia CITES Appendix: I IUCN Red List status: Endangered

In 2011, EU-reported imports primarily consisted of 63 wild-sourced skulls imported

for scientific purposes directly from Mongolia. The import of 25 specimens directly

from Mongolia for scientific purposes in 2010 represents the only other record of

wild-sourced trade 2002-2011. Small quantities of captive-bred live animals and

specimens were also reported by EU importers over this period, with only one live,

captive-bred horse imported in 2011 (for zoological purposes).

Ceratotherium simum simum (Southern White Rhinoceros)

Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: trophy items Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Sweden Top trading partner: Namibia CITES Appendix: I (except the populations of South Africa and Swaziland, which are included in Appendix II for specified purposes). IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened

In 2011, EU Member States imported 18 wild-sourced trophies and trophy items of

Appendix I/Annex A populations of Ceratotherium simum simum: five trophies, two

horns, three feet and eight bones. The horns and bones were all imported on the

same export permit, and therefore may have originated from the same animal. All

wild-sourced trade was imported directly from Namibia and was reported as

purpose codes ‘H’ and ‘P’. In addition, one pre-Convention horn (purpose ‘P) and

one source ‘F’ horn (purpose ‘E’) were also imported. Trade in trophy items met the

sharp increase criterion as the 2011 trade was more than four times the mean of the

preceeding five year period (Figure 3.2). With no trade in Annex A trophies reported

2002-2005, trade levels in 2011 were the highest over the ten year period 2002-2011.

No trophy items were reported in trade in either 2009 or 2010; imports in 2010 (1 live,

1 body and 1 skin) were all for scientific/educational purposes or zoos. Trade in C.

simum simum is closely monitored through the CITES process following Decisions

16.84 to 16.92.


20

Figure 3.2: EU reported imports of Annex A populations of Ceratotherium simum simum

trophies and trophy items (horns, bones, feet, skins and trophies reported under purpose

codes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’) by source, 2006-2011.

Loxodonta africana (African Elephant)

Annex A populations of Loxodonta africana were selected on the basis of high volume

trade in a globally threatened species. EU imports of Annex A specimens in 2011

comprised mainly pre-Convention carvings, wild-sourced trophies and trophy items

and wild-sourced scientific specimens. Wild-sourced trade in terms that can easily be

equated to individuals (70 trophies, two feet, two ears and one tail) as well as tusks

(25 tusks converted to 13 individuals using the conversion factor of 1.88 tusks per

elephant) equated to approximately 88 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that

the tail and two ears were imported on the same permit, possibly reducing the

number of animals involved to 86. This represents a 40% decrease in the number of

individuals relative to 2010. Trade in L. africana is closely monitored through the

CITES process following Decision 14.78 (Rev. CoP16).

BIRDS

Haliaeetus albicilla (White-tailed Eagle) Criteria met: Overall increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Ireland Top trading partner: Norway CITES Appendix: I IUCN Red List status: Least Concern

In 2011, EU imports comprised 41 live, wild-sourced individuals imported for re-

introduction purposes, and three live, captive-born individuals imported for

breeding purposes. All wild-sourced individuals were imported directly from

Norway, while captive-born individuals were imported directly from Kazakhstan

(two) and Ukraine (one). EU imports of wild-sourced, live individuals remained

constant between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.3).

0

5

10

15

20

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted

W O


21

Figure 3.3: EU-reported imports of live Haliaeetus albicilla from the two main sources (‘W’ and ‘C’), all purposes, 2002-2011.

Struthio camelus (Ostrich) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live eggs Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Morocco CITES Appendix: I IUCN Red List status: Least Concern

In 2011, EU imports consisted predominantly of wild-sourced, live eggs for breeding

purposes (24 eggs), originating in Morocco. In addition, the import of one pre-

Convention carving and one captive-bred small leather product was also reported.

Imports of live eggs remained constant between 2010 and 2011; no other trade in live

eggs was reported over the ten-year period. The species is considered to be extinct in

the wild in Morocco, although re-introduction attempts have been reported.

Annex B

MAMMALS

Hippopotamus amphibius (Hippopotamus)

As in 2010, this species was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally

threatened species and EU imports primarily consisted of wild-sourced teeth, tusks

trophies and skins reported under purposes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’. Wild-sourced trade in

trophy items that can easily be equated to individuals (124 trophies, 120 skins, 35

tusks, 1027 teeth, 30 skulls, 29 feet, three tails and one body reported without units,

using a conversion factor of two tusks and twelve teeth to one individual) equated to

approximately 410 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that some trophy items

were imported on the same permits as others, potentially reducing the number of

animals involved to 378. This represents an increase of 49% compared to 2010. The

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted

W C


22

majority of the trade in trophy items originated in Zambia and Zimbabwe. As stated

in the 2010 EU Analysis, positive opinions are in place for Zambia (formed on

18/07/2001) and Zimbabwe (confirmed on 29/10/2001) and the species has been

subject to scrutiny as part of the CITES Review of Significant Trade Process (see

AC25 Doc. 9.4 Annex).

Pecari tajacu (Collared Peccary)

Meeting the high volume criterion, EU imports of P. tajacu in 2011 consisted of skins

(24 034) and skin products (8212), all of which were wild-sourced and imported for

commercial purposes directly from Peru. Between 2010 and 2011, imports of skins

decreased by 29%, while imports of skin pieces and leather products increased by

2%. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Peru on

07/12/2012.

Tayassu pecari (White-lipped Peccary)

EU imports of T. pecari principally comprised skins (6528 skins), and, as in 2010,

exceeded the high volume threshold for a globally threatened species. All skins were

wild-sourced and imported for commercial purposes directly from Peru. Imports of

skins decreased by 55% between 2010 and 2011, reaching their lowest level over the

period 2002-2011. The population of Peru was reviewed for SRG 51 and a positive

opinion was formed on 16/02/2010.

Lycalopex griseus (South American Grey Fox)

Imported as skins or skin products, this species was selected on the basis of high

volume trade. In total, the EU imported 27 146 skins, 15 large leather products, 13

plates and eight garments; all imports were wild-sourced. With the exception of 500

skins imported directly from Chile, all imports originated in Argentina (93% of skins

and all skin products directly and 5% of skins via Turkey). EU imports of wild-

sourced L. griseus skins more than doubled between 2010 and 2011 (from 13 132

skins), but remained lower than levels imported in the years 2002-2008. The

population of Argentina was reviewed for SRG 46 and a positive opinion was

reconfirmed on 02/12/2008.

Lynx canadensis (Canada Lynx)

As in 2010, L. canadensis met the criteria for high volume trade and in 2011 EU

imports were primarily wild sourced skins traded for commercial purposes (6042

skins), the majority originating in Canada (68%) and the United States (32%). Imports

of wild-sourced skins decreased by 27% between 2010 and 2011. The SRG confirmed

the positive opinion for wild specimens from Canada on 27/03/2007 and from the

United States on 07/12/2012.


23

Lynx rufus (Bobcat)

L. rufus again met the criteria for high volume trade, as in 2010. EU imports in 2011

were primarily wild sourced skins traded for commercial purposes (39 525 skins), the

majority originating in the United States (89%) with the remainder originating in

Canada. Imports of wild-sourced L. rufus skins more than doubled between 2010 and

2011, reversing the decrease in trade seen in 2008-2010. The SRG confirmed positive

opinions for both the United States and Canada on 27/03/2007 and CoP15 Prop. 2

noted that the species’ status was considered to be secure, with stable or increasing

populations.

Panthera leo (African Lion)

As in 2010, Annex B trade in P. leo met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally

threatened species and EU imports of Annex B specimens consisted primarily of

captive-bred and wild-sourced trophies (82 and 65, respectively). Wild-sourced

trophies and trophy items equated to approximately 100 individuals, although a

permit analysis revealed that five trophy items were imported on the same permits

as other items, potentially reducing the number of lions involved to 95. This

represents an increase of 8% compared to 2010. Captive-bred trophies and trophy

items equated to approximately 119 individuals, representing an increase of 30%

compared to 2010. As in 2010, the majority of both wild-sourced and captive-bred

trophies and trophy items originated in South Africa. A negative opinion was

formed for wild specimens from South Africa on 10/11/2011.

Lontra canadensis (North American Otter)

Meeting the high volume criterion, EU imports principally comprised wild-sourced

skins traded for commercial purposes (7459 skins) originating in Canada and the

United States. Imports of wild-sourced skins decreased by 43% between 2010 and

2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Canada on

16/02/2010 and for the United States on 07/12/2012.

Ursus maritimus (Polar Bear)

EU imports of U. maritimus in 2011 primarily consisted of wild-sourced trophy items

(purposes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’) and, as in 2010, met the criteria for high volume trade in a

globally threatened species. Wild-sourced trade (including source unspecified) in

trophy items that can easily be equated to individuals (16 trophies, 52 skins, 51 skulls

and two bodies) equated to approximately 121 individuals. A permit analysis

revealed that five trophy items were imported on the same permits as other items,

potentially reducing the number of animals involved to 116; this represents an

increase of 29% relative to 2010. As in 2010, all wild-sourced trophies and trophy

items originated in Canada (73%) and Greenland (27%). The species was discussed

at SRG 50 on 30/11/2009 and a positive opinion was confirmed for Canada, except

for subpopulations of Baffin Bay and Kane Basin, for which a negative opinion was


24

confirmed. The negative opinion for Baffin Bay and Kane Basin subpopulations was

reconfirmed on 16/02/2010.

Pteropus vampyrus (Large Flying-fox) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Italy, Netherlands Top trading partner: Indonesia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened

The EU imported 53 live, wild-sourced individuals for commercial purposes and one

pre-Convention body (purpose code ‘Q’) in 2011. All wild-sourced trade was

imported directly from Indonesia. No imports of this species were reported by the

EU 2002-2008; in 2009, 30 were imported and imports of wild-sourced, live

individuals more than doubled from 20 in 2010 to 53 in 2011. Indonesia published an

export quota of 270 live individuals in 2011.

Equus zebra hartmannae (Hartmann's Mountain Zebra)

As in 2010, Equus zebra hartmannae met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally

threatened species. EU imports primarily comprised wild-sourced skins reported

under purposes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’ (849 skins, plus seven skins reported without a

purpose or source specified), as well as other wild-sourced trophies and trophy

items, the majority of which originated in Namibia. Wild-sourced trade in trophy

items that can easily be equated to individuals (856 skins, 75 trophies, 77 feet, two

genitalia, one skull, one tail and one skeleton, including trade reported without a

source or purpose specified) equated to approximately 956 individuals. A permit

analysis revealed that a notable quantity of trophy items were imported on the same

permits as other items, potentially reducing the number of animals involved to 939.

Imports of wild-sourced skins increased by 12% between 2010 and 2011. The SRG

formed a positive opinion for specimens from Namibia on 02/12/2008. The

subspecies has been reviewed as a case study as part of a report on hunting trophies

to be considered at SRG65.


25

Ceratotherium simum simum (Southern White Rhinoceros)

Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: trophies Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Spain, Poland Top trading partner: South Africa CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened

In 2011, EU imports of Annex B populations consisted primarily of wild-sourced

hunting trophies and trophy items, comprising 22 trophies, 18 horns, 16 feet, two

skins, three skin pieces, two skulls and one tail. Two of the trophies, four feet, the

skin pieces and tail were reported without a source or purpose code. All EU imports

in 2011 originated in South Africa. The number of trophy items combined (64 trophy

items) in 2011 reached the second highest level over the ten year period 2002-2011

(Figure 3.4). Wild-sourced (including source unspecified) trade in trophy items that

can easily be equated to individuals (trophies, horns, feet, skins and tails) equated to

approximately 49 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that five trophy items were

imported on the same permit as other items, potentially reducing the number of

animals involved to 44. This represents a four-fold increase relative to 2010 (11

individuals). Trade in C. simum simum is closely monitored through the CITES

process following Decisions 16.84 to 16.92.

Figure 3.4: EU imports of wild-sourced (includes source ‘W’ and source unspecified)

Annex B Ceratotherium simum simum trophies and trophy items (bodies, bones, feet,

horns, skins, skin pieces, skulls and tails), purposes ‘H’, ‘P’ and purpose unspecified, 2002-

2011.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted


26

Papio ursinus (Chacma Baboon) Criteria met: Overall increase Principal trade term to EU: skulls Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Namibia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern

EU imports of Papio ursinus consisted primarily of wild-sourced hunting trophies

and trophy items in 2011, comprising 241 skulls, 129 trophies, 19 bones, 20 skins, 16

teeth, one body and one tail. In addition, eight trophies, five skulls and one skin were

reported without a source or purpose specified. Trade in trophy items that can easily

be equated to individuals (trophies, skulls, skins, bodies and tails) equated to

approximately 406 individuals; a permit analysis revealed that six of the skulls were

imported on the same permits as other trophy items, potentially reducing the

number of animals involved to 400. This represents an increase of 11% relative to

2010, with imports in 2011 reaching their highest level over the period 2002-2011

(Figure 3.5). Trophies and trophy items principally originated in Namibia (58%),

South Africa (23%) and Zimbabwe (16%). The SRG confirmed positive opinions for

wild specimens from South Africa and Zimbabwe on 29/10/2001. Although trade

has increased notably since that time, the species is generally considered to be

common and widespread.

Figure 3.5: EU-reported imports of wild-sourced Papio ursinus hunting trophies and trophy items (bodies, skins and skulls; purposes H, P and T), 2002-2011.

Loxodonta africana (African Elephant)

Annex B elephant populations were selected on the basis of high volume trade in a

globally threatened species. EU-reported imports of Annex B specimens in 2011 were

primarily wild-sourced and consisted mainly of skins, skin pieces, trophies, tusks,

ivory pieces and hair. Wild-sourced trade in trophy items that can easily be equated

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted

bodies skins skulls trophies


27

to individuals (131 trophies, 87 tusks, 79 feet, 39 ears, 33 tails and four skulls reported

without units, including trade reported without a source specified, using the

conversion factor of 1.88 tusks per elephant) equated to approximately 251

individuals. A permit analysis revealed that a notable quantity of trophy items were

imported on the same permits as other items, potentially reducing the number of

animals involved to 200; this represents a 36% decrease relative to 2010. Trade in L.

africana is closely monitored through the CITES process following Decision 14.78

(Rev. CoP16).

REPTILES

Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator)

As in 2010, A. mississippiensis met the criteria for high volume trade. EU imports

principally comprised wild-sourced skins originating in the United States; a total of

287 650 skins were imported in 2011 (all sources). Imports of skins increased by 10%

between 2010 and 2011. The species was reviewed for SRG 41 and a positive opinion

was confirmed for the United States, the only range State, on 14/09/2007.

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus (South American Spectacled Caiman) Criteria met: High volume Principal trade term to EU: skins Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Venezuela CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least concern7

EU imports in 2011 principally comprised skins, all of which were wild-sourced,

traded for commercial purposes and originated in Venezuela (26 613 skins). Imports

of skins more than doubled between 2010 and 2011, but remained lower than levels

imported 2003-2008 (Figure 3.6). The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild

specimens from Venezuela on 14/09/2007.

7 Assessed as Caiman crocodilus


28

Figure 3.6: EU-reported imports of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skins by source, all purposes, 2002-2011.

Crocodylus porosus (Estuarine Crocodile)

Trade in Annex B populations of C. porosus met the ‘overall increase’ criterion,

primarily on the basis of ranched skins over the ten year period 2002-2011. Imports

in 2011 primarily comprised captive-bred and ranched skins traded for commercial

purposes (14 867 and 14 911 skins, respectively), the majority originating in Australia

(76%) and a notable proportion in Papua New Guinea (20%). A smaller quantity of

wild-sourced skins was also imported (1274 skins), the vast majority (>99%)

originating in Papua New Guinea. Imports of skins from all sources were 31% higher

in 2011 compared to 2010; the relative proportions of each source were similar to

2010. The SRG formed a positive opinion for Papua New Guinea on 16/02/2010.

Varanus niloticus (Nile Monitor)

EU imports of V. niloticus principally comprised wild-sourced skins traded for

commercial purposes (32 838 skins), with levels again meeting the high volume

threshold as in 2010. Imports of skins increased by 13% between 2010 and 2011. The

majority of trade was imported directly from Chad and Mali; positive opinions were

either confirmed (Chad) or formed (Mali) for these range States on 26/05/2008.

Varanus salvator (Water Monitor)

As in 2010, V. salvator met the criteria for high volume trade, with EU imports

principally comprising wild-sourced skins traded for commercial purposes (150 007

skins) originating in Indonesia and Malaysia. Total imports of skins doubled

between 2010 and 2011; trade originating in Indonesia increased by 153% while

imports originating in Malaysia increased by 61%. Positive opinions were confirmed

for Indonesia on 29/02/2008 and for Malaysia on 02/12/2011.

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted

W C


29

Python brongersmai (Blood Python) Criteria met: High volume Principal trade term to EU: skins Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Italy Top trading partners: Indonesia, Singapore CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least concern

In 2011, EU imports consisted primarily of skins (31 126 skins) traded for commercial

purposes, the majority of which were wild-sourced and originated in Indonesia. EU

imports accounted for 78% of Indonesia’s export quota of 36 936 wild-sourced skins

and skin products in 2011. Imports of wild-sourced skins increased more than ten-

fold between 2010 and 2011, while imports of captive-bred skins decreased by 84%

(Figure 3.7). A positive opinion was formed for specimens from Indonesia at SRG 30

on 01/07/2004, subject to the use of species specific quotas, which was reconfirmed

at SRG40 on 27/03/2007, as the population of the species was considered to be

increasing in oil-palm plantations in the country.

Figure 3.7: EU-reported imports of Python brongersmai skins from the two main sources ('W' and 'C'), all purposes, 2004-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2003).

Python regius (Royal Python)

In 2011, EU imports consisted exclusively of live individuals (42 399) with levels

exceeding the high volume threshold, as in 2010. The majority of imports were

ranched and traded for commercial purposes. Imports of live P. regius increased by

13% between 2010 and 2011. As in 2010, the majority of trade originated in Togo and

Ghana. Trade from Ghana and Togo was reviewed for SRG 45 and positive opinions

were confirmed for ranched specimens from these countries, and wild specimens

from Togo on 15/09/2008. A positive opinion for wild specimens from Ghana was

formed on 12/03/2009.

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted

W C


30

Python reticulatus (Reticulated Python)

This species was selected on the basis of high volume trade, as in 2010, and in 2011

EU imports principally comprised wild-sourced and captive-bred skins traded for

commercial purposes (totalling 262 868 skins from all sources). Notable quantities of

small leather products were also imported (28 772 products), the majority wild-

sourced. Between 2010 and 2011, total imports of skins (all sources) increased by

44%, while imports of small leather products decreased by 37%. The majority of the

captive-bred trade originated in Lao PDR and Viet Nam, while the wild-sourced

trade primarily originated in Indonesia. The SRG formed a negative opinion for wild

specimens from Viet Nam on 07/12/2012; the positive opinion for wild specimens

from Indonesia was removed on 07/12/2012, but re-formed on 28/05/2013. The

species, including populations from Indonesia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam is currently

under review as part of the CITES Review of Significant Trade process.

Chelonoidis denticulata (Brazilian Giant Tortoise)

C. denticulata was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened

species. As in 2010, all EU imports were of live individuals traded for commercial

purposes. In 2011, the principal source of trade shifted from wild to captive-bred,

with 130 captive-bred and 88 wild-sourced individuals imported. The captive-bred

animals were all imported directly from the United States and Peru, while the wild-

sourced animals were imported directly from Suriname and Guyana. Overall, live

imports increased by 18% between 2010 and 2011; wild-sourced imports decreased

by 39%. Populations of Guyana and Suriname were reviewed for SRG 59 and

positive opinions were formed for both countries on 23/02/2012.

Kinixys homeana (Home's Hinge-back Tortoise)

EU imports of K. homeana consisted of live individuals traded for commercial

purposes (312 individuals) which again met the threshold for high volume trade in a

globally threatened species. The majority of individuals were ranched and imported

directly from Togo (94%) and the remainder wild-sourced and imported directly

from Ghana. Live imports increased by 26% in 2011 compared to 2010. Following the

negative opinions for wild-sourced specimens and ranched specimens being

confirmed for Ghana and Togo, respectively, on 02/12/2011, a suspension was put

in place for wild-sourced specimens from Ghana, and ranched specimens with a

straight carapace length greater than 8 cm from Togo, on 10/09/2012 and remains

valid.

Testudo horsfieldii (Afghan Tortoise)

In both 2010 and 2011, T. horsfieldii was selected on the basis of high volume trade in

a globally threatened species and an overall increase in trade. EU imports in 2011

consisted exclusively of live individuals traded for commercial purposes (45 919

individuals), the majority ranched (44%) and wild-sourced (39%) and imported


31

directly from Uzbekistan. Live imports increased by 33% in 2011 compared to 2010.

A long-standing import suspension for wild specimens of this species from all

countries of origin was removed on 30/04/2004. The population of Uzbekistan was

reviewed for SRG 45 and 53. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens

from Uzbekistan on 26/09/2006; this was confirmed for wild and ranched specimens

on 14/09/2010. The species was selected under the CITES Review of Significant

Trade in 2008. At the 25th meeting of the Animals Committee, Uzbekistan was

categorised as of Possible Concern and recommendations were made to the country

to provide information within 90 days; information was communicated to the

Secretariat on 06/12/2011 and this species-country combination was subsequently

removed from the process.

FISH

Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Sand Sturgeon)

EU imports consisted of wild-sourced caviar imported for commercial purposes

directly from the United States (508 kg of caviar). As in 2010, S. platorynchus was

selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species and

imports of caviar increased by 71% between 2010 and 2011. A positive opinion was

formed for the United States on 22/06/2011. The species was reviewed at SRG 54

and a positive opinion was formed for the United States on 22/06/2011. The

conservation and trade of Acipenseriformes are discussed at each meeting of the

Animals Committee in accordance with Resolution 12.7 (Rev. CoP16).

Polyodon spathula (Paddlefish)

As in 2010, P. spathula was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally

threatened species, consisting of 1395 kg wild-sourced caviar traded for commercial

purposes and 750 live, captive-bred eggs traded for scientific purposes, all imported

directly from the United States. Imports of caviar decreased by 38% while imports of

live eggs decreased by 99%. The species was reviewed for SRG 44 and a positive

opinion was re-confirmed for the United States on 12/03/2009. The conservation and

trade of Acipenseriformes are discussed at each meeting of the Animals Committee

in accordance with Resolution 12.7 (Rev. CoP16).

INVERTEBRATES

Ornithoptera croesus (Wallace's Golden Birdwing)

EU imports of O. croesus in 2011 consisted of 619 ranched bodies, exceeding the high

volume threshold for trade in a globally threatened species. All trade originated in

Indonesia and was primarily imported for commercial purposes. Imports of bodies

decreased by 25% in 2011 relative to 2010. An import suspension has been in place

for wild specimens from Indonesia since 19/09/1999. The species was reviewed for

SRG 50.


32

Ornithoptera rothschildi (Rothschild's Birdwing)

As in 2010, O. rothschildi was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally

threatened species. EU imports consisted of 297 ranched bodies traded primarily for

commercial purposes, all of which originated in Indonesia. Imports of bodies

decreased by 5% between 2010 and 2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion for

ranched specimens from Indonesia on 11/02/1998. The Indonesian population was

reviewed for SRG 60.

Hirudo medicinalis (Medicinal Leech)

Again meeting the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species, in

2011 EU imports of H. medicinalis consisted primarily of live individuals (120 000

captive-bred individuals and 450 kg of wild-sourced individuals), with notable

quantities of captive-bred medicine and derivatives also imported (55 264 and 36 752

units, respectively); the majority of trade was for commercial purposes. Live trade

primarily originated in the Russian Federation, while the majority of the trade in

derivatives and medicine originated in Ukraine. Between 2010 and 2011, live imports

(reported without units) increased by 45%, while imports of derivatives (including

medicine and extract, reported without units) decreased by 55%. A positive opinion

for all countries was formed on 22/07/1997, which was removed for the population

of the Russian Federation at SRG 58 on 02/12/2011 and for the population of

Ukraine at SRG 61 on 11/09/2012 (SRG 58/11 and SRG 61/12, respectively).

Tridacna maxima (Small Giant Clam)

As in 2010, in 2011 T. maxima was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a

globally threatened species and EU imports principally comprised live individuals

traded for commercial purposes (20 855 individuals), of which 89% were captive-

produced and the remainder wild-sourced. The principal exporter of captive-

produced, live individuals was Vanuatu, while the majority of wild-sourced, live

individuals originated in French Polynesia. Live imports decreased by 14% between

2010 and 2011. An import suspension has been in place since 10/05/2006 for wild-

sourced specimens originating in Vanuatu. A positive opinion for specimens from

French Polynesia was formed at SRG 61 on 11/09/2012.

Strombus gigas (Queen Conch)

In 2011, EU imports of S. gigas primarily consisted of wild-sourced meat imported

directly from Jamaica for commercial purposes (382 797 kg of meat), with trade

meeting the high volume criterion, as in 2010. Imports of meat remained at similar

levels between 2010 and 2011. EU imports of wild-sourced meat in 2011 accounted

for 96% of Jamaica’s export quota for 400 000 kg of wild-sourced meat. S. gigas from

Jamaica was reviewed for SRG 46, and the existing positive opinion was confirmed

on 30/06/2009.


33

CORALS

Catalaphyllia jardinei (Elegant Coral)

As in 2010, C. jardinei met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened

species; the species also met the ‘sharp increase’ criterion in 2011. EU imports

consisted exclusively of live, wild-sourced corals imported for commercial purposes

directly from Australia (34 862 corals); imports of live corals reported without units

increased by three-fold between 2010 and 2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion

for wild specimens originating in Australia on 03/12/2010; the Australian

population was reviewed for SRG 55 and the positive opinion was reconfirmed on

20/06/2011.

Euphyllia ancora (Anchor Coral)

EU imports in 2011 principally comprised live corals traded for commercial purposes

(17 782 corals), the majority of which were wild-sourced and imported directly from

Australia and Indonesia. As in 2010, levels exceeded the threshold for high volume

trade in a globally threatened species, imports of live corals from Australia increased

by 1.7-fold between 2010 and 2011, while imports from Indonesia decreased by 6%.

The SRG formed a positive opinion for Australia on 20/06/2011.

Euphyllia divisa (Frogspawn Coral)

As in 2010, E. divisa was selected on the basis of a sharp increase in trade; imports of

live, wild-sourced corals increased almost three-fold between 2010 and 2011,

amounting to 5565 corals, all of which were imported for commercial purposes

directly from Australia. Adequate management of coral resources generally appears

to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).

Euphyllia glabrescens Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Indonesia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened

EU-reported imports in 2011 principally comprised wild-sourced and source ‘F’ live

corals (15 420 and 10 112 corals, respectively), which were primarily imported for

commercial purposes. The majority of the live, wild-sourced imports were imported

directly from Australia while the principal exporter of live, source ‘F’ corals was

Indonesia. Imports of live corals have increased every year since 2002; between 2010

and 2011, imports of wild-sourced live corals more than doubled (Figure 3.8). A

positive opinion was formed for specimens from Australia on 28/05/2013. A pre-


34

existing negative opinion for specimens from Indonesia was replaced with a positive

opinion on 15/05/2002, and reconfirmed at SRG 41 on 14/09/2007.

Figure 3.8: EU-reported imports of live coral of Euphyllia glabrescens (excluding trade reported in kg) from the two main sources ('W' and 'F'), all purposes, 2002-2011.

Plerogyra sinuosa (Bladder Coral) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened), sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened

All EU imports of P. sinuosa in 2011 were of live corals traded for commercial

purposes (14 077 corals), of which the vast majority were wild-sourced. The majority

of wild-sourced corals were imported directly from Australia (13 385 corals); 541

wild-sourced corals were imported directly from Fiji, accounting for 83% of Fiji’s

2011 export quota of 650 wild-sourced corals (live or dead). Imports of wild-sourced,

live corals in 2011 were at their highest level over the ten-year period 2002-

2011(Figure 3.9); imports from Australia more than tripled between 2010 and 2011,

while imports from Fiji decreased by 8%. The SRG confirmed a positive opinion for

wild specimens from Australia on 20/06/2011. P. sinuosa from Fiji was reviewed at

SRG 26, where a negative opinion was formed, which was replaced with a positive

opinion at SRG 28 on 15/01/2004.

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted

W F


35

Figure 3.9: EU-reported imports of wild-sourced, live coral of Plerogyra sinuosa, all purposes, 2002-2011.

Duncanopsammia axifuga (Whisker Coral)

Trade in D. axifuga met two selection criteria in 2011: sharp increase and high volume

trade in a globally threatened species. EU imports consisted of live, wild-sourced

corals imported for commercial purposes directly from Australia (15 469), increasing

by 79% between 2010 (when 8583 live corals were imported) and 2011. The

Australian population was reviewed for SRG 55, with information provided by

Australia for SRG 58. The SRG confirmed a positive opinion for wild specimens from

Australia on 02/12/2011.

Turbinaria reniformis (Yellow Scroll Coral) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable

In 2011, all EU imports comprised live corals (6542 corals) traded for commercial

purposes. The majority (99%) were wild-sourced and directly imported from

Australia while the remainder were source ‘F’ corals imported directly from

Indonesia. Imports of live, wild-sourced corals increased more than five-fold

between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.10). The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild

specimens from Australia on 20/06/2011. As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047,

Turbinaria is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is

acceptable; several other species of Turbinaria also occur in Australia.

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted


36

Figure 3.10: EU-reported imports of live coral of Turbinaria reniformis by source, all purposes, 2003-2011 (no imports were reported in 2002).

Caulastraea furcata (Finger Coral) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Not evaluated

EU imports in 2011 consisted of 2508 live, wild-sourced corals imported directly from

Australia for commercial purposes. Imports of live, wild-sourced corals increased

more than seven-fold between 2010 and 2011, with levels staying below 500 pieces a

year 2003-2010 (Figure 3.11). Adequate management of coral resources generally

appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES

Notification No. 2012/047, Caulastraea is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade

at the genus level is acceptable; several other species of Caulastraea also occur in

Australia.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted

W F


37

Figure 3.11: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Caulastraea furcata, all purposes, 2003-2011 (no imports were reported in 2002).

Moseleya latistellata

As in 2010, M. latistellata met the criteria for ‘sharp increase’ with EU imports of live

corals more than doubling between 2010 and 2011, amounting to 8097 live corals in

2011 (compared to 3458 live corals in 2010). All imports were wild-sourced and

imported for commercial purposes directly from Australia. Information was

provided by Australia for SRG 57 and 58 and the SRG formed a positive opinion for

specimens from Australia on 07/10/2011, which was confirmed on 02/12/2011.

Lithophyllon undulatum

L. undulatum met the sharp increase criterion in 2011, with imports of live corals

increasing by 161% between 2010 and 2011. In total, 5739 live, wild-sourced corals

were imported in 2011; all imports were imported directly from Australia for

commercial purposes. Adequate management of coral resources generally appears

to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification

No. 2012/047, Lithophyllon is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus

level is acceptable; Lithophyllon mokai also occurs in Australia.

Acanthastrea lordhowensis Criteria met: Overall increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: United Kingdom Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened

All EU imports in 2011 were live, wild-sourced corals imported for commercial

purposes and originating in Australia (2397 corals). Although A. lordhowensis met the

‘overall increase’ criterion (based on the ten-year period 2002-2011), imports

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted


38

remained relatively constant between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.12). Adequate

management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for

instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047, Acanthastrea is one of

the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable; several other

species of Acanthastrea also occur in Australia.

Figure 3.12: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Acanthastrea lordhowensis, all purposes, 2007-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2006).

Acanthophyllia deshayesiana

Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened

In 2011, all EU imports consisted of live, wild-sourced corals (3586 corals) imported

directly from Australia for commercial purposes. No imports of A. deshayesiana were

reported by the EU prior to 2009; imports remained relatively constant between 2009

and 2010 but increased considerably between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.13). Adequate


instance SRG 64/11).

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted


39

Figure 3.13: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Acanthophyllia deshayesiana, all purposes, 2009-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2008).

Australomussa rowleyensis

Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened

All EU-reported imports in 2011 comprised live, wild-sourced corals (2625 corals)

imported directly from Australia for commercial purposes. No imports of live, wild-

sourced corals were reported prior to 2009 but imports increased considerably 2009-

2011 (Figure 3.14). Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be

in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).

Figure 3.14: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Australomussa rowleyensis, all purposes, 2009-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2008).

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2009 2010 2011

No

. Im

po

rted


40

Blastomussa merleti (Branched Cup Coral) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern

All EU imports in 2011 consisted of live, wild-sourced corals (4943 corals) imported

directly from Australia for commercial purposes. No imports of live, wild-sourced

corals were reported prior to 2006; imports have increased every year since 2006, and

increased more than seven-fold between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.15). Adequate


instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047, Blastomussa is one of

the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable; Blastomussa

wellsi also occurs in Australia.

Figure 3.15: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Blastomussa merleti, all purposes, 2006-2011 (no imports were reported 2002- 2005).

Cynarina lacrymalis (Cat's-eye Coral)

This coral species was selected on the basis of two criteria in 2011: sharp increase and

high volume trade in a globally threatened species. As in 2010, EU imports consisted

of live, wild-sourced corals imported for commercial purposes directly from

Australia (9760 corals); imports increased by 59% in 2011 compared to 2010. The

SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens originating in Australia on

30/11/2009.

Scolymia australis (Button Coral)

As in 2010, S. australis met the ‘sharp increase’ criterion and EU imports consisted of

live, wild-sourced corals imported directly from Australia for commercial purposes

(8544 corals); imports of live, wild-sourced corals increased by 67% between 2010

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted


41

and 2011. Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place

in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047,

Scolymia is one of the coral taxa where trade at the genus level is acceptable; Scolymia

vitiensis also occurs in Australia.

Mycedium elephantotus Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern

In 2011, all EU imports comprised live, wild-sourced corals (2845 corals) traded for

commercial purposes; the vast majority were imported directly from Australia. EU

imports of this species in 2011 were the highest over the ten-year period 2002-2011,

with a nine-fold increase between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.16). Adequate


instance SRG 64/11).

Figure 3.16: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Mycedium elephantotus, all purposes, 2002-2011.

Goniopora stokesi (Flowerpot Coral)

In 2011, EU imports primarily comprised live, wild-sourced corals traded for

commercial purposes (15 632 corals), the majority imported directly from Indonesia.

As in 2010, trade levels met the threshold for high volume trade in a globally

threatened species; live imports increased by 19% between 2010 and 2011. The SRG

formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia on 14/09/2007 which

was confirmed on 16/02/2010. As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047, Goniopora is

one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable; several

other species of Goniopora also occur in Australia.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted


42

Trachyphyllia geoffroyi (Crater Coral)

As in 2010, T. geoffroyi met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened

species and 2011 EU imports comprised live, wild-sourced corals traded for

commercial purposes (19 525 corals), the majority imported directly from Australia.

The Australian population was reviewed for SRG 55 and a positive opinion for wild

specimens was formed on 20/06/2011. In addition, 15 wild-sourced, live corals were

imported directly from Indonesia; the suspension for wild-sourced corals from

Indonesia first published on 18/02/2005 remains valid. The quantity of live corals

imported increased by 92% between 2010 and 2011.

PLANTS

Galanthus elwesii (Greater Snowdrop)

G. elwesii met the criteria for high volume trade, as in 2010, and EU imports again

consisted of live, wild-sourced plants imported for commercial purposes directly

from Turkey (4 329 975 plants); imports increased by 22% between 2010 and 2011. A

positive opinion for Turkey was confirmed on 16/02/2010.

Galanthus woronowii (Green Snowdrop)

EU imports of G. woronowii consisted of live, wild-sourced plants imported for

commercial purposes (14 077 012 plants) and, as in 2010, levels exceeded the high

volume threshold. All imports in 2011 originated in Georgia (81%) and Turkey (19%).

Imports remained at similar levels between 2009 and 2010. A positive opinion for

Turkey was confirmed on 16/02/2010 and a positive opinion for Georgia was

confirmed on 30/06/2009 (with a quota of 15 million bulbs).

Euphorbia antisyphilitica (Candelilla)

Trade in E. antisyphilitica met two selection criteria in 2011: high volume trade and a

sharp increase in trade. EU imports comprised wild-sourced wax traded for

commercial purposes, all of which originated in Mexico. Between 2010 and 2011, wax

reported without a unit increased eight-fold to 20 407 units, while wax reported by

weight decreased by 68% to 640 178 kg. The species was reviewed at SRG 41 and 44,

with a positive opinion formed for Mexico on 14/09/2007 and confirmed on

26/05/2008.


43

Euphorbia primulifolia Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Madagascar CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable

EU imports in 2011 comprised 300 live, wild-sourced plants imported directly from

Madagascar for commercial purposes. Over the ten-year period 2002-2011 the only

other imports of live E. primulifolia were reported in 2004, 2005 and 2008 (Figure

3.17). In addition, the import of 70 kg of dried plants for commercial purposes was

reported in 2009, without a source specified. The SRG formed a negative opinion for

wild specimens from Madagascar on 03/09/2012, which was confirmed on

07/12/2012.

Figure 3.17: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced Euphorbia primulifolia (including E. primulifolia var. begardii), all purposes, 2004-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2003).

Aloe ferox (Aloe)

In 2011, EU imports primarily comprised wild-sourced extract imported for

commercial purposes directly from South Africa, meeting the criteria for high

volume trade and a sharp increase in trade as in 2010 . Between 2010 and 2011,

imports of extract reported by weight decreased by 27% to 122 787 kg. The SRG

confirmed a positive opinion for wild specimens from South Africa on 23/02/2012.

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted


44

TREES

Pericopsis elata (African Teak)

Trade in P. elata met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species as

in 2010. EU imports in 2011 principally comprised wild-sourced timber traded for

commercial purposes (10 538 m3 timber). Again, all imports originated in Cameroon

(50%) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (50%). Imports of timber decreased by

15% between 2010 and 2011. The species has been reviewed at numerous SRGs and was

selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade process following CoP14; Cameroon

was categorised as Least Concern and DRC as Possible Concern at the 19th meeting of the

Plants Committee. The SRG formed a positive opinion for specimens from Cameroon on

02/04/2002, which was reconfirmed on 12/03/2009; a positive opinion was formed for

specimens from the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 30/11/2009.

Prunus africana (African Cherry)

Meeting the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species in 2011, once

again EU imports of P. africana primarily consisted of wild-sourced bark traded for

commercial purposes (635 886 kg). Notable quantities of wild-sourced extract were also

imported (122 787 kg, as well as smaller quantities reported by volume and without

units). Trade was imported directly from Cameroon (47%), Uganda (28%) and the

Democratic Republic of the Congo (25%). Imports of bark increased by almost five-fold

between 2010 and 2011. P. africana was selected for the CITES Review of Significant

Trade process following CoP11 and has been discussed at numerous SRGs including

SRG 50 and 59. The SRG formed a positive opinion for specimens from Uganda on

02/12/2008, which was reconfirmed on 23/02/2012, following information provided by

Uganda on the scientific basis for increasing its annual export quota in 2011 to 176,179

kg. The SRG formed a negative opinion for specimens from Cameroon on 14/09/2007,

which was reconfirmed on 30/11/2009. Trade from Cameroon was reviewed at SRG 55

on 11/03/2011 and a positive opinion was agreed for a quota of 150000 kg for 2010 and

2011, subject to clear identification of origin from the north-west region. The positive

opinion, with additional specification of dry bark, was reconfirmed on 02/12/2011 and

again on 23/02/2012, subject to a quota of 150,000 kg dry bark from the north-west

region, and a quota of 130,000 of dry bark from Mt. Cameroon, with clear indication of

origin. On 11/09/2012 positive opinions were confirmed for a further three quotas,

(Adamaoua: quota of 326 680 kg of dry bark; Kilum Ijim plantlife sanctuary: quota of 2

494 of dry bark; North-West region (out of community forests): quota of 25 589 kg of dry

bark). A positive opinion for specimens from the Democratic Republic of Congo was

agreed in writing on 30/11/2012, subject to an annual quota of 72 000 kg dry bark from

Ibathama and Mwenda regions and subject to clear indication of origin in export permit.


45

Aquilaria filaria

Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: dried plants Principal source: wild Top EU importer: United Kingdom Top trading partner: Saudi Arabia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Not evaluated

EU imports in 2011 were all wild-sourced and imported for commercial purposes,

consisting of dried plants (143 kg) and chips (85 kg). All trade originated in Indonesia

and was re-exported via Saudi Arabia. No wild-sourced imports were reported prior to

2011; small quantities of pre-Convention chips and oil were reported in 2008 and 2009,

respectively.

Gonystylus bancanus (Ramin)

As in 2010, G. bancanus met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened

species. Once again, EU imports in 2011 principally consisted of wild-sourced timber for

commercial purposes (648 m3); imports of timber decreased by 61% between 2010 and

2011, although trade in carvings increased in 2011 to1276 kg and 127 m3 of carvings. As

in 2010, all trade was imported directly from Indonesia and Malaysia. Positive opinions

for Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah & Sarawak) were confirmed on 12/3/2009.


46

Annex C

MAMMALS

Antilope cervicapra (Blackbuck) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: trophies Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Spain Top trading partner: Argentina CITES Appendix: III IUCN Red List status: Near threatened

EU imports of Antilope cervicapra in 2011 principally comprised hunting trophies (74), of

which 95% were wild-sourced and the remainder reported without a source specified.

Four wild-sourced skulls, one wild-sourced body and one captive-sourced skin were

also imported. The majority of trade was imported directly from Argentina. Imports of

trophies and trophy items peaked at 292 in 2006 and have declined since, decreasing by

19% between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.19).

Figure 3.19: EU-reported imports of wild-sourced (includes ‘U’ and source unspecified) Antilope cervicapra trophies and trophy items (bodies, skulls, skins and horns; purposes ‘H’, ‘P’, ‘T’ and purpose unspecified), 2002-2011.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. Im

po

rted


47

REPTILES

Cerberus rynchops (Dog-faced Water Snake) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: small leather products Principal source: unspecified Top EU importer: Italy Top trading partner: Indonesia CITES Appendix: III IUCN Red List status: Least Concern

EU imports in 2011 principally comprised small leather products (23 739 products), of

which the majority (96%) were reported without a source or purpose specified and the

remainder were wild-sourced and traded for commercial purposes. All EU imports of

small leather products in 2011 were imported directly from Indonesia. This was the

highest level of EU imports of this species over the ten-year period 2002-2011, and

imports of small leather products between 2010 and 2011 increased almost four-fold

(Figure 3.20).

Figure 3.20: EU-reported imports of Cerberus rynchops small leather products by source, all purposes, 2002-2011.

Graptemys ouachitensis (Ouachita Map Turtle) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Portugal Top trading partner: United States CITES Appendix: III IUCN Red List status: Least Concern

In 2011, EU imports comprised 10 950 live specimens, of which the majority (94%) were

wild-sourced and the remainder were captive-bred. All trade was imported directly

from the United States for commercial purposes. The only other EU import of this

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted

W Unspecified


48

species between 2002 and 2010 was the import of 2 500 wild-sourced, live specimens,

also directly from the United States and for commercial purposes, in 2008.

Graptemys pseudogeographica (False Map Turtle)

EU imports of G. psuedogeographica principally comprised 75 480 live individuals,

exceeding the high volume threshold for an Appendix III reptile. Of these, 47% were

wild-sourced, 27% were reported without a source specified and the remainder were

captive-bred. All of the wild-sourced trade and the majority of trade from other sources

was imported directly from the United States. Imports of live specimens (all sources)

decreased by 21% between 2010 and 2011.

Mauremys reevesii (Reeve’s Turtle) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened); sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: captive-bred Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: China CITES Appendix: III IUCN Red List status: Endangered

EU imports in 2011 comprised 16 105 live animals, of which 81% were captive bred and

the remainder were reported without a source specified. Over 99% of imports were

imported directly by the EU from China. Live imports doubled between 2010 and 2011,

reaching the highest level of imports of this species over the ten year period (Figure

3.21). No wild-sourced imports have been reported since 2005.

Figure 3.21: EU-reported imports of live Mauremys reevesii by source, all purposes, 2005-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2004).

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted

W C U Unspecified


49

Mauremys sinensis (Chinese Stripe-necked Turtle)

EU-reported imports in 2011 consisted of live animals traded for commercial purposes,

of which 72% were captive-bred and the remainder were reported without a source

specified. All trade in 2011 was imported directly from China and Taiwan, Province of

China. Live imports increased by 15% between 2010 and 2011, while the number of wild-

sourced animals imported decreased from 10 010 in 2010 to zero in 2011. Whilst listed in

Annex C (hence SRG opinions are not applicable), the species was reviewed for SRG 62

(SRG 62/8) to assess whether it might merit listing in Annex B.

2. Species selected on the basis of candidate countries’ imports

Six mammal, two bird and one reptile species met one or more of the selection criteria on

the basis of candidate country imports. All species are listed in Annex B.

Annex B Mammals

Hippopotamus amphibius (Hippopotamus) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to candidate country: teeth Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Hong Kong, SAR; China CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable

In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 221.42 kg of wild-sourced H. amphibius teeth for

commercial purposes; the vast majority originated in Uganda and was re-exported via

Hong Kong, SAR and China. The only other imports of H. amphibius teeth or tusks

reported by candidate countries between 2002 and 2010 consisted of 20 tusks and 7.7 kg

of tusks imported by Turkey in 2008 and 60 tusks imported by Turkey in 2010. No trade

in H. amphibius to other candidate countries was reported by candidate countries in 2011,

although South Africa reported the export of wild-sourced 12 tusks to Croatia (purpose

‘H’).

Lycalopex griseus (South American Grey Fox)

Imports in 2011 primarily consisted of wild-sourced skins imported by Turkey directly

from Argentina for commercial purposes and, as in 2010, L. griseus was selected on the

basis of high volume trade. Between 2010 and 2011, imports of skins increased by 22%,

while the proportion of wild-sourced skins increased from 82% to 100%. Croatia

reported the import of a small number of wild-sourced skin pieces in 2011; no trade in L.

griseus to other candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or

exporters.


50

Lycalopex gymnocercus (Pampa Fox) Criteria met: High volume Principal trade term to candidate country: skins Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Argentina CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern

In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 13 480 wild-sourced skins for commercial

purposes, all originating in Argentina. Between 2010 and 2011, imports of skins

increased three-fold, while the proportion of wild-sourced skins increased from 78% to

100% (Figure 3.22). No trade in L. gymnocercus to other candidate countries was reported

by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion

for wild specimens from Argentina on 02/12/2008.

Figure 3.22: Imports of Lycalopex gymnocercus skins reported by candidate countries by source (excluding skins reported in kg), all purposes, 2006-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2005; all imports were reported by Turkey).

Lynx rufus (Bobcat)

This species was selected on the basis of a sharp increase in trade as in 2010, and imports

primarily consisted of wild-sourced skins imported by Turkey for commercial purposes.

All imports originated in the United States or Canada, the majority re-exported via

Germany. Imports of wild-sourced skins increased by 77% between 2010 and 2011,

reaching their highest level over the period 2002-2011. No trade in L. rufus to other

candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011.

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted

W C


51

Lontra canadensis (North American Otter) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to candidate country: skins Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: United States CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern

In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 1491 skins and 1102 skin pieces, all of which were

wild-sourced and imported directly from the United States for commercial purposes.

Imports of wild-sourced skins doubled between 2010 and 2011, reaching their highest

level over the period 2002-2011 (Figure 3.23). No trade in L. canadensis to other candidate

countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011. The SRG

formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from all countries on 02/09/1997; the

positive opinion for the United States was confirmed on 07/12/2012.

Figure 3.23: Imports of Lontra canadensis skins reported by candidate countries, all purposes, 2003-2011 (no imports were reported in 2002; all imports were wild-sourced and reported by Turkey).

Arctocephalus pusillus (Cape Fur Seal)

Imports of A. pusillus in 2011 consisted of wild-sourced skins imported for commercial

purposes by Turkey directly from Namibia (58 107 skins); once again trade levels met

the selection criteria for high volume trade. Imports of wild-sourced skins more than

doubled between 2010 and 2011, reaching their highest level over the ten-year period

2002-2011. No trade in A. pusillus to other candidate countries was reported by either

candidate countries or exporters in 2011.

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. Im

po

rted


52

Annex B Birds

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Red-fronted Parakeet) Criteria met: High volume (GT) Principal trade term to candidate country: live Principal source: ranched, captive-bred Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Czech Republic CITES Appendix: I IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable

In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 196 live individuals for commercial purposes, of

which 51% were ranched and 49% were captive-bred; the vast majority were imported

directly from Czech Republic, while 4 individuals originated in the Netherlands. Imports

in 2011 were at their highest level over the period 2002-2011; no trade was reported in

2010, and no ranched trade was reported prior to 2011 (Figure 3.24). No trade in C.

novaezelandiae to other candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or

exporters in 2011.

Figure 3.24: Imports of live Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae reported by candidate countries by source, all purposes, 2007-2011 (no imports were reported in 2002-2006; all imports were reported by Turkey).

Psittacus erithacus (Grey Parrot) Criteria met: High volume (GT) Principal trade term to candidate country: live

Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Congo, Guinea CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable

In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 1920 live individuals for commercial purposes, of

which 68% were wild-sourced and the remainder captive-bred. The wild-sourced

individuals principally originated in Congo (69%) with smaller quantities originating in

Cameroon (15%) and Guinea (15%).Between 2010 and 2011, trade in live individuals (all

0

50

100

150

200

250

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted

R C


53

sources) increased by 67%; no wild-sourced imports were reported in 2010 (Figure 3.25).

Slovenia reported the direct export of two live individuals of unknown source to Croatia

as personal possessions in 2011; no trade to other candidate countries was reported by

either candidate countries or exporters in 2011. The SRG formed positive opinions for

wild specimens from Cameroon and Congo on 12/06/2006 and 05/09/2002,

respectively.

Figure 3.25: Imports of live Psittacus erithacus reported by candidate countries from the two main sources (‘W’ includes ‘U’), all purposes, 2002-2011.

Annex B Reptiles

Python reticulatus (Reticulated Python) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to candidate country: skins Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Malaysia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Not evaluated

In 2011, imports of P. reticulatus primarily consisted of skins (9696 skins and 23 m of

skins), of which the majority (87%) were wild-sourced while the remainder captive-bred.

All trade was for commercial purposes. The majority of the wild-sourced skins were

imported directly from Malaysia; all captive-bred skins originated in Viet Nam. Imports

of wild-sourced skins accounted for 74% of Malaysia’s export quota of 12 000 wild-

sourced specimens in 2011 (applied to Sabah only). Total imports of skins in 2011

reached their highest level over the period 2002-2011 and imports of wild-sourced skins

more than doubled between 2010 and 2011(Figure 3.26). Denmark reported the export of

two wild-sourced skins to Iceland for commercial purposes; no trade to other candidate

countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011. The SRG

formed a negative opinion for wild specimens from Peninsular Malaysia on 05/09/2002;

a formal suspension has been in place since 30/04/2004.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. im

po

rted

W C


54

Figure 3.26: Imports of Python reticulatus skins reported by candidate countries by source (excluding skins reported by length), all purposes, 2002-2011.

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. Im

po

rted

W C

Species valuation

55

IV. Species valuation

The monetary value of EU imports of species included in the EU Annexes is estimated in

this section. To calculate the value of relevant 2011 imports to the EU, we use a

preliminary methodology developed by UNEP-WCMC for the 2010 Analysis of EU

Annual Reports. This is the second year that this methodology has been applied.

To estimate the value of animal species listed in the EU Annexes import for all EU

Member States, EU-reported import volumes (extracted from the CITES Trade Database)

and species-specific value data submitted to United States Customs (included in the

United States annual report to CITES) were used for calculations. The median value,

based on the United States data, for each family/term/unit/source combination and

corrected for inflation was multiplied by the corresponding EU-reported trade volume to

obtain a total value for CITES-listed EU imports in 2011. In cases where there was an

insufficient sample size to calculate a reliable value for the family/term/unit/source

combination a suitable proxy was used (e.g. Order instead of Family or an alternative

term or source); in cases where no suitable proxy could be found, the data was excluded.

Valuation of EU plant imports was not undertaken as no value dataset with adequate

coverage was available at the time of analysis.8 Wildlife commodities (re-)exported by

the EU were also not included in the analysis. Further details of the methodology, along

with caveats to this approach, are included in Annex E.

A. Overall value of EU imports of CITES-listed animal species in 2011

Total Value, excluding caviar extract

The monetary value of EU reported

CITES-listed animal imports in 2011,

excluding caviar extract, is estimated to be

approximately USD662 million (~EUR499

million). The trade in reptiles accounted

for 74% of the value of EU animal

imports, reflecting the relatively high

volume of EU imports of this group

(Figure 4.1).

8 A preliminary study was undertaken which identified 53 datasets that contained plant price/value data;

however, of these, only 13 included one or more CITES-listed species and this did not allow us to derive a standard dataset for the over 2500 plant taxa imported by the EU in 2011.

Figure 4.1. Proportion of EU value (2011

USD) of 2011 imports of animal products by

class.

9%

74%

6%

10%1%

Mammalia

Reptilia

Actinopterygii

Anthozoa

Other

Species valuation

56

Value of Caviar Extract

As in 2010, caviar extract represented the main commodity in trade by value, amounting

to USD3.6 billion9 (~EUR2.7 billion). This commodity is imported in very small volumes,

and is used in cosmetics, luxury moisturising creams and skincare preparations for its

purported anti-aging properties. According to the US Customs data, the estimated value

of one kilogram of caviar extract is USD21 million (~EUR15.8 million) or USD21 000 per

gram. This is based on the median value of 416 records within the US Customs dataset,

spanning five years (2007-2011) and involving both US imports and exports. It is unclear

whether the declared prices in the United States dataset represent the actual price for the

extract in its natural form or whether this value represents the luxury commodity that

contains the extract; however, caviar extract is known to be traded internationally in

both forms.

In total, nearly 170 kg of extract were imported by the EU in 2011 from a variety of

sturgeon species and hybrids; all extract originated from captive-bred sources

(Table 4.1).

Table 4.1. Quantity and estimated value of caviar extract (in kg) imported by the EU in 2011 (all imports from captive-bred or captive-born sources) (rounded to two decimal places, where applicable).

Taxon Quantity (kg) Estimated Value (Millions of USD, rounded to the nearest million)

% of extract value

Acipenser baerii 94.70 2017 56%

Acipenser naccarii 64.33 1370 38%

Acipenser transmontanus 5.41 115 3%

Acipenser hybrid 4.18 89 2%

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii 0.42 9 0.25%

Acipenser baerii x naccarii 0.15 3 0.09%

Acipenser spp. 0.13 3 0.08%

Total 169.31 USD3606

Therefore, when caviar extract is included, the total value of CITES-listed animals and

animal products imported by the EU in 2011 was estimated at USD4.3 billion

(USD4 268 015 000 or ~EUR3.2 billion10). This is an increase of 14% compared with the

2010 estimates when this methodology was first applied11.

The remainder of this analysis excludes caviar extract and focuses on the value of the

remaining animal commodities in trade, as well as a brief overview of timber values.

9 “Billion” in this report is used to refer to 109 10 All Euro equivalent values throughout this section are based on an exchange rate of 0.753 EUR to 1 USD from XE.com on 3 August 2013. 11 When comparisons to 2010 prices are used, these reflect values published in the 2010 EU Analysis of Annual Reports that are based on the same methodology used here, but use the median 2010 USD equivalent value from 2006-2010, as opposed to the 2011 USD value derived from the median of 2007-2011 US price data. Comparisons are provided as indicators of change, but are not directly comparable due to changes in inflation or fluctuations in currency, etc.

Species valuation

57

B. Key commodities imported by the EU by value

The proportional value of key commodities imported by the EU in 2011 is summarised in

Figure 4.2. As in 2010, when caviar extract is excluded, leather products and skins were

the top two commodities by value, representing 41% and 31% of the estimated value

respectively. Leather products and skins also represented the commodities imported at

the largest volumes with 26% and 31% of the trade recorded as number of items (e.g.

without a unit) respectively. With leather products outpacing skins in terms of value (but

not by volume), it appears that a notable proportion of the overall value of the trade to

the EU is in high value, luxury goods.

Figure 4.2: Value (2011 USD) of trade for the top five commodities imported by the EU in 2011, with an indication of the combined value of the remaining terms (“Other”) (excluding caviar extract).

Leather products

Leather products (encompassing both small and large leather products) imported into

the EU in 2011 were worth approximately USD274 million (~EUR206 million). An

increase of 38% compared with a value of $198 million based on 2010 trade levels.

Alligatoridae represented the predominant family in trade by economic value

accounting for 70% of the EU imports of leather products by value; Pythonidae (12%)

and Crocodylidae (12%) also represented a notable proportion of EU trade on the basis

of estimated economic value. Three additional reptile families were imported in

sufficient quantities to account for over $1 million each: Varanidae (4%), Colubridae (2%)

and Teiidae (<1%). No families from other classes exceeded $1 million. Wild-sourced

leather products accounted for over three quarters (78%; USD215 million or ~EUR162

million) of the economic value, again primarily the family Alligatoridae (representing

82% of the value of wild-sourced leather products).

Skins

Skins were the commodity imported by the EU at the highest level by volume, but

represented the second most valuable commodity imported into the EU in 2011 after

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

leather products

skins raw corals

live caviar Other

Va

lue

(Mil

lio

ns

of

US

$)

Species valuation

58

leather products (excluding caviar extract). This trade was estimated to be worth close to

USD207 million (~EUR156 million), with reptiles representing the majority of the

estimated value (90%) and mammals comprising the remainder. The estimated value of

skin imports in 2011 is 48% higher than the value estimated for the 2010 skin imports.

The three most important reptile families by estimated economic value for the skin trade

were identical to those for leather products: Pythonidae (38%), Alligatoridae (35%) and

Crocodylidae (17%).

Wild-sourced skins accounted for the majority of the value (53%) with skins of the family

Alligatoridae providing 63% of wild-sourced skins by value. Captive-bred skins also

represented a notable proportion (45%), primarily of the families Pythonidae (68%) and

Crocodylidae (30%).

In addition to skins, imports of reptile “sides” were worth an estimated USD7.9 million

(~EUR5.9 million), and mammal “plates” an estimated USD11.7 million (~EUR8.8

million).

Raw corals

Raw corals comprised 9% of total estimated value of EU imports in 2011. The family

Coralliidae (Appendix III/Annex C) accounted for the vast majority of the estimated

value for this commodity (99%). The predominance of Corallidae is largely due to the

fact that the median value for Corallidae was relatively high in comparison to other coral

families/orders with a value of USD3675 per kg of wild-sourced raw corals. As a

comparison, the median price for wild-sourced kg of raw corals for Scleractinian corals

was USD1.03 per kg. In total, the EU imported 16220 kg of wild-sourced raw corals of

Corallidae species, equivalent to an estimated USD59.6 million when the median value is

applied.

Live animals

The total estimated value of live animal imports into the EU in 2011 was over USD35.8

million (~EUR27 million), an increase of 88% over 2010 estimated values. As in 2010,

mammals accounted for the majority of live animal trade by value (52%) (Figure 4.3).

Cercopithecidae was again the predominant mammal family, accounting for >97% of the

value attributed to live mammals, and dominated by trade in one species: Macaca

fascicularis.

Species valuation

59

Figure 4.3: Proportion of EU value (2011 USD) of 2011 imports of live animals by class. (‘Other’ includes Amphibia, Actinopterygii, Bivalvia, Arachnida, Insecta and Hydrozoa.)

Trade in live reptiles accounted for 26% of live imports by value in 2011. The live reptile

trade was valued at USD9.3 million (~EUR7 million); this is more than double the value

estimated for 2010 imports. The key reptile families in trade, in order of estimated value

for 2011 imports, were: Testudinidae (25%), Geoemydidae (24%), Pythonidae (21%), and

Emydidae (19%). The majority of the economic value was derived from captive-bred

specimens (82%).

The value of live bird imports was relatively low, accounting for just over USD1 million

and representing 3% of the estimated value of EU imports of live animals. The majority

of the value can be attributed to birds from captive sources (72%), with only 14.5% of the

value derived from wild-sourced birds.

The total value of EU imports of live invertebrates (USD6.3 million) was dominated by

the species of the class Hirudinoidea (USD3 million; 51% of the value of live

invertebrates, all due to trade in Hirudo medicinalis and H. verbena) and corals of the class

Anthazoa (USD2.8 million; 45%). Imports of the family Acroporidae accounted for

approximately a quarter (27%) of the total value of live corals, with Caryophyllidae

(21%) and Mussidae (15%) also representing notable proportions. The majority of the

values for both corals and leeches was derived from wild sourced specimens (69% of the

Anthozoa value and 84% of the Hirudinoidea value).

Caviar

The EU continues to be a key importer of caviar, which is a very low volume but high

value product. Imports of caviar into the EU were estimated to be worth almost USD37

million (~EUR28 million) in 2011, with approximately 97% of the value of caviar derived

from aquaculture (sources C and F) specimens, approximately reflecting the proportion

of actual volumes of trade. The median values for captive-bred and wild caviar for

combined species of the family Aciperseridae were comparable, with captive-bred caviar

valued slightly higher: USD936/kg and USD882/kg respectively. The main species in

52%

3%

26%

9%

8%2%

Mammalia

Aves

Reptilia

Hirudinoidea

Anthozoa

Other

Species valuation

60

trade were Acipenser baerii x gueldenstaedtii (37%), Acipenser schrenckii (16%), Acipenser

transmontanus (11%) and Acipenser baerii (11%).

Other parts and derivatives

Five additional parts and derivatives imported into the EU in 2011 are worth noting:

meat, carvings, bodies, tusks and medicine. Each had estimated values in excess of USD1

million. Meat imports totalled an estimated USD6.7 million (~EUR5 million), with

virtually all of this value (>98%) involving trade in three species: Strombus gigas (70%; all

wild-sourced); Crocodylus niloticus (15%; all from captive souces); and Anguilla anguilla

(13%; all pre-Convention).

The estimated value of carvings (all units) was USD4.7 million. Trade in Corallidae

carvings (in kg) accounted for 43% of the value, with an estimated value of USD6675 per

kg. Hippopotamus amphibius carvings also accounted for imports worth an estimated

USD475 000 (5.6% of the value of all carvings).

Trade in bodies was dominated by imports of pre-Convention Anguilla anguilla,

representing 85% of the value of bodies (USD1.9 million). The price for one kg of

Anguillidae bodies was estimated at USD19, and there were 96 000 kg of

Anguilla anguilla bodies imported.

The trade in tusks to the EU was valued at an estimated USD2.1 million (~EUR1.6

million), and mainly comprised tusks of wild-sourced Monodon monoceros (82%).

The value of medicine imports, amounting to USD1.4 million, was also dominated by

one species: Daboia russelii (100% of medicine value; all from captive sources).

C. Value by EU Annex

Annex B taxa accounted for the majority (85%) of the estimated value of CITES-listed

trade into the EU in 2011 (USD565 million or ~EUR425 million)12 (Figure 4.4).

For Annex B taxa, reptiles represented

the majority of the value (84%; ~USD472

million), followed by mammals (8%;

~USD44 million) and fish species (6%;

~USD36 million).

Over 86% of the estimated value of

Annex C imports to the EU in 2011 was

accounted for by trade in Corallidae

species, as highlighted above when

describing the trade in raw corals. The

remainder was primarily derived from

trade in Annex C reptile species.

12

Excludes trade in caviar extract.

Figure 4.4: Proportion of EU value (2011 USD) of 2011 imports of live animals and animals products by EU Annex.

$7 million 1.6%

$565 million;

85%

$74 million

11%

$13 million 2%

Annex A

Annex B

Annex C

Annex D

Species valuation

61

As the US dataset only contained value data for CITES-listed species, the only Annex D

taxa with corresponding value data were species that were included Appendix

III/Annex D. Therefore, values were available for two species: Mustela sibirica and

Homalopsis buccata; these two species combined account for the value in the Annex D

specimens.

D. Value of timber imports

For the majority of plant species, the US dataset did not have any value information that

was comparable to the animal value data applied; however, values were available for

some term/unit/source combinations for two families: Leguminosae and Meliaceae.

Therefore, estimates of the value of EU imports of three key timber species were

possible: Dalbergia nigra, Swietenia macrophylla and Cedrela odorata. In total, EU imports of

a limited selection of parts and derivatives (carvings for Leguminosae and cubic metres

of timber for Meliaceae) for these three species can be estimated at USD756 000

(~EUR569 000) in 2011. Pre-Convention carvings of Dalbergia nigra accounted for 54% of

the estimated value of timber products, with wild-sourced sawn wood (in m3) of

Swietenia macrophylla and Cedrela odorata comprising 36% and 10%, respectively.

However, it should be noted that additional term/unit combinations for these species

(and for additional species within the two families) had to be excluded. For example, a

value for square metres was not available (only cubic metres had an estimated value), so

a value could not be applied to 23 594 m2 of sawn wood of wild-sourced Swietenia

macrophylla. Similarly, a value for imports of Pericopsis elata (in the family Leguminosae

along with Dalbergia nigra) was not possible from the US dataset as there was no match

for the term/unit/source combination (wild-sourced m3 of timber). Other exclusions

included pre-Convention powder of Pterocarpus santalinus and a small quantity of veneer

of Dalbergia stevensonii.

Plant parts and derivatives where no suitable price dataset were available through the

US price dataset amounted to quantities in excess of 50 million plant parts and

derivatives (all terms combined where unit was number of items), as well as over two

million kg of plant parts and derivatives and over 30 000 cubic metres of timber and

wood derivatives. Six families were imported at levels exceeding one million parts or

derivatives (including all terms/units): Amaryllidaceae, Orchidaceae, Cactaceae,

Cycadaceae, Primulaceae and Euphorbiaceae. In addition, prices were unavailable for

some individual tree species traded at high volumes and known to be relatively high

value commodities (e.g. Prunus africana and Pericopsis elata).

In an attempt to fill the gaps, an assessment of available internet price datasets for plant

species and timber species, in particular, was conducted. No centralised dataset for

global plant price data was found. Similarly, despite the high values fetched by many

timber species, comprehensive datasets for CITES-listed timber species (or even timber

species in general) were not found. Rather, price data appears to be scattered, with prices

for only a few of the main CITES species accessible from any one source. Most often

Species valuation

62

these are timber species or genera that are most commonly traded and high in value (e.g.

Pericopsis elata, Swietenia spp., Dalbergia spp.). For those prices that were available, values

were found to vary considerably depending on the region, the commodity in trade, the

step in the production chain and the quality of the product. Another common difficulty

in finding suitable data is that timber trade is often addressed by commodity type – not

by species. These factors pose major challenges for identifying and utilising a reliable

and comparable price dataset for use with the the CITES trade data.

For example, some data were found from the ITTO Annual Review and Assessment of the

World Timber Situation 2012, but these were patchy in terms of the species covered and

varied considerably by country. A sample dataset is provided in Table 4.2. All of these

values are lower than the median value for Swietenia spp. estimated on the basis of the

US customs value dataset (1856 $/m3).

Table 4.2. Sample price dataset for Swietenia spp. for EU importing countries extracted from

the ITTO Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation 2012.

Taxon EU Member States 2010 price (USD/m3)

2011 price (USD/m3)

Swietenia spp. (sawn wood)

Estonia 1650 240 France 812 921 Malta - 1014 Netherlands 1280 -

Pericopsis elata (sawn wood)

Malta (sawn wood) 1286 751

Pericopsis elata (logs)

Malta (logs) 115

Using price data from the ITTO Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber

Situation, the value of P. elata sawn wood imported by the EU in 2011 can be estimated

as follows (based on the average of Malta’s 2010 and 2011 price data): 10548 m3 * 1018.5

$/m3 = USD10.7 million (or ~EUR8 million).

These types of ad hoc analyses for individual species provide an idea of the figures

involved, but a more comprehensive review is needed to provide a more robust picture

of the value of EU imports. It is recommended that a more focused and thorough review

be conducted in future.


63

66; 44%

39; 26%

32; 21%

11; 7% 3; 2%

Scientific and medical

Commercial trade

Hunting trophies

Personal

Other

Figure 5.1: Number and percentage of direct export transactions of wild-collected CITES species reported by the EU in 2011, by purpose (‘Other’ includes purposes ‘E’, ‘Z’ and ‘N’).

V. Exports and re-exports

This section provides an overview of EU and candidate countries’ exports and re-

exports of CITES-listed species in 2011, particularly in direct exports of wild-sourced

native species and species traded in high volumes. Wild-sourced and high volume

trade from the European Union is discussed first, with (re-)exports by candidate

countries discussed at the end of the chapter. As in the rest of the analysis, trade in

artificially propagated Appendix-II plants, re-exports of manufactured articles and

trade reported as seizures/confiscations (source ‘I’) have been excluded.

A. European Union (re-)exports

1. Exports of wild-collected species native to the EU

In 2011, EU Member States reported

151 export transactions (including EU

re-exports originating in other EU

Members States) involving wild-

collected species originating in the

EU; these transactions were mainly

recorded for scientific purposes (44%)

(Figure 5.1). EU exports of wild-

sourced, native species comprised

mainly commercial trade in live

Tridacna maxima, Scleractinia spp.

and Hirudo medicinalis; scientific

specimens of several mammal

species, most notably Canis lupus and Ursus arctos, as well as several Cetacea species;

and hunting trophies of Ursus arctos (Table 5.1). As in 2010, the quantities exported in

2011 were small in terms of global trade in CITES-listed species. All trade in species

listed in CITES Appendix I/Annex A13 was reported for scientific or medical

purposes, with the exception of two transactions (0.323 kg of Physeter macrocephalus

bodies exported for commercial purposes and one live Haliaeetus albicilla exported for

zoological purposes).

13

Lutra lutra, Lynx pardinus, Monachus monachus, Cetacea spp, Hyperoodon ampullatus, Physeter

macrocephalus, Dugong dugon, Haliaeetus albicilla and Chelonia mydas.


64

Table 5.1: Exports in 2011 of wild-collected CITES species originating in EU Member States as reported by the EU exporters (country of origin in parentheses, if different). Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable.

Taxon

App./ Annex

Exporter Importer Qty Description Purpose

Ma

mm

als

Ammotragus lervia III/B Spain United States 1 trophy H

Canis hybrid II/B Finland United States 2 teeth S

Canis lupus II/A Bulgaria Unknown 3 trophies T

Estonia Norway 1 body P

Estonia United States 136 specimens S

Finland United States 6 teeth S

Italy United States 717 specimens S

Latvia Azerbaijan 1 body H

Latvia Norway 1 trophy P

Romania Switzerland 1 trophy H

Slovenia United States 18 teeth S

Sweden United States 37 teeth S

Lynx lynx

II/A

Estonia Norway 3 bodies P



Sweden Norway 1 skin H


Lynx pardinus I/A Spain Switzerland 0.7 specimens (l) S

Spain Switzerland 429 specimens S

Spain United States <0.1 specimens (l) S

Lutra lutra I/A Italy United States 6 teeth S

Odobenus rosmarus

III/B Denmark (Greenland)

Norway 1 skull P

Monachus monachus I/A Greece Canada 2 specimens S

Ursus arctos II/A Bulgaria Unknown 2 trophies T

Estonia Norway 1 body P

Estonia Norway 1 skin P

Estonia South Africa 1 trophy H


Finland China 1 body E


Italy Canada 599 specimens S

Romania Argentina 1 trophy H

Romania Canada 1 trophy H

Romania Lebanon 2 trophies H

Romania Mexico 1 trophy H

Romania New Zealand 1 trophy H

Romania Switzerland 1 trophy H

Romania Turkey 4 trophies H

Romania Ukraine 5 trophies H


65

Taxon

App./ Annex

Exporter Importer Qty Description Purpose M

am

ma

ls (

con

t.)

Ursus arctos (cont.) II/A Romania

United Arab Emirates

5 trophies H

Romania United States 7 trophies H

Slovenia Russian Federation

1 trophy H

Slovenia United States 178 teeth S

Sweden Norway 3 bodies H

Sweden Norway 1 skin P

Sweden Norway 2 skins T

Sweden Norway 1 skull P

Sweden Norway 7 specimens S

Sweden Norway 3 trophies H

Sweden Norway 1 trophy P

Sweden Norway 2 trophies T


Ursus maritimus

II/B Denmark (Greenland)

Canada 493 specimens S

Cetacea spp. I/A France Australia 80 specimens S

Balaena mysticetus

I/A Denmark (Greenland)

Norway 1 baleen S

Balaenoptera acutorostrata II/A

Denmark (Greenland)

Norway 2 baleen P

Delphinus delphis II/A Spain Canada 8 teeth S

Globicephala melas

II/A

Denmark (Faeroe Islands)

United States 200 specimens S

Lagenorhynchus albirostris II/A

United Kingdom

United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S

Peponocephala electra II/A France United States 0.1 specimens (kg) S

Stenella coeruleoalba II/A Spain Canada 2 teeth S

United Kingdom


Tursiops truncatus

II/A United Kingdom


Monodon monoceros

II/A

Denmark (Greenland)

Canada 1 specimen S

Denmark (Greenland)

Taiwan, Province of China

1 tusk T

Denmark (Greenland)

United States 200 specimens S

Kogia breviceps

II/A United Kingdom


Physeter macrocephalus

I/A France

United Arab Emirates

0.3 body (kg) T

United Kingdom


Hyperoodon ampullatus I/A

United Kingdom



66

Taxon

App./ Annex

Exporter Importer Qty Description Purpose M

am

ma

ls

(co

nt.

) Mesoplodon bidens II/A United

Kingdom United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S

Ziphius cavirostris II/A United Kingdom


Dugong dugon I/A France Australia 0.1

skin pieces (kg)

S

Bir

ds

Phoenicopterus ruber roseus

II/B France Switzerland 1 feet (kg) S

Accipiter gentilis II/A Denmark Japan 5 specimens S

Buteo buteo

II/A

Denmark Qatar 1 body P

Germany United States 360 specimens S

Sweden Iceland 1 body P

Circus aeruginosus II/A Germany United States 1 body P

Haliaeetus albicilla

I/A

Poland Israel 1 live Z

Poland Israel <0.1 specimens (l) M

Pernis apivorus

II/A United Kingdom

Gambia 1 live N

Reptile Chelonia mydas I/A Cyprus Israel 78 skins S

Fis

h

Anguilla anguilla

II/B

France Canada 9.8 specimens (kg) S

Hungary (United Kingdom)

Japan 0.1 specimens (l) S

Inv

ert

s.

(oth

er

tha

n

cora

l)

Hirudo medicinalis II/B Romania Switzerland 1000 live T

Tridacna maxima II/B

France Brazil 850 live T

France Japan 450 live T

France United States 6706 live T

Co

rals

Scleractinia spp.

II/B

France South Africa 185 raw corals S

France South Africa 94 specimens S

France United States 1100 live (kg) T

France United States 200 raw corals S

Montipora spp. II/B France Australia 1 specimen S

Balanophyllia europaea

II/B Italy Israel 30 raw corals S

Pocillopora damicornis

II/B France Monaco 150 raw corals S

Plants Adonis vernalis II/B Germany (Romania)

Canada 70 dried plants (kg)

T

Timber Swietenia mahagoni II/B France Switzerland 5.8 kg veneer T


67

2. High volume exports and re-exports

This section focuses on the terms and species exported and re-exported at high

volumes by the EU to the rest of the world. A minimum selection threshold of 1000

units to signify high volume trade was set to allow for a manageable analysis of

exports. Commodities exported by the EU that exceeded this threshold are discussed

below for each taxonomic group, with notable trends for one of the main terms in

trade also highlighted. An overview of individual taxa that meet the threshold (e.g.

where a certain term/unit combination was (re-)exported at levels above 1000 units

when quantities for all exporters, sources and purposes are combined) is provided in

a table within each taxonomic grouping.

A summary of the (re-)exports meeting the high volume threshold for candidate

countries, both terms and taxa, is also provided at the end of this chapter.

Overview

The total number of taxa (re-)exported by the EU and the number of taxa traded at

volumes exceeding 1000 units are shown in Figures 5.2a and 5.2b. (Re-)exports of

birds were the most diverse, with a total of 256 species, 10 subspecies, one hybrid

and five higher taxa reported in trade; reptiles were the most diverse taxonomic

group (re-)exported at high volumes, with trade involving 15 species, three

subspecies and one higher taxon.

Figure 5.2a: Number of taxa (re-)exported by the EU in 2011.

Figure 5.2b: Number of taxa (re-)exported by the EU at volumes exceeding 1000 units in 2011 (all sources).

Exports exceeding 1000 units were recorded for 12 mammal, 10 bird, 19 reptile, 10

fish, four invertebrate, eight plant (other than timber) and seven timber taxa. In 2011,

there was a notable decrease in number of plant taxa traded at high volumes, from 32

taxa in trade in 2010 to eight taxa in 2011, mainly due to a decrease in (re-)exports of

cacti seeds from Malta. Mammals, plants and fish were traded under a variety of

terms, whereas high volume trade in birds was predominantly in feathers and live

animals, reptiles were mainly traded as skins and skin pieces and invertebrate trade

was principally live individuals. An overview of the high volume trade by group is

provided.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Mammals

Birds

Reptiles

Amphibians

Fish

Invertebrates

Plants

Timber

No. taxa (re-)exported

Species

Subspecies

Hybrid

Higher taxa

0 5 10 15 20

Mammals

Birds

Reptiles

Fish

Invertebrates

Plants

Timber

No. taxa (re-) exported

Species

Subspecies

Hybrids

Higher taxa


68

Mammals

Mammal parts and derivatives of wild origin that were (re-)exported at high

volumes, exceeding 1000 units, were hair and specimens (Figure 5.3). Trade levels for

the top term (hair) increased sevenfold over the five year period 2007-2011, reaching

highest levels in 2011 (Figure 5.4); the vast majority (>99%) of this trade was wild-

sourced Mustela sibirica originating in China and (re-)exported to the United States.

Skins, representing entire animals, were also traded at notable levels with 9 576 skins

(re-)exported in 2011, of which >99% were wild-sourced.

Fig 5.3: Quantity of mammal items (re-)

exported, by term and proportion of

sources, for those terms traded at volumes >

1000 units.

Fig 5.4: Exports of mammal hair (no unit) by source, all purposes, 2007-2011..

An overview of the 11 species and one higher taxon that met the high volume

criterion in 2011 on the basis of at least one term/unit combination exceeding 1000 is

provided in Table 5.2, along with details on the main exporter and source. The top

species in trade were Mustela sibirica (139 731 units of hair) and Macaca fasicularis

(66 774 specimens). The principal importers of Macaca fasicularis were Switzerland

(47%) and the United States (45%).

Table 5.2: Mammal species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units (all sources) in 2011 and corresponding main EU (re-)exporter. *Indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010. Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable.

Taxon App./ Annex

Qty Description Main source(s) (%)

Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [main origin, if applicable]

Vicugna vicugna II/B 1623.4 cloth (m2) W (> 99%) Italy (100%) [Peru]

Lycalopex griseus II/B 3075 skins W (100%) Germany (69%) [Argentina]

Lynx canadensis* II/B 1040 garments Unspecified (100%) Greece (100%) Lynx rufus II/B 7291 garments Unspecified (100%) Greece (100%)

3550 skins W (100%) Germany (63%) [United States]

Mustela sibirica III/D 139731 hair W (100%) United Kingdom (100%) [China]

Ursus maritimus* II/B 1230 specimens W (100%) Denmark (100%) [Greenland]

Callithrix jacchus II/B 3426 specimens C (91%) Germany (> 99%)

Macaca fascicularis II/B 66774 specimens C (52%);F (46%) Germany (76%) [Mauritius]

0 50,000 100,000 150,000

cloth (m2)

carvings

garments

skins

specimens

hair

W C F O U Unspecified

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011N

o. e

xp

ort

ed

W C O


69

Taxon App./ Annex

Qty Description Main source(s) (%)


Macaca mulatta II/B 1 949 specimens C (100%) Germany (99%) [China)]

Elephantidae spp. I/A 1207.5 carvings O (62%) United Kingdom (72%) [Unknown]

Elephas maximus I/A 1243 carvings O (51%); U(49%) United Kingdom (73%) [Unknown)]

Loxodonta africana I/A 4116 carvings O (54%); U (46%) United Kingdom (87%) [Unknown]

Birds

Bird commodities (re-)exported at high volumes (>1000) in 2011 were feathers

(primarily reported in kg) and live specimens, the vast majority of which were

captive-bred (Figure 5.5). Approximately 68 000 live birds were exported in 2011, of

which >99% originated from captive-bred or captive-born sources; 30 wild-sourced

birds and ten birds reported as ranched were also (re-)exported. Trade in live birds

decreased by 13% between 2010 and 2011 but remained over 60 000 individuals

(Figure 5.6).

Figure 5.5: Top three bird items (re-) exported, by term and main sources. Small quantities (<150 units total) of source O, R, U and W were also recorded.

Figure 5.6: EU exports of live birds by source, all purposes, 2007-2011.

Nine bird species and one hybrid met the high volume criterion in 2011 on the basis

of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.3). Taxa meeting this threshold were

primarily direct exports of captive-bred specimens. The top species in trade was

Cairina moschata, which accounted for all trade in feathers reported by weight;

Agapornis fischeri, Platycercus eximius and Psephotus haematonotus were the main species

traded as live. According to EU exporter-reported data, the top importers of live

birds exported by the EU Indonesia (22%) and Kuwait (12%); the top importer of

feathers reported by weight was Norway (88%).

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000

live

feathers (kg)

feathers

C F D

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. ex

po

rte

d

W R C F O D U


70

Table 5.3: Bird species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). * indicates taxa that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010. Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable.

Taxon App./ Annex

Qty Description Main source (%)

Main EU (re-)exporters (%)

Cairina moschata III/C 61202.4 feathers (kg) C (100%) France (100%)

Falco hybrid I/A 2309 live C (65%) United Kingdom (41%)

Gallus sonneratii* II/B 1065 feathers C (100%) Demark (95%)

Lonchura oryzivora II/B 4304 live C (98%)

Czech Republic (33%); Netherlands (32%); Belgium (29%)

Agapornis fischeri II/B 13769 live C (97%) Netherlands (47%)

Agapornis personatus II/B 7562 live C (95%) Czech Republic (38%); Belgium (36%)

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae I/A 2009 live C (100%) Czech Republic (90%)

Platycercus elegans II/B 3814 live C (98%) Czech Republic (64%)

Platycercus eximius II/B 10770 live C (98%) Czech Republic (64%) Psephotus haematonotus II/B 10476 live C (98%) Czech Republic (53%)

Reptiles

Reptile commodities (re-)exported at highest volumes by the EU consisted of wild-

sourced skin pieces and skins, captive-produced (source F) extract and live reptiles

primarily (re-)exported from captive-bred sources (Figure 5.7). Tails, small leather

products and skin pieces recorded in kilograms also met the high volume threshold

(>1000), but were traded at lower levels than the four terms depicted in Figure 5.7

(e.g. <6000 units). (Re-)exports of the main term, skin pieces, have been variable over

the five year period 2007-2011 and decreased by 8% compared with 2010 levels

primarily due to a decrease in captive-bred specimens (Figure 5.8). Wild-sourced (re-

)exports of skin pieces were below 500 000 for 2007-2009, but increased to above

700 000 pieces in 2010 and remained roughly at that level in 2011.

Figure 5.7: Top four reptile items (re-) exported, by term and main sources. Small quantities (<500) of source O, U and unspecified source also (re-)exported.

Figure 5.8: EU exports of skin pieces by source, all purpose, 2007-2011. Small quantities (<550) of source D, F, O and U also (re-)exported.

Fifteen reptile species, three subspecies and one higher taxon met the high volume

criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.4). All taxa

0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000

live

extract

skins

skin pieces

W R C F D

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. ex

po

rted

W R C


71

meeting this threshold were traded primarily as re-exports of skins or skins pieces.

The top species in trade was Alligator mississippiensis, accounting for 94% of trade in

skin pieces; the principal importers of skin pieces (as recorded by the EU) were

Tunisia (50%), Mauritius (21%) and China (12%).

Table 5.4: Reptile species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). *indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010.

Taxon App./ Annex



Alligator mississippiensis

II/B 693120 skin pieces W (>99%) France (98%) [United States]

59937 skins W (97%) Italy (66%) [United States]

4029 skin pieces (kg)

W (100%) Italy (96%) [United States]

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus

II/B 1502 skin pieces C (86%)

France (86%) [Colombia]

1160.5 skins W (100%) Italy (100%) [Venezuela]

Caiman crocodilus fuscus

II/B 8529 skin pieces C (100%)

France (98%) [Colombia]

9230 skins C (100%) France (43%) [Colombia]

Caiman yacare II/B 2271 skins W (97%) Italy (97%) [Bolivia] Crocodylus niloticus II/B 10013 skin pieces C (93%) France (73%)

[Zimbabwe]

13808 skins C (90%) France (64%) [Zimbabwe]

Crocodylus porosus II/B 1475 skin pieces R (64%) France (95%) [Australia]

1958 skins C (57%) France (95%) [Australia] Chamaeleo calyptratus* II/B 2479 live C (76%) Czech Republic

Iguana iguana* II/B 2959 skins W (100%) Italy (100%)[Venezuela]

Tupinambis merianae II/B 8962 skins W (100%) Italy (90%) [Argentina]

Tupinambis rufescens II/B 31157 skins W (100%) Italy (90%) [Argentina]

Tupinambis spp.* II/B 11413 skins W (100%) Italy (98%) [Paraguay] Varanus niloticus II/B 19485 skin pieces W (100%) France (90%) [Mali]

28906 skins W (100%) Spain (50%) [Chad] Varanus salvator II/B

2176 skin pieces W (>99%) France (85%) [Indonesia]

21043 skins W (100%) Italy (57%) [Malaysia]

Python breitensteini* II/B 1066 skins W (100%) Italy (98%) [Indonesia]

Python brongersmai II/B 4154 skins W (100%) Italy (67%) [Indonesia] Python molurus bivittatus

II/B 1742 live C (100%) Czech Republic (99%)

1057 skin pieces C (100%) Italy (100%) [Viet Nam]

17137 skins C (>99%) Italy (69%) [Viet Nam] Python reticulates II/B 2821 skin pieces W (93%) France (>99%)

[Malaysia]

11440 skins W (62%) Spain (89%) [Indonesia] Daboia russelii III/C 74716 extract F (89%) Germany (100%)

[United States]

Testudo hermanni II/A 1921 live C (>99%) Slovenia (69%)


72

Amphibians

All exports of amphibians from the EU in 2011 comprised live specimens (2070)

traded principally for commercial purposes (94%); the vast majority of the trade was

in captive-sourced specimens (98% captive-bred and 0.1% captive-born) while 2%

was wild-sourced No individual species exceeded the 1000 unit threshold; the

principal species traded as live specimens were Ambystoma mexicanum (864 axolotl),

Dendrobates tinctorius (339 frogs), D. azureus (197 frogs) and D. auratus (186 frogs). The

majority (93%) of amphibian exports from the EU were direct; the principal

importers of amphibians (re-)exported from the EU were Japan (45%) and the United

States (42%).

Fish

The vast majority of high volume exports of fish consisted of live eggs from captive

sources, with nearly 5 million (re-)exported in 2011 (Figure 5.9). In addition to the six

term/unit combinations displayed in Figure 5.9, five additional term/unit

combinations met the high volume threshold: meat, fingerlings, extract, bodies and

extract (kg). Export volumes of the main term (live eggs) in 2011 were the highest of

the five year period 2007-2011 and increased by 58% between 2010 and 2011

(Figure 5.10). All trade in live eggs between 2007 and 2011 was captive-bred.

Figure 5.9: Quantity of fish items (re-) exported, by term, for those terms traded at volumes >1000 units.

Figure 5.10. EU (re-)exports of live eggs, all purposes, 2007-2011. All trade was captive-bred.

An overview of the eight fish species and two hybrids that met the high volume

criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination is provided in Table 5.5.

Notable levels of pre-Convention Anguilla Anguilla (live eels, meat and bodies)

originating in other EU Member States were (re-)exported; the majority of the

remaining high volume trade was captive-bred. The majority (68%) of live eggs were

exported directly from France to China; the top species in trade was Acipenser baerii,

representing 78% of the trade in live eggs.

0 2 4 6

live

live (kg)

caviar (kg)

bodies (kg)

meat (kg)

egg (live)

Millions

W R C F O Unspecified

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. ex

po

rted

(Mil

lio

ns)


73

Table 5.5: Fish species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). * indicates species which did not meet the high volume

threshold in 2010. Quantities were rounded to the one decimal place, where applicable.

Taxon App./ Annex



Acipenser baerii II/B 97735.2 bodies (kg) C (85%) France (63%)

14656.2 caviar (kg) C (>99%) France (66%)

3810 001 egg (live) C (100%) France (87%)

1735.6 extract (kg) C (>99%) France (98%)

6192 extract C (100%) France (100%)

12000 fingerling C (100%) Hungary (100%) [Germany]

61100 live (kg) C (100%) France (56%)

7893 live C (100%) France (76%)

25988.5 meat (kg) C (>99%) Germany (40%)

2620 meat C (100%) Poland (100%) Acipenser baerii x naccarii*

II/B 1205.1 caviar (kg) C (100%) Italy (88%)

Acipenser gueldenstaedtii

II/B 2000 bodies (kg) C (100%) Poland (100%)

8415.8 caviar (kg) C (>99%) France (61%) [Bulgaria]

970000 egg (live) C (100%) Hungary (54%)

2000 fingerling C (100%) Hungary (100%) [Germany]

20622 live C (>99%) Italy (97%)

88253.6 meat (kg) C (100%) Italy (62%)

Acipenser hybrid* II/B 3860.9 caviar (kg) C (100%) Germany (71%)

Acipenser ruthenus II/B 60000 egg (live) C (100%) Poland (83%)

Acipenser schrenckii* II/B 26229 caviar (kg) C (100%) France (97%) [China]

Acipenser transmontanus

II/B 9521.1 caviar (kg) C (65%) Italy (52%)

10000 egg (live) C (100%) Italy (100%)

25450 meat (kg) C (100%) Italy (100%) Huso huso* II/B 1154 caviar (kg) C (98%) France (89%)

[Bulgaria]

3746 meat (kg) C (100%) Bulgaria (100%)

Polyodon spathula* II/B 20000 egg (live) C (100%) Hungary (100%) Anguilla anguilla II/B 65000 bodies (kg) O (100%) Denmark (100%)

[France]

2415 bodies O (100%) Greece (100%) [United Kingdom]

2400 live (kg) O (100%) Spain (75%) [Portugal]

25500 live O (100%) Greece (100%) [United Kingdom]

76290 meat (kg) O (100%) Denmark (66%) [France]


74

Invertebrates

Invertebrates were traded at high volumes as live (both as number of individual

specimens and by weight) and raw corals (kg) in 2011 (Figure 5.11). The vast majority

of trade was in live specimens, with over 208,000 live invertebrates (re-)exported,

87% of which originated from captive sources (sources ‘C’ and ‘F’). (Re-)exports of

live invertebrates and (re-)exports of wild-sourced invertebrates increased over the

five year period 2007-2011, reaching the highest levels over the period in 2011

(Figure 5.12).

Three invertebrate species and one higher taxon met the high volume criterion on the

basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.6). Hirudo medicinalis represented

90% of live invertebrates reported without a unit, of which 88% were captive-bred.

The other three taxa originated predominantly from the wild. The top importer of

live invertebrates (re-)exported by the EU was the United States, accounting for 74%

of trade.

Figure 5.11: Quantity of invertebrate items (re-)exported, by term and main sources, for those terms traded at volumes >1000 units. Small quantities (<150 units) of sources R and O were also recorded.

Figure 5.12: Exports of live invertebrates

by source, all purposes, 2007-2011.

Table 5.6: Invertebrate species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). * indicates species which did not meet high volume threshold in 2010.

Taxon App./ Annex


Main EU (re-)exporter [main origin, if applicable]

Hirudo medicinalis II/B 187987 live C (88%) France (78%)

Hirudo verbana* II/B 10860 live W (95%) Germany (95%) [Turkey]

Scleractinia spp. II/B 1350 live (kg) W (100%) France (81%)

6340 raw corals (kg)

W (100%) Germany (97%) [Fiji]

Tridacna maxima II/B 8043 live W (>99%) France (>99%)

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000

live (kg)

raw corals (kg)

live

W C F

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. ex

po

rted

W R C F


75

Plants

The majority of (re-)exports at high volumes were live wild-sourced plants reported

without a unit, with over 1.5 million (re-)exported in 2011 (Figure 5.13). In addition

to the three term/unit combinations displayed in Figure 5.13, two additional

term/unit combinations met the high volume threshold: seeds reported without a

unit and extract reported by weight (kg). Export volumes of the main term (live

plants) were variable over the five year period 2007-2011, and decreased by 14% in

2011 to the lowest volume between 2007-2011 (Figure 5.14).

Figure 5.13: Quantity of wild-sourced plant

items (re-)exported, by term, for those terms

traded at volumes >1000 units. Smaller

quantities (<1 500 units) of source D, A and

O were also (re-)exported.

Figure 5.14: EU (re-)exports of wild sourced

live plants, all purposes, 2007-2011. Smaller

quantities (<10 000 units) of source A, O

and D were also (re-)exported.

An overview of the eight plant species that met the high volume criterion on the

basis of at least one term/unit combination is provided in Table 5.5; all high volume

trade was wild-sourced or, in the case of Appendix I cacti seeds, source code ‘D’. The

vast majority (81%) of live plants (re-)exported by the EU were Galanthus elwesii

originating in Turkey; the principal importers of live plants, as reported by the EU,

were Japan (59%), the United States (20%) and Canada (15%).

Table 5.7: Plant species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources, rounded to the nearest kg, where applicable). Excludes timber species. *indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010.

Taxon App./ Annex


Main EU (re-)exporter [main origin, if applicable]

Galanthus elwesii II/B 1438965 live W (100%) Netherlands (100%) [Turkey]

Galanthus woronowii II/B 316315 live W (100%) Netherlands (100%) [Turkey] Pelecyphora strobiliformis* I/A 1870 seeds D (100%) Malta (>99%) Strombocactus disciformis I/A 4840 seeds D (100%) Malta (54%) Euphorbia antisyphilitica II/B 131637 wax (kg) W (100%) Germany (76%) [Mexico] Aloe ferox II/B 31671 powder (kg) W (100%) Germany (93%) [South Africa]

II/B 140967 extract (kg) W (100%) France (54%) [South Africa]

Cyclamen coum II/B 7950 live W (100%) Netherlands (100%) [Turkey] Cyclamen hederifolium II/B 4500 live W (100%) Netherlands (100%) [Turkey]

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011N

o e

xpo

rted

(mil

lio

ns)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

live

wax (kg)

powder (kg)

Millions


76

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

veneer (kg)

chips (kg)

powder (kg)

oil (kg)

timber (kg)

extract (kg)

timber (m3)

veneer (m2)

W O

Timber

Eight term/unit combinations met the high volume threshold for timber in 2011

(Figure 5.15). The majority of timber trade comprised (re-)exports of veneer reported

in square metres; 70% was wild-sourced and 30% was pre-Convention (Figure 5.15.).

Figure 5.16 shows EU (re-)exports of veneer (m2) between 2007 and 2011, by source.

(Re-)exports decreased by 29% between 2010 and 2011, and in all years except 2008

quantities (re-)exported were below 25 000 square metres.

Figure 5.15: Quantity of timber items (re-)

exported, by term and proportion of

sources, for those terms traded at volumes

>1000 units.

Figure 5.16: EU exports of veneer reported

in square metres, by source, all purposes,

2007-2011

Seven species met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit

combination (Table 5.8). All high-volume trade was wild-sourced or pre-Convention.

Pericopsis elata represented 70% of trade in veneer (m2), all of which was wild-

sourced, originated in the Democratic Republic of Congo and was imported by the

United States. Trade recorded as timber (m3) was predominantly pre-Convention

Cedrela odorata originating in Brazil and imported by the United States (93%). Two

species represented the majority of trade in wild-sourced extract: Bulnesia sarmientoi

(64%) and Prunus africana (36%). B. sarmientoi was primarily imported by Switzerland

(81%) and the United States was the main importer of Prunus africana extract.

Table 5.8: Timber species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). * indicates species which did not meet the high volume criterion in 2010. Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable.

Taxon App./ Annex



Dalbergia nigra* I/A 4807 veneer (m2) O (100%) Spain (100%) [Unknown]

Dalbergia stevensonii* III/C 5120 timber (kg) W (100%) Germany (100%) [Guatemala]

Pericopsis elata

II/B

1450 veneer (kg) W (100%) Germany (100%) [DRC]

11481.1 veneer (m2) W (100%) Spain (51%); Germany (49%) [DRC]

Cedrela odorata* III/C 11861.7 timber (m3) O (>99%) Germany (>99%) [Brazil] Prunus africana

II/B

4420.2 extract (kg) W (100%) Spain (93%) [DRC]

4289.3 powder (kg) O (92%) France (100%) [DRC] Bulnesia sarmientoi II/B 7986.1 extract (kg) W (100%) Germany (93%) [Paraguay]

4521 oil (kg) W (100%) France (64%) [Paraguay]

Guaiacum sanctum* II/B 2000 chips (kg) W (100%) Germany (100%) [Mexico]

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Qu

anti

ty (r

e-)e

xpo

rted

(m

2)

W O


77

5; 6%

64; 75%

14; 17%

1; 1% 1; 1%

Scientific

Commercial trade

Hunting trophies

Zoological

Educational

Figure 5.17: Number and percentage of direct export transactions of wild-collected CITES species reported by candidate countries in 2011, by purpose.

B. Candidate countries

1. Exports of wild-collected, native species

Croatia, Iceland, and Turkey

reported eighty-five direct export

transactions of wild-collected native

species in 2011, primarily as

commercial trade (75%)

(Figure 5.17). Montenegro did not

report any exports within their

annual report, while no wild-

sourced were reported by FYR

Macedonia in 2011. (Re-)exports

involved 11 native, wild-collected

species (Table 5.9). All trade was in

Appendix-II listed species, with three species listed in Annex A (Canis lupus, Ursus

arctos and Phocoena phocoena) and the remainder in Annex B. The majority of taxa

(Anguilla anguilla, Hirudo medicinalis, Hirudo verbana and four of the five plant species)

were exported for commercial purposes. Species of Galanthus and Cyclamen were

exported in high volumes (>1000 units) in 2011, as in previous years. In addition,

Turkey exported quantities of wild-sourced, Anguilla anguilla in excess of the high

volume threshold applied in the next section.

Table 5.9: Direct exports of wild-collected CITES species in 2011, originating in candidate countries as reported by the exporters.

Taxon App./ Annex


Ma

mm

als

Canis lupus II/A Croatia Italy 43 specimens S

Croatia United States

4 specimens S

Ursus arctos II/A Croatia

Czech Republic

3 trophies H

Croatia Denmark 1 trophy H

Croatia Germany 1 live Z

Croatia Germany 2 trophies H

Croatia Italy 6 trophies H

Croatia Italy 1 trophy T

Croatia Poland 19 teeth S

Croatia United Kingdom

1 trophy H


167 teeth S


2 trophies H

Phocoena phocoena

II/A Iceland Unknown 4 bones (kg) E


78

Taxon App./ Annex


Fis

h

Anguilla anguilla

II/B Turkey Austria 4500 meat (kg) T In

ve

rte

bra

tes

Hirudo medicinalis

II/B Turkey France 200 live (kg) T

Turkey Republic of Korea

22 live (kg) T

Hirudo verbana

II/B Turkey Germany 155.5 live (kg) T

Turkey Netherlands 50 live (kg) T

Turkey Switzerland 7.7 live (kg) T

Turkey United Kingdom

50 live (kg) T

Pla

nts

Galanthus elwesii

II/B Turkey Netherlands 5250000 live T

Galanthus woronowii


Cyclamen cilicium


Cyclamen coum


Cyclamen hederifolium

II/B Turkey Georgia 30 live S

2. Candidate countries’ high volume (re-)exports

Candidate countries (re-)exported high volumes of one mammal, two reptile and one

fish species in 2011 (Table 5.10). This is in addition to the wild-sourced trade in

native species (Anguilla anguilla and the four plant taxa) that exceeded the high

volume threshold and that are already highlighted in the wild-collected section.

Lycalopex griseus, originating in Argentina, was the only species re-exported by

candidate countries as wild-sourced at high volumes in 2011.

Table 5.10: Species/term combinations for which candidate countries’ reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011. * indicates species which did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010.

Taxon App./ Annex


Main (re-)exporter (%) [main origin, if applicable]

Lycalopex griseus* II/B 1500 skins W (100%) Turkey (100%) [Argentina]

Testudo graeca II/A 3555 live C (100%) Turkey (100%)

Testudo hermanni* II/A 9400 live C/D (100%) FYR Macedonia (91%) Anguilla anguilla II/B 10900 live O (100%) Croatia (100%) [France]

Non-CITES trade

79

VI. Non-CITES trade

Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 provides for the control of trade in some species

that are not listed in the Appendices to CITES; such species may be listed in Annexes

A, B or D. Monitoring of trade in these species is entirely dependent on reporting by

EU Member States. As such, candidate country trade is not included in this section.

A. Imports

Three Annex A or B taxa were imported in 2011, the majority of transactions

consisting of live Trachemys scripta elegans imported for scientific purposes

(Table 6.1).

Table 6.1. EU-reported imports of non-CITES Annex A and B species in 2011. All trade was direct.

Annex Taxon Importer Exporter Source Purpose Qty Term

Mammals A Hystrix

cristata Austria Namibia W P 1 trophy

Birds B Oxyura

jamaicensis Italy Mexico W P 6 skins

Reptiles

B Trachemys scripta elegans

Denmark United States W S 200 live

Germany Turkey C P 1 live

Germany United States C P 1 live

Germany United States F S 96 live

EU imports of Annex D animal taxa principally comprised reptile skins and skin

products, the majority of which were reported without a source specified; as in 2010,

the primary reptile species in trade were Homalopsis buccata, Elaphe carinata and E.

radiata (Table 6.2). Trade in live animals was recorded for birds (2 species), reptiles

(13 species), amphibians (7 species) and fish (2 taxa), with trade in Physignathus

cocincinus and Pterapogon kauderni at levels in excess of 5000 individuals.

Large volumes of Annex D dried plants and plant derivatives were also imported,

the majority of which were wild-sourced and a notable proportion reported without

a source specified (Table 6.2). The principal plant taxa in trade were Arctostaphylos

uva-ursi, Harpagophytum procumbens and Harpagophytum spp. Trade was principally

for commercial purposes or reported without a purpose specified.

Imports: mainly reptile skins and skin products, dried plants and plant derivatives of Annex D species. Exports: primarily live, captive bred Columba livia exported for commercial purposes.

Non-CITES trade

80

Table 6.2. EU-reported imports of non-CITES Annex D species in 2011.

Taxon Quantity Term (Unit)

Birds

Crax alector 87 feathers

Syrmaticus reevesii 1900 feathers

Hypargos niveoguttatus 8 live

Cosmopsarus regius 8 live

Reptiles

Physignathus cocincinus 7826 live

Rhacodactylus auriculatus 61 live

Rhacodactylus ciliatus 203 live

Rhacodactylus leachianus 39 live

Zonosaurus karsteni 18 live

Ctenosaura quinquecarinata 24 live

Teratoscincus scincus 300 live

Tribolonotus gracilis 508 live

Tribolonotus novaeguineae 87 live Elaphe carinata 4 live

5622 plates

944 plates (m2)

100180 skins

14 small leather products

Elaphe radiata 194 live

7869 plates

316 plates (m2)

90058 skins


Enhydris bocourti 1014 skins

Homalopsis buccata 2500 large leather products

15 live

4572 plates

47 plates (m2)

2621 skin pieces

207026 skins


Ptyas korros 6 live

Lapemis curtus 523 plates

402 plates (m2)

5289 skins

Amphibians

Phyllomedusa sauvagii 255 live

Cynops ensicauda 75 live

Pachytriton labiatus 150 live

Paramesotriton chinensis 152 live

Tylototriton asperrimus 125 live

Tylototriton kweichowensis 350 live

Tylototriton verrucosus 200 live

Fish

Pterapogon kauderni 28 derivatives

5250 live

Pterapogon spp. 21 live

Plants Dasylirion longissimum 1807 live

Arisaema sikokianum 25 live

Non-CITES trade

81

Taxon Quantity Term (Unit)

Plants (cont.)

Arisaema spp. 25 live

Arnica montana 3973.2 dried plants (kg)

Othonna clavifolia 150 live

Othonna retrorsa 100 live Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 83653.09 dried plants (kg)

10843 leaves (kg) Gentiana lutea 3000 dried plants (kg)

4 dried plants

14812 roots (kg)

Dalbergia retusa 1 sawn wood

Lycopodium clavatum 12000 dried plants (kg)

Menyanthes trifoliata 7350 leaves (kg) Cetraria islandica 606 derivatives (kg)

145 dried plants (kg)

10386 leaves (kg) Harpagophytum procumbens 1560 live (kg)

53000 medicine (kg)

Harpagophytum spp. 32700 dried plants (kg)

14500 live (kg)

11000 medicine (kg)

66891 roots (kg)

Selaginella lepidophylla 8000 dried plants (kg)

B. (Re-)exports

EU Member States reported the export or re-export of five non-CITES taxa listed in

the EU Annexes (Table 6.3). The majority comprised live, captive-bred Columba livia

(Rock Dove) directly exported for commercial purposes: 23 595 birds were exported

in 2011, more than double the 10 118 exported in 2010.

Table 6.3. EU-reported (re-)exports of non-CITES species in 2011.

Annex Taxon Origin (Re-exporter) Source Purpose Qty Term

Mammals

A Hystrix cristata Unknown (Austria) O E 7 hairs

Unknown (United Kingdom)

O T 1 carving

Birds A Bubulcus ibis Germany C Z 6 live

A Columba livia Spain C T 23595 live

Reptiles

B Chrysemys picta Unknown (Germany) O P 1 live

B Trachemys scripta elegans

Hungary (United Kingdom)

C P 1 live

United States (Germany)

U P 1 live

Unknown (Netherlands)

O P 2 live

France U P 1 live

No (re-)exports of Annex D specimens were recorded, but EU Member States are not

required to report on exports of Annex D specimens.

Annex

82

Annex A – CITES purpose and source codes

Purpose of trade

Code Description

B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation

E Educational

G Botanical gardens

H Hunting trophies

L Law enforcement/judicial/forensic (e.g. evidence for use in court, specimens for training)

M Medical (including biomedical research)

N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild

P Personal

Q Circuses and travelling exhibitions

S Scientific

T Commercial / Trade

Z Zoos

Source of specimens

Code Description

A Annex A plants artificially propagated for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C plants artificially propagated in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

C Annex A animals bred in captivity for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C animals bred in captivity in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

D Annex A animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes and Annex A plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

F Animals born in captivity, but for which the criteria of Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 are not met, as well as parts and derivatives thereof

I Confiscated or seized specimens14

O Pre-Convention specimens1

R Specimens originating from a ranching operation

U Source unknown (must be justified)

W Specimens taken from the wild

14

To be used only in conjunction with another source code.

Annex

83

Annex B – Glossary of terms

Term Definition

Annex A/B/C/D species Species listed in the Annexes to the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations

Appendix-I/II/III species Species listed in the CITES Appendices

Article Refers to an article in the CITES Convention text

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CITES-listed Species listed in one of the Appendices to CITES

EU European Union

Member States The 27 countries that were Member States of the European Union in 2011

Source The source of the species in trade, whether it be from the wild, captive-bred, pre-Convention, etc. A full list of sources is provided in Annex A.

Species For simplicity, the term “species” may be used to refer to a list of species and sub-species

Wildlife Trade Regulations European Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 and subsequent updates

Annex C – Conversion factors

Converted from Converted to

Grams; milligrams Kilograms (kg)

Millilitres Litres (l)

Centimetres Metres (m)

Pairs Whole values [1 pair = 2 items]

Sides Whole skins [2 sides = 1 skin]

Timber (including logs, sawn wood, veneer etc) in kilograms

Cubic meters (m3) [calculated using the mid-point of the range of specific weights provided in the CITES Identification Manual (Vales et al., 199915)].

Annex D – Country name abbreviations

Full name Abbreviated name

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Venezuela

Democratic Republic of the Congo DRC

Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China Hong Kong, SAR

Lao People’s Democratic Republic Lao PDR

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia FYR Macedonia

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom

United Republic of Tanzania Tanzania

United States of America United States

15

Vales, M. A., Clemente, M. & García Esteban, L. (1999) Timber identification. In CITES Identification Manual: Flora. CITES

Secretariat, Switzerland.

Annex

84

Annex E - Valuation methodology overview

On the basis of the species coverage, level of detail, consistency of the dataset and probable

comparability to EU prices, the “Declared U.S. Dollar Value” data from the United States

CITES Annual Reports were used as the basis for calculations of the value of EU imports of

CITES-listed species. The United States is a major importer and exporter of CITES-listed

species and therefore Customs data included price data for a high number of CITES species

in trade. Using EU importer-reported trade data derived from the CITES Trade Database,

the United States price data were extrapolated to calculate the value of EU reported imports

of CITES-listed animals.

United States price data used

The Declared U.S. Dollar Value is the amount in U.S. dollars declared by the trader at the

point of export from or import to the United States. The Declared U.S. Dollar Value data for

cleared items (Status = “CL”) provided in the United States CITES Annual Reports for the

years 2007-2011 were used. Both import and export price data were included in the analysis.

On account of limited price data, the vast majority of plants were excluded from the analysis

(with the exception of two families with robust enough price data); it is hoped that plant

price datasets can be improved in the future to address this issue.

Data for animals were standardised to comply with CITES accepted codes (for further

information on CITES codes for terms, sources and units, see

http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2011/E019A.pdf). Units and source codes were converted

or grouped (in the cases of some sources) to allow for more meaningful analysis. All sources

and purposes were included in the analysis.

Price per taxon per year (2007-2011) was corrected for inflation by using a conversion factor

(see http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/) to express prices as estimates of U.S. dollars in

2011.

The median USD price for each family/unit/source/term combination was calculated.

Family-level price data were used so that median prices would be based on a higher number

of records, thus providing a more robust price estimate. Furthermore, calculations done at

the family level provided value data for a higher proportion of trade records in EU importer

data.

EU importer data

Trade data were extracted from the CITES Trade Database to determine trade volumes as

reported by EU importers in 2011. All terms, sources and purposes were included.

Calculating value of EU imports

To estimate the monetary value of EU imports of CITES-listed animal species, the median

price value for each family/unit/source/term combination was multiplied by the EU

reported trade volume.

http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2011/E019A.pdf

http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/

Annex

85

Where the family median was based on a small number of records within the United States

price dataset (<5 records) or where price data were unavailable for a

family/unit/source/term combination (e.g. because the United States had not traded in the

taxon in question), proxy values were used. An example of typical proxy would be using the

median price for the order/source/unit/term combination or the same family/unit/term

combination but for trade in a similar but different source. For those commodities where a

suitable proxy could not be found (e.g. there was no comparable proxy with enough price

records to make it valid), trade was deleted.

The price dataset initially included 558 010 relevant price records for animal species. Median

price values were subsequently calculated for 1 638 family/unit/source/term combinations.

The final EU importer data used included 7 040 trade records, with less than 200 records

with no price data available.

Considerations

A number of assumptions were made in order to undertake the calculations for this report:

- Only price data from United States “cleared” imports and exports were used, which

were then extrapolated to estimate the value of EU imports. However, in reality there

will be price differences between countries for the same species and there will be

differences in the quality of products, leading to price differences However, it is

important to note that the estimate of financial value of the trade in EU imports of

CITES-listed animals is only an approximation of the actual earnings at one stage in

the market chain.

- The calculations focus only on animals, as no price data were available for plants,

with the exception of two tree families. Furthermore, records were deleted if no price

data were available or if no adequate proxy was identified. Therefore, calculations

are likely to be an underestimate of total value of legal imports of CITES species to

the EU.

- Family-level price data and proxy data used for price calculations may not always

reflect the true price of a species.

- The price for any given species/commodity may vary according to size of animal,

shipment size, variety (e.g. rare breeds) – such detail is not captured in the CITES

trade data. To account for these differences, a median price was used. In addition, an

initial analysis of the data used in this report indicated that median shipment sizes

were comparable between the two datasets.

- In future, it is intended to refine the methodology to further verify assumptions and

to identify a suitable price dataset and methodology for plants.

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