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List of variables of study and their levels in the STATAdata set c:\bos\pm1.dta
The data set c:\bos\pm1.dta contains the following 30
variables of study (A dependent variable of study + 29independnet variables of study).
Dependent or outcome variable of study (Y)
success: Successful completion of project (Yes, No)
List of 29 independent or explanatory variables of study
(X1, X2, ., X29)
relationship: Problems related to relationship (Very low,
Low, Average, High, Very high)
experience: Problems related to lack of experience (Very
low, Low, Average, High, Very high)
type: Type of project (Buildings, Roads, Lights, Water, IT)
race: Race group of project leader (Black, White, Coloured,
Indian)
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rivals: Problems related to rivals (Very low, Low, Average,
High, Very high)
resources: Problems related to shortage of resources(Very low, Low, Average, High, Very high)
scope: Problems due to change of scope of project (Very
low, Low, Average, High, Very high)
objectives: Problems related to failure to meet objectives(Very low, Low, Average, High, Very high)
quality: Problems related to quality of workmanship (Very
low, Low, Average, High, Very high)
cost: Problems related to cost over-run (Very low, Low,Average, High, Very high)
time: Problems related to time over-run (Very low, Low,
Average, High, Very high)
control: Problems related to lack of control (Very low,Low, Average, High, Very high)
procurement: Problems related to procurement (Very low,
Low, Average, High, Very high)
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contract: Problems related to contractual agreement (Very
low, Low, Average, High, Very high)
interference: Problems due to interference (Very low, Low,
Average, High, Very high)
communication: Problems due to poor communication
(Very low, Low, Average, High, Very high)
stakeholders: Problems related to stakeholders (Very low,
Low, Average, High, Very high)
planning: Problems due to poor planning (Very low, Low,
Average, High, Very high)
accountability: Problems due to lack of accountability
(Very low, Low, Average, High, Very high)
transparency: Problems due to lack of transparency (Very
low, Low, Average, High, Very high)
audit: Problems due to lack of proper auditing (Very low,
Low, Average, High, Very high)
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training: Problems related to lack of training (Very low,
Low, Average, High, Very high)
leadership: Problems related to lack of leadership (Verylow, Low, Average, High, Very high)
conflicts: Problems related to internal conflicts (Very low,
Low, Average, High, Very high)
risk: Problems related to unforeseen potential risks (Verylow, Low, Average, High, Very high)
skills: Problems related to lack of skills (Very low, Low,
Average, High, Very high)
harmony: Problems related to lack of harmony (Very low,Low, Average, High, Very high)
labour: Problems related to labour (Very low, Low,
Average, High, Very high)
trust: Problems related to lack of trust in project leader(Very low, Low, Average, High, Very high)
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Procedure 1: Frequency tables for categorical
variables of study
. use c:\bos\pm1.dta, clear
. des
Contains data from c:\bos\pm1.dta
obs: 120
vars: 30
size: 35,040
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
storage display value
variable name type format label variable label
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
success str3 %9s Successful completion of project
relationship str10 %10s Problems related to working relationship with
project manager
experience str10 %10s Problems related to lack of experience
type str11 %11s Type of project
race str8 %9s Race group of project leader
rivals str10 %10s Problems related to rivals
resources str10 %10s Problems related to shortage of resources
scope str10 %10s Problems related to change of scope of project
objectives str10 %10s Problems related to failure to meet objectives
quality str10 %10s Problems related to quality of work
cost str10 %10s Problems related to cost overrun
time str10 %10s Problems related to time overrun
control str10 %10s Problems related to lack of control of project
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procurement str10 %10s Problems related to procurement issues
contract str10 %10s Problems related to contractual obligations
interference str10 %10s Problems related to interference
communication str10 %10s Problems related to poor communication
stakeholders str10 %10s Problems related to stakeholders
planning str10 %10s Problems related to poor planning
accountability str10 %10s Problems related to lack of accountability
transparency str10 %10s Problems related to lack of transparency
audit str10 %10s Problems related to poor auditing
training str10 %10s Problems related to lack of proper training
leadership str10 %10s Problems related to lack of leadership
conflicts str10 %10s Problems related to internal conflicts
risk str10 %10s Problems related to unforeseen risk
skills str10 %10s Problems related to lack of skills
harmony str10 %10s Problems related to lack of harmony among team
members
labour str10 %10s Problems related to labour issues
trust str10 %10s Problems related to lack of trust in project leader
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sorted by:
. tab1 success relationship experience
type race rivals resources scope
objectives quality cost time control
procurement contract interferencecommunication stakeholders planning
accountability transparency audit
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training leadership conflicts risk
skills harmony labour trust
-> tabulation of success
Successful |
completion |
of project | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
No | 21 17.50 17.50
Yes | 99 82.50 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of relationship
Problems |
related to |
working |
relationshi |
p with |
project |
manager | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 37 30.83 30.83
High | 47 39.17 70.00
Low | 2 1.67 71.67
Very high | 30 25.00 96.67
Very low | 4 3.33 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
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-> tabulation of experience
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
experience | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 36 30.00 30.00
High | 43 35.83 65.83
Low | 26 21.67 87.50
Very high | 4 3.33 90.83
Very low | 11 9.17 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of type
Type of |
project | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Buildings | 26 21.67 21.67
IT | 18 15.00 36.67
Lights | 18 15.00 51.67
Roads | 38 31.67 83.33
Water | 20 16.67 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of race
Race group |
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of project |
leader | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Black | 29 24.17 24.17
Coloured | 18 15.00 39.17
Indian | 34 28.33 67.50
White | 39 32.50 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of rivals
Problems |
related to |
rivals | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 23 19.17 19.17
High | 34 28.33 47.50
Low | 14 11.67 59.17
Very high | 34 28.33 87.50
Very low | 15 12.50 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of resources
Problems |
related to |
shortage of |
resources | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 10 8.33 8.33
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High | 35 29.17 37.50
Low | 12 10.00 47.50
Very high | 53 44.17 91.67
Very low | 10 8.33 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of scope
Problems |
related to |
change of |
scope of |
project | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 3 2.50 2.50
High | 31 25.83 28.33
Low | 15 12.50 40.83
Very high | 70 58.33 99.17
Very low | 1 0.83 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of objectives
Problems |
related to |
failure to |
meet |
objectives | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 6 5.00 5.00
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High | 24 20.00 25.00
Low | 14 11.67 36.67
Very high | 76 63.33 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of quality
Problems |
related to |
quality of |
work | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 19 15.83 15.83
High | 46 38.33 54.17
Low | 18 15.00 69.17
Very high | 36 30.00 99.17
Very low | 1 0.83 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of cost
Problems |
related to |
cost |
overrun | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 11 9.17 9.17
High | 38 31.67 40.83
Low | 22 18.33 59.17
Very high | 48 40.00 99.17
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Very low | 1 0.83 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of time
Problems |
related to |
time |
overrun | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 11 9.17 9.17
High | 49 40.83 50.00
Low | 15 12.50 62.50
Very high | 45 37.50 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of control
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
control of |
project | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 24 20.00 20.00
High | 51 42.50 62.50
Low | 16 13.33 75.83
Very high | 29 24.17 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
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-> tabulation of procurement
Problems |
related to |
procurement |
issues | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 29 24.17 24.17
High | 48 40.00 64.17
Low | 13 10.83 75.00
Very high | 29 24.17 99.17
Very low | 1 0.83 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of contract
Problems |
related to |
contractual |
obligations | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 19 15.83 15.83
High | 50 41.67 57.50
Low | 20 16.67 74.17
Very high | 31 25.83 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of interference
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Problems |
related to |
interferenc |
e | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 21 17.50 17.50
High | 47 39.17 56.67
Low | 12 10.00 66.67
Very high | 38 31.67 98.33
Very low | 2 1.67 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of communication
Problems |
related to |
poor |
communicati |
on | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 3 2.50 2.50
High | 25 20.83 23.33
Low | 18 15.00 38.33
Very high | 74 61.67 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of stakeholders
Problems |
related to |
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stakeholder |
s | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 10 8.33 8.33
High | 40 33.33 41.67
Low | 13 10.83 52.50
Very high | 57 47.50 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of planning
Problems |
related to |
poor |
planning | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 21 17.50 17.50
High | 29 24.17 41.67
Low | 25 20.83 62.50
Very high | 34 28.33 90.83
Very low | 11 9.17 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of accountability
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
accountabil |
ity | Freq. Percent Cum.
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------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 15 12.50 12.50
High | 47 39.17 51.67
Low | 17 14.17 65.83
Very high | 41 34.17 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of transparency
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
transparenc |
y | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 20 16.67 16.67
High | 39 32.50 49.17
Low | 24 20.00 69.17
Very high | 35 29.17 98.33
Very low | 2 1.67 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of audit
Problems |
related to |
poor |
auditing | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 16 13.33 13.33
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High | 44 36.67 50.00
Low | 21 17.50 67.50
Very high | 38 31.67 99.17
Very low | 1 0.83 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of training
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
proper |
training | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 26 21.67 21.67
High | 35 29.17 50.83
Low | 27 22.50 73.33
Very high | 31 25.83 99.17
Very low | 1 0.83 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of leadership
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
leadership | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 5 4.17 4.17
High | 29 24.17 28.33
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Low | 17 14.17 42.50
Very high | 66 55.00 97.50
Very low | 3 2.50 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of conflicts
Problems |
related to |
internal |
conflicts | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 14 11.67 11.67
High | 41 34.17 45.83
Low | 18 15.00 60.83
Very high | 47 39.17 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of risk
Problems |
related to |
unforeseen |
risk | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 15 12.50 12.50
High | 42 35.00 47.50
Low | 18 15.00 62.50
Very high | 45 37.50 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
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Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of skills
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
skills | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 29 24.17 24.17
High | 37 30.83 55.00
Low | 24 20.00 75.00
Very high | 27 22.50 97.50
Very low | 3 2.50 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of harmony
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
harmony |
among team |
members | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 33 27.50 27.50
High | 37 30.83 58.33
Low | 13 10.83 69.17
Very high | 33 27.50 96.67
Very low | 4 3.33 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
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Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of labour
Problems |
related to |
labour |
issues | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 37 30.83 30.83
High | 44 36.67 67.50
Low | 11 9.17 76.67
Very high | 21 17.50 94.17
Very low | 7 5.83 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of trust
Problems |
related to |
lack of |
trust in |
project |
leader | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 33 27.50 27.50
High | 45 37.50 65.00
Low | 14 11.67 76.67
Very high | 26 21.67 98.33
Very low | 2 1.67 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
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Total | 120 100.00
Procedure 2: Pearsons chi-square tests ofassociations between the dependent variable of
study and the other 29 variables of study
. use c:\bos\pm1.dta, clear
. tab2 success relationship, exp cell chi2
-> tabulation of success by relationship
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
Successful | Problems related to working relationship with project
completion | manager
of project | Average High Low Very high Very low | Total
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
No | 9 5 1 2 4 | 21
| 6.5 8.2 0.3 5.3 0.7 | 21.0
| 7.50 4.17 0.83 1.67 3.33 | 17.50
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
Yes | 28 42 1 28 0 | 99
| 30.5 38.8 1.6 24.8 3.3 | 99.0
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| 23.33 35.00 0.83 23.33 0.00 | 82.50
-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------
Total | 37 47 2 30 4 | 120
| 37.0 47.0 2.0 30.0 4.0 | 120.0
| 30.83 39.17 1.67 25.00 3.33 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(4) = 25.4853 Pr = 0.000
Note that there are 4 expected cell
frequencies that are less than 5 in theabove cross-tab table. As such, the P-value
(Pr=0.000) obtained from the above
procedure is not reliable. The remedial
action is to reduce the number of
categories of the variable relationship
from 5 to 2 by recoding.
Recoding procedure in STATA
Open up the STATA data file c:\bos\pm1.dta
. use c:\bos\pm1.dta, clear
. tab1 relationship
-> tabulation of relationship
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Problems |
related to |
working |
relationshi |
p with |
project |
manager | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Average | 37 30.83 30.83
High | 47 39.17 70.00
Low | 2 1.67 71.67
Very high | 30 25.00 96.67
Very low | 4 3.33 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
Reduce the number of categories of each of your categorical
variables from 5 to 2 as follows:
Very low = Low
Low = Low
Average = Moderate
High = Moderate
Very high = Moderate
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Save the resulting data file as c:\bos\pm2.dta
Frequency tables for the variables in the STATA data file
c:\bos\pm2.dta
. use c:\bos\pm2.dta, clear
. tab1 success relationship experience type racerivals resources scope objectives quality cost
time control procurement contract interference
communication stakeholders planning
accountability transparency audit training
leadership conflicts risk skills harmony labour
trust
-> tabulation of success
success | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
No | 21 17.50 17.50
Yes | 99 82.50 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of relationship
relationshi |
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p | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 6 5.00 5.00
Moderate | 114 95.00 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of experience
experience | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 37 30.83 30.83
Moderate | 83 69.17 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of type
type | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Buildings | 26 21.67 21.67
IT | 18 15.00 36.67
Lights | 18 15.00 51.67
Roads | 38 31.67 83.33
Water | 20 16.67 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of race
race | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
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Black | 29 24.17 24.17
Coloured | 18 15.00 39.17
Indian | 34 28.33 67.50
White | 39 32.50 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of rivals
rivals | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 29 24.17 24.17
Moderate | 91 75.83 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of resources
resources | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 22 18.33 18.33
Moderate | 98 81.67 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of scope
scope | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 16 13.33 13.33
Moderate | 104 86.67 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
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Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of objectives
objectives | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 14 11.67 11.67
Moderate | 106 88.33 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of quality
quality | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 19 15.83 15.83
Moderate | 101 84.17 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of cost
cost | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 23 19.17 19.17
Moderate | 97 80.83 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of time
time | Freq. Percent Cum.
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------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 15 12.50 12.50
Moderate | 105 87.50 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of control
control | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 16 13.33 13.33
Moderate | 104 86.67 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of procurement
procurement | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 14 11.67 11.67
Moderate | 106 88.33 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of contract
contract | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 20 16.67 16.67
Moderate | 100 83.33 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
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-> tabulation of interference
interferenc |
e | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 14 11.67 11.67
Moderate | 106 88.33 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of communication
communicati |
on | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 18 15.00 15.00
Moderate | 102 85.00 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of stakeholders
stakeholder |
s | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 13 10.83 10.83
Moderate | 107 89.17 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of planning
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planning | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 36 30.00 30.00
Moderate | 84 70.00 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of accountability
accountabil |
ity | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 17 14.17 14.17
Moderate | 103 85.83 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of transparency
transparenc |
y | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 26 21.67 21.67
Moderate | 94 78.33 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of audit
audit | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
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Low | 22 18.33 18.33
Moderate | 98 81.67 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of training
training | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 28 23.33 23.33
Moderate | 92 76.67 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of leadership
leadership | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 20 16.67 16.67
Moderate | 100 83.33 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of conflicts
conflicts | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 18 15.00 15.00
Moderate | 102 85.00 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
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-> tabulation of risk
risk | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 18 15.00 15.00
Moderate | 102 85.00 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of skills
skills | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 27 22.50 22.50
Moderate | 93 77.50 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of harmony
harmony | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 17 14.17 14.17
Moderate | 103 85.83 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of labour
labour | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 18 15.00 15.00
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Moderate | 102 85.00 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
-> tabulation of trust
trust | Freq. Percent Cum.
------------+-----------------------------------
Low | 16 13.33 13.33
Moderate | 104 86.67 100.00
------------+-----------------------------------
Total | 120 100.00
Pearsons chi-square tests of associations between the dependent
variable success (yes, no) and each of the categorical variables in
the STATA data file c:\bos\pm2.dta
. use c:\bos\pm2.dta, clear
. tab2 success relationship experience rivals
resources scope objectives quality cost time
control procurement contract interference
communication stakeholders planning
accountability transparency audit training
leadership conflicts risk skills harmony labourtrust, cell chi2 expected firstonly
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-> tabulation of success by relationship
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| relationship
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 5 16 | 21
| 1.1 19.9 | 21.0
| 4.17 13.33 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 1 98 | 99
| 5.0 94.0 | 99.0
| 0.83 81.67 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 6 114 | 120
| 6.0 114.0 | 120.0
| 5.00 95.00 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 18.9595 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by experience
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+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| experience
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 8 13 | 21
| 6.5 14.5 | 21.0
| 6.67 10.83 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 29 70 | 99
| 30.5 68.5 | 99.0
| 24.17 58.33 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 37 83 | 120
| 37.0 83.0 | 120.0
| 30.83 69.17 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 0.6294 Pr = 0.428
-> tabulation of success by rivals
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
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| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| rivals
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 17 4 | 21
| 5.1 15.9 | 21.0
| 14.17 3.33 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 12 87 | 99
| 23.9 75.1 | 99.0
| 10.00 72.50 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 29 91 | 120
| 29.0 91.0 | 120.0
| 24.17 75.83 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 44.7885 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by resources
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
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| resources
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 20 1 | 21
| 3.9 17.1 | 21.0
| 16.67 0.83 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 2 97 | 99
| 18.1 80.8 | 99.0
| 1.67 80.83 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 22 98 | 120
| 22.0 98.0 | 120.0
| 18.33 81.67 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 100.5508 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by scope
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| scope
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 15 6 | 21
| 2.8 18.2 | 21.0
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| 12.50 5.00 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 1 98 | 99
| 13.2 85.8 | 99.0
| 0.83 81.67 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 16 104 | 120
| 16.0 104.0 | 120.0
| 13.33 86.67 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 74.3457 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by objectives
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| objectives
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 14 7 | 21
| 2.5 18.6 | 21.0
| 11.67 5.83 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 0 99 | 99
| 11.6 87.5 | 99.0
| 0.00 82.50 | 82.50
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-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 14 106 | 120
| 14.0 106.0 | 120.0
| 11.67 88.33 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 74.7170 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by quality
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| quality
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 15 6 | 21
| 3.3 17.7 | 21.0
| 12.50 5.00 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 4 95 | 99
| 15.7 83.3 | 99.0
| 3.33 79.17 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 19 101 | 120
| 19.0 101.0 | 120.0
| 15.83 84.17 | 100.00
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Pearson chi2(1) = 59.0375 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by cost
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| cost
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 16 5 | 21
| 4.0 17.0 | 21.0
| 13.33 4.17 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 7 92 | 99
| 19.0 80.0 | 99.0
| 5.83 76.67 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 23 97 | 120
| 23.0 97.0 | 120.0
| 19.17 80.83 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 53.4245 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by time
+--------------------+
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| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| time
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 13 8 | 21
| 2.6 18.4 | 21.0
| 10.83 6.67 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 2 97 | 99
| 12.4 86.6 | 99.0
| 1.67 80.83 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 15 105 | 120
| 15.0 105.0 | 120.0
| 12.50 87.50 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 56.8048 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by control
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
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+--------------------+
| control
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 9 12 | 21
| 2.8 18.2 | 21.0
| 7.50 10.00 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 7 92 | 99
| 13.2 85.8 | 99.0
| 5.83 76.67 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 16 104 | 120
| 16.0 104.0 | 120.0
| 13.33 86.67 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 19.2008 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by procurement
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| procurement
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
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No | 9 12 | 21
| 2.5 18.6 | 21.0
| 7.50 10.00 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 5 94 | 99
| 11.6 87.5 | 99.0
| 4.17 78.33 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 14 106 | 120
| 14.0 106.0 | 120.0
| 11.67 88.33 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 24.0291 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by contract
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| contract
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 14 7 | 21
| 3.5 17.5 | 21.0
| 11.67 5.83 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 6 93 | 99
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| 16.5 82.5 | 99.0
| 5.00 77.50 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 20 100 | 120
| 20.0 100.0 | 120.0
| 16.67 83.33 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 45.8182 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by interference
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| interference
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 11 10 | 21
| 2.5 18.6 | 21.0
| 9.17 8.33 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 3 96 | 99
| 11.6 87.5 | 99.0
| 2.50 80.00 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 14 106 | 120
| 14.0 106.0 | 120.0
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| 11.67 88.33 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 40.9437 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by communication
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| communication
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 18 3 | 21
| 3.1 17.9 | 21.0
| 15.00 2.50 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 0 99 | 99
| 14.9 84.2 | 99.0
| 0.00 82.50 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 18 102 | 120
| 18.0 102.0 | 120.0
| 15.00 85.00 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 99.8319 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by stakeholders
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+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| stakeholders
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 13 8 | 21
| 2.3 18.7 | 21.0
| 10.83 6.67 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 0 99 | 99
| 10.7 88.3 | 99.0
| 0.00 82.50 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 13 107 | 120
| 13.0 107.0 | 120.0
| 10.83 89.17 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 68.7316 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by planning
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
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| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| planning
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 13 8 | 21
| 6.3 14.7 | 21.0
| 10.83 6.67 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 23 76 | 99
| 29.7 69.3 | 99.0
| 19.17 63.33 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 36 84 | 120
| 36.0 84.0 | 120.0
| 30.00 70.00 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 12.3383 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by accountability
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| accountability
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success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 14 7 | 21
| 3.0 18.0 | 21.0
| 11.67 5.83 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 3 96 | 99
| 14.0 85.0 | 99.0
| 2.50 80.00 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 17 103 | 120
| 17.0 103.0 | 120.0
| 14.17 85.83 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 57.6979 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by transparency
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| transparency
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 20 1 | 21
| 4.5 16.4 | 21.0
| 16.67 0.83 | 17.50
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-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 6 93 | 99
| 21.4 77.5 | 99.0
| 5.00 77.50 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 26 94 | 120
| 26.0 94.0 | 120.0
| 21.67 78.33 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 81.1792 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by audit
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| audit
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 18 3 | 21
| 3.9 17.1 | 21.0
| 15.00 2.50 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 4 95 | 99
| 18.1 80.8 | 99.0
| 3.33 79.17 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
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Total | 22 98 | 120
| 22.0 98.0 | 120.0
| 18.33 81.67 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 77.1886 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by training
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| training
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 16 5 | 21
| 4.9 16.1 | 21.0
| 13.33 4.17 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 12 87 | 99
| 23.1 75.9 | 99.0
| 10.00 72.50 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 28 92 | 120
| 28.0 92.0 | 120.0
| 23.33 76.67 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 39.7548 Pr = 0.000
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-> tabulation of success by leadership
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| leadership
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 18 3 | 21
| 3.5 17.5 | 21.0
| 15.00 2.50 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 2 97 | 99
| 16.5 82.5 | 99.0
| 1.67 80.83 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 20 100 | 120
| 20.0 100.0 | 120.0
| 16.67 83.33 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 87.3766 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by conflicts
+--------------------+
| Key |
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|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| conflicts
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 13 8 | 21
| 3.1 17.9 | 21.0
| 10.83 6.67 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 5 94 | 99
| 14.9 84.2 | 99.0
| 4.17 78.33 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 18 102 | 120
| 18.0 102.0 | 120.0
| 15.00 85.00 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 43.9227 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by risk
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
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| risk
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 16 5 | 21
| 3.1 17.9 | 21.0
| 13.33 4.17 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 2 97 | 99
| 14.9 84.2 | 99.0
| 1.67 80.83 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 18 102 | 120
| 18.0 102.0 | 120.0
| 15.00 85.00 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 74.7520 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by skills
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| skills
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 16 5 | 21
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| 4.7 16.3 | 21.0
| 13.33 4.17 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 11 88 | 99
| 22.3 76.7 | 99.0
| 9.17 73.33 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 27 93 | 120
| 27.0 93.0 | 120.0
| 22.50 77.50 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 42.0800 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by harmony
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| harmony
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 11 10 | 21
| 3.0 18.0 | 21.0
| 9.17 8.33 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 6 93 | 99
| 14.0 85.0 | 99.0
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| 5.00 77.50 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 17 103 | 120
| 17.0 103.0 | 120.0
| 14.17 85.83 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 30.5698 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by labour
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| labour
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 12 9 | 21
| 3.1 17.9 | 21.0
| 10.00 7.50 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 6 93 | 99
| 14.9 84.2 | 99.0
| 5.00 77.50 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 18 102 | 120
| 18.0 102.0 | 120.0
| 15.00 85.00 | 100.00
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Pearson chi2(1) = 35.4571 Pr = 0.000
-> tabulation of success by trust
+--------------------+
| Key |
|--------------------|
| frequency |
| expected frequency |
| cell percentage |
+--------------------+
| trust
success | Low Moderate | Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
No | 11 10 | 21
| 2.8 18.2 | 21.0
| 9.17 8.33 | 17.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Yes | 5 94 | 99
| 13.2 85.8 | 99.0
| 4.17 78.33 | 82.50
-----------+----------------------+----------
Total | 16 104 | 120
| 16.0 104.0 | 120.0
| 13.33 86.67 | 100.00
Pearson chi2(1) = 33.5864 Pr = 0.000
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Summary of results obtained from cross-tab
analysesTable 1 shows the top 5 influential predictor variables of success. Each test
of association was performed between the dependent variable of study
(successful completion of project) and the other independent variables
of study that are known to affect the capacity of the project manager to
successfully complete the project work being done.
At the 5% level of significance, a two-by-two test of association among two
categorical variables is said to be statistically significant if the P-value is
below 0.05. Otherwise, the association is said to be insignificant at the same
level of significance. At the 5% level of significance, significant associations
are characterized by P-values that are smaller than 0.05 and large observed
values of the chi-square random variable. In this study, the top 5 highly
significant predictors of success were selected based on these criteria.
In each chi-square test of association performed in this section, the expectedcell frequencies were all greater than 5. As such, results obtained from cross-
tab analysis were valid.
Table 1: Top 5 significant variables based on cross-tab analysis
Variable of study associated with Y
(Successful completion of project)
Observed
chi-square
value
P-value
Resources 100.5508 0.0000***
Communication 99.8319 0.0000***
Leadership 87.3766 0.0000***
Transparency 81.1792 0.0000***
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Audit 77.1886 0.0000***
Key: Significance at * P
