Analysis of Mercurial Preservaties in Bacterins, Vaccines and Antisera by Atomic Absorption...

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    A P P L I E D M I C R O B I O L O G Y , J u n e 1 9 7 4 , p . 1 0 9 4 - 1 0 9 7C o p y r i g h t 0 1 9 7 4 A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y f o r M i c r o b i o l o g y V o l . 2 7 , N o . 6P r i n t e d i n U . S . A .

    A n a l y s i s o f M e r c u r i a l P r e s e r v a t i v e s i n B a c t e r i n s , V a c c i n e s ,a n d A n t i s e r a b y A t o m i c A b s o r p t i o n S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r yPAUL W. WOODWARD AND JOHN R . PEMBERTON

    V e t e r i n a r y S e r v i c e s L a b o r a t o r i e s , A P H I S , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , A m e s , I o w a 5 0 0 1 0R e c e i v e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n 7 M a r c h 1 9 7 4

    A f l a m e l e s s a t o m i c a b s o r p t i o n m e t h o d was d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o fm e r c u r i a l p r e s e r v a t i v e s i n b i o l o g i c a l s . The assay was b a s e d on a q u a n t i t a t i v ed e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e mercury c o n t e n t o f t h e s e p r e s e r v a t i v e s . T h i s m e t h o d wasu s e d t o a n a l y z e a v a r i e t y o f s a m p l e s a n d y i e l d e d r e p r o d u c i b l e r e s u l t s w i t hs a t i s f a c t o r y r e c o v e r i e s . The p r o c e d u r e i s p r e s e n t e d i n a s i m p l i f i e d b l o c k d i a g r a ma n d d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l r e l a t i n g i t s s u i t a b i l i t y f o r r o u t i n e assay o f l a r g e n u m b e r so f s a m p l e s .

    T h e r e g u l a t o r y c o n t r o l o f v e t e r i n a r y b i o l o g i -c a l s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s u n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o no f V e t e r i n a r y S e r v i c e s L a b o r a t o r i e s , A P H I S ,U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e . T h e y p e r m i tt h e u s e o f m e r c u r i a l c o m p o u n d s , s u c h a s t h i -m e r o s a l , p h e n y l m e r c u r i c a c e t a t e , a n d p h e n y l -m e r c u r i c n i t r a t e , a s p r e s e r v a t i v e s i n v e t e r i n a r yb i o l o g i c a l s . R e g u l a t o r y c o n t r o l o f t h e s e p r e s e r v -a t i v e s i s i m p o r t a n t , a s i t p r o v i d e s a s s u r a n c et h a t t h e b i o l o g i c a l p r o d u c t h a s b e e n a d e q u a t e l yp r e s e r v e d a n d t h a t e x c e s s i v e a m o u n t s o f m e r -c u r y a r e n o t b e i n g a d d e d t o o u r m e a t s u p p l y ( 3 ,8 ) . M e r c u r i a l p r e s e r v a t i v e s a r e a d i f f i c u l t g r o u po f c o m p o u n d s t o a s s a y b e c a u s e t h e y a r e n o r -m a l l y u s e d a t l o w l e v e l s o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n dt h e i r d e g r a d a t i o n c o m p o u n d s o f t e n r e a c t w i t ht h e b i o l o g i c a l s t o f o r m many i n t e r m e d i a r y p r o d -u c t s . C o n v e n t i o n a l c h e m i c a l m e t h o d s , s u c h a st h e c o l o r i m e t r i c p r o c e d u r e u s i n g d i t h i z o n e , r e -q u i r e t e d i o u s m e t h o d s o f d i g e s t i o n a n d e x t r a c -t i o n t h a t a r e i m p r a c t i c a l a s r o u t i n e c o n t r o lp r o c e d u r e s . M i c r o b i o l o g i c a l m e t h o d s , s i m i l a r t oa n t i b i o t i c . a s s a y m e t h o d s , c a n n o t e a s i l y b e u s e dt o a s s a y l a r g e n u m b e r s o f s a m p l e s . M i c r o b i o l o g -i c a l m e t h o d s a l s o p r e s e n t p r o b l e m s a s t h er e s u l t s c a n b e i n f l u e n c e d b y o t h e r i n g r e d i e n t s( i n a c t i v a t i n g a g e n t s , b a c t e r i a l b y - p r o d u c t s ,e t c . ) i n t h e c o m m e r c i a l l y p r e p a r e d b i o l o g i c a l s .N o r m a l l y , m e r c u r i a l p r e s e r v a t i v e s a r e u s e d a ta 1 : 5 , 0 0 0 o r 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h eb a c t e r i n s , v a c c i n e s , a n d a n t i s e r a . T h e s e m e r -c u r i a l c o m p o u n d s o f t e n r e a c t w i t h c o m p o n e n t so f t h e b i o l o g i c a l s t o f o r m i n t e r m e d i a r y p r o d u c t sw h i c h make s p e c i f i c i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e o r i g i -n a l c o m p o u n d v e r y d i f f i c u l t . A c o m p r o m i s e t o

    t h i s p r o b l e m w o u l d b e t o a s s a y t h e b a c t e r i n o ra n t i s e r u m f o r i t s m e r c u r y c o n t e n t a n d m a t h e -m a t i c a l l y e s t i m a t e t h e amount o f m e r c u r i a lp r e s e r v a t i v e i n t h e p r o d u c t . T h e m e r c u r y c o n -t e n t o f t h e s e p r e s e r v a t i v e s r e p r e s e n t a b o u t 5 0 %o f t h e i r w e i g h t , w h i c h w o u l d mean t h a t t h et h e o r e t i c a l amount o f m e r c u r y i n a p r e s e r v e db i o l o g i c a l w o u l d b e i n t h e r a n g e o f 5 0 t o 1 0 0' 4 g / m l .A t o m i c a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y p r o -v i d e s a s e n s i t i v e a n d p r e c i s e m e t h o d f o r e s -t i m a t i n g m e r c u r y ( 1 ) w h i c h c a n b e r e a d i l ya d a p t e d t o a n a l y z e n u m e r o u s s a m p l e s . Am e t h o d i s d e s c r i b e d w h i c h h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e dt o a s s a y t h e m e r c u r i a l p r e s e r v a t i v e c o n t e n t o fb a c t e r i n s , v a c c i n e s , a n d a n t i s e r a u s e d i n v e t e r i -n a r y m e d i c i n e . The a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e d u r e i s am o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e m e t h o d d e v e l o p e d b y H a t c ha n d O t t ( 4 ) .

    MATERIALS AND METHODSA p p a r a t u s : ( i ) a t o m i c a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r o p h o -

    t o m e t e r . T h e p r e s e n t w o r k w a s d o n e w i t h a P e r k i n -E l m e r m o d e l 4 0 3 s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r . O t h e r e q u i p -m e n t h a v i n g s i m i l a r c a p a b i l i t i e s f o r m o u n t i n g a l o n gp a t h l e n g t h a b s o r p t i o n c e l l a n d e x c i t i n g t h e s a m p l ea t t h e m e r c u r y l i n e ( 2 5 3 . 7 n m ) ma y a l s o b e u s e d ( 5 , 6 ) .( i i ) A b s o r p t i o n c e l l s . C e l l s w e r e g l a s s t u b i n g( 2 2 - m m o u t e r d i a m e t e r ) w i t h q u a r t z w i n d o w s o n e a c he n d a n d i n l e t - o u t l e t p o r t s p l a c e d n e a r t h e e n d s . A c e l lw i t h a 50-mm p a t h l e n g t h w a s u s e d f o r a n a l y s e s i n t h em i c r o g r a m r a n g e , a n d o n e w i t h a 100-mm p a t h l e n g t hw a s u s ed f o r a n a l y s e s i n t h e n a n o g r a m r a n g e .( i i ) C a r r i e r g a s s y s t e m . F i l t e r e d c o m p r e s s e d a i rw a s u s e d a s t h e c a r r i e r g a s a t a f l o w r a t e o f 0 . 7 5s t a n d a r d f t 8 ( c a . 0 . 0 2 1 m i ) p e r h . T h e b u r n e r c o n t r o l1 0 9 4

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    ANALYSIS OF MERCURIAL PRESERVATIVESo f t h e m o d e l 4 0 3 s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r was u s e d f o rpressure a n d v o l u m e c o n t r o l o f a i r . The b u b b l e r r e -f e r r e d t o l a t e r i n t h e p r o c e d u r e was c o n s t r u c t e d w i t ha f r i t t e d g l a s s t i p f o r b e t t e r a e r a t i o n o f t h e s a m p l es o l u t i o n s a n d more e f f i c i e n t t r a n s f e r o f mercury vaport o t h e a b s o r p t i o n c e l l . An e f f i c i e n t s y s t e m f o r remov-i n g mercury vapor f r o m t h e o p e r a t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t i snecessary as a s a f e t y f a c t o r .R e a g e n t s : ( i ) s t a n d a r d mercury s o l u t i o n s . D i s -s o l v e 1 0 . 8 mg o f HgO i n 5 m l o f HCI ( 1 1 . 6 M) ( 1 + 1 )a n d d i l u t e t o 1 0 0 m l w i t h w a t e r t o o b t a i n a s t o c ks o l u t i o n o f 1 0 0 Ag o f H g / m l . Make f u r t h e r d i l u t i o n s t oo b t a i n s t a n d a r d s o f 8 0 , 6 0 , 4 0 , a n d 2 0 M g o f H g / m l .( i i ) H y d r o x y l a m i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e (NHOH.HC), 1 . 5 % w t / v o l . Make up w i t h w a t e r .( i i i ) S t a n n o u s c h l o r i d e ( S n C l 2 ) , 1 0 % w t / v o l . D i s -s o l v e 5 0 g i n 7 5 m l o f HCl ( 1 1 . 6 M) a n d d i l u t e t o 5 0 0m l w i t h w a t e r . T h i s s o l u t i o n s h o u l d b e o p t i c a l l y c l e a rw h e n f r e s h l y m a k e . D i s c a r d w h e n t h e s o l u t i o n b e -comes t u r b i d .P r o c e d u r e . T h e c o m p l e t e p r o ce du r e , i n cl u di n gd i g e s t i o n a n d a e r a t i o n , was d o n e i n 1 2 5 - m l E r l e n -meyer f l a s k s w i t h 2 4 / 4 0 s t a n d a r d t a p e r g r o u n d - g l a s sn e c k s . F i f t y m i c r o l i t e r s o f s t a n d a r d or s a m p l e wasp i p e t t e d , u s i n g a m i c r o p i p e t t e w i t h d i s p o s a b l e t i p ,i n t o f l a s k s c o n t a i n i n g 5 m l o f HSO4 ( 1 7 . 8 M) a n d 5 m lo f HNOS ( 1 5 . 4 M ) . T h e f l a s k s w ere t h e n c o v e r e d w i t hl o o s e - f i t t i n g p l a s t i c s t o p p e r s a n d p l a c e d i n an 8 0 - Cw a t e r b a t h f o r 1 0 m i n . The s t o p p e r s were r e m o v e d ,a n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0 mg or a s u f f i c i e n t amount o fKMnO4 was a d d e d u n t i l a d a r k p u r p l e c o l o r p e r s i s t e d .H e a t i n g was c o n t i n u e d f o r an a d d i t i o n a l 1 0 m i n . Thef l a s k s were r e m o v e d f r o m t h e h e a t i n g b a t h , c o v e r e d ,a n d a l l o w e d t o c o o l t o room t e m p e r a t u r e . A l l s t a n d -a r d s a n d s a m p l e s w ere a n a l y z e d i n d u p l i c a t e .D i g e s t i o n a n d o x i d a t i o n o f t h e s a m p l e s t o com-p l e t e l y b r e a k d o w n t h e o r g a n i c matter was necessaryt o r e l e a s e t h e b o u n d mercury, o x i d i z e i t t o m e r c u r i ci o n , a n d e l i m i n a t e f o a m i n g ( 7 ) d u r i n g s u b s eq u e n ts t e p s o f t h e p r o c e d u r e . T h e d i g e s t e d s a m p l e s wered i l u t e d . t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 0 m l w i t h w a t e r a n d a g a i nc o o l e d t o room t e m p e r a t u r e .A r e a g e n t b l a n k was a e r a t e d w h i l e f i n a l i n s t r u m e n ta n d r e c o r d e r a d j u s t m e n t s w ere m a d e . NHOH HCl ( 5m l ) was a d d e d t o e a c h s a m p l e t o r e a c t w i t h t h e excessKMnO4. The s o l u t i o n c h a n g e d f r o m t h e d a r k perman-g a n a t e c o l o r t o c o l o r l e s s , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t a l l t h eKMnO4 h a d r e a c t e d .A t t h i s p o i n t , e a c h s a m p l e must b e t r e a t e d i n d i v i d -u a l l y as t h i s s t e p i s p r o b a b l y t h e most c r i t i c a l s t e p i nt h e p r o c e d u r e . A d d i t i o n o f 5 m l o f S n C l , a n d i n s e r t i o no f t h e b u b b l e r must b e c o m p l e t e d as r a p i d l y asp o s s i b l e t o a v o i d l o s s o f mercury vapor w h i c h i si m m e d i a t e l y c o n v e r t e d t o t h e m e t a l l i c f o r m b y S n C l 2 .A f t e r e a c h a b s o r p t i o n p e a k was r e c o r d e d , t h e b u b b l e rwas r e t u r n e d t o t h e b l a n k s o l u t i o n t o purge t h emercury vapor f r o m t h e s y s t e m . T h i s p r o c e d u r e wasr e p e a t e d w i t h e a c h a d d i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d a n d s a m p l e .The t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s o l u t i o n s a n d t h e a i r f l o w wereh e l d r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t b e c a u s e v a r i a t i o n s p r o d u c e da s l i g h t e f f e c t on a b s o r p t i o n v a l u e s .C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s t a n d a r d s was p l o t t e d versusr e c o r d e r response, a n d mercury c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h es a m p l e s was d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e r e s u l t a n t curve.

    T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f mercury d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h ecurve m u l t i p l i e d b y t h e r e c i p r o c a l o f t h e mercuryf r a c t i o n i n t h e p r e s e r v a t i v e t i m e s t h e d i l u t i o n f a c t o rp r o v i d e s t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e p r e s e r v a t i v e i n t h eo r i g i n a l s a m p l e .T h e c o m p l e t e p r o c ed ur e i s p r e s e n t e d i n a s i m p l i f i e db l o c k d i a g r a m i n F i g . 1 .RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    F i g u r e 2 i s an a c t u a l r e c o r d i n g o f a b s o r p t i o np e a k s f o r f i v e d u p l i c a t e s t a n d a r d s . The p e a kh e i g h t may b e a d j u s t e d b y c h a n g i n g i n s t r u m e n ts e t t i n g s or s a m p l e v o l u m e s . The p e a k s area l w a y s s h a r p a n d a l w a y s r e t u r n t o b a s e l i n eq u i c k l y , a l l o w i n g s a m p l e s t o b e a n a l y z e d i nr a p i d sequence. Time l a p s e f o r a n a l y z i n g t h e 1 0p r e d i g e s t e d s t a n d a r d s was s l i g h t l y over 2 0 m i n .A s h o r t d i g e s t i o n t i m e and f a s t i n s t r u m e n tresponse m a k e s t h i s m e t h o d s u i t a b l e f o r a u t o -m a t i o n ( 2 ) . S t a n d a r d curves d e r i v e d f r o m p l o t -

    ( 1 2 5 m l FLASK) ADD 5ml H2 S045ml HN03

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    ADD 5ml 1 . 5 HYDROXYLAMINEHYDROCHLORIDE (SHAKE UNTIL CLEAR)

    ADD 5ml 1 0% STANNOUS CHLORIDEINSERT BUBBLER Q U I C K L Y .RECORD ABSORPTION PEAKF I G . 1 . P r o c e d u r e f o r t h e a s s a y o f m e r c u r i a l p r e s e r v -a t i v e p r e s e n t e d i n s i m p l i f i e d b l o c k d i a g r a m .

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    20 1 0 0MINUTESF I G . 2 . A c t u a l r e c o r d e r t r a c i n g f o r mercury s t a n d -a r d s . T h e p e a k s c o r r e s p o n d t o 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 M g o fH g / 5 0 - g l i t e r s a m p l e o f HgO s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s .t i n g p e a k h e i g h t s versus c o n c e n t r a t i o n varys l i g h t l y f r o m d a y t o d a y d e p e n d i n g upon o p e r a t -i n g p a r a m e t e r s .A q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s o f p h e n y l m e r c u r i c a c e t a t e(CHCOOHgCH,), p h e n y l m e r c u r i c n i t r a t e( C s H 5 H g N O 3 C 6 H 5 H g O H ) , a n d t h i m e r o s a l( C 2 H 5 H g S C 6 H 4 C O O N a ) were p r e p a r e d t o con-t a i n 4 0 , 6 0 , a n d 8 0 M g o f H g / m l . T h e s e s o l u t i o n swere a n a l y z e d , a n d r e c o v e r i e s were c a l c u l a t e d .A l l a n a l y s e s were b a s e d on HgO s t a n d a r d s a n da 5 0 - M l i t e r s a m p l e . The r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d i nT a b l e 1 i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e p r o c e d u r e i s s a t i s f a c -t o r y f o r a n a l y s i s o f o r g a n i c a l l y b o u n d mercurya n d t h a t t h e l o s s o f v o l a t i l e mercury vapord u r i n g d i g e s t i o n was m i n i m a l .

    T h r e e s a m p l e s o f b o v i n e serum w er e s p i k e dw i t h k n o w n amounts o f mercury i n t h e f o r m o ft h i m e r o s a l . T h e s e s p i k e d s a m p l e s w er e s u b -j e c t e d t o t h e same a n a l y s i s sequence as t h eaqueous s o l u t i o n s , a n d t h e r e c o v e r i e s w er e d e -t e r m i n ed . R e s u l t s f r o m t h e s e a n a l y s e s are pre-s e n t e d i n T a b l e 2 a n d i n d i c a t e s a t i s f a c t o r yrecovery i n t h e presence o f b i o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l .T h e s e d a t a a l s o r e f l e c t t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f t h em e t h o d . F r e s h s t a n d a r d s a n d s a m p l e s w er ep r e p a r e d d u r i n g t h e t i m e p e r i o d r e p r e s e n t e d .P r e c i s i o n o f t h e m e t h o d was c h e c k e d b y a n a l y z -i n g 1 2 s a m p l e s o f p h e n y l m e r c u r i c a c e t a t e s o l u -t i o n d u r i n g 1 d a y . T h e c a l c u l a t e d p r e c i s i o n f o rt h e s e r e s u l t s was 3 . 0 i 0 . 0 7 j s g o f mercury f o r at h e o r e t i c a l 3 - j i g mercury s a m p l e .The assay s y s t e m h a s b e e n u s e d i n t h i sl a b o r a t o r y f o r a n a l y s i s o f m e r c u r i a l preserva-t i v e s i n over 2 0 0 s a m p l e s o f b a c t e r i n s , v a c c i n e s ,a n d a n t i s e r a . The mercury c o n t e n t was d e t e r -m i n e d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y , a n d t h e p r e s e r v a t i v e con-t e n t was c a l c u l a t e d . Some r e s u l t s are l i s t e d i nT a b l e 3 , a l o n g w i t h t h e m a x i m a l amount o fp r e s e r v a t i v e a n d r e l a t e d mercury l e v e l s p e r m i t -t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e o u t l i n e o f p r o d u c t i o n f o re a c h p r o d u c t . The mercury l e v e l i n t h e p r o d u c t sv a r i e d , b u t a l l r e s u l t s were b e l o w t h e maximump e r m i t t e d . Some p r o d u c t s t e s t e d , s u c h as t h o s ei n d i c a t e d b y t h e zero l e v e l s i n t h e t a b l e , w er en o t p r e s e r v e d w i t h m e r c u r i a l p r e s e r v a t i v e s a n dt h e r e f o r e s h o u l d b e f r e e o f mercury.A s an a d d i t i o n a l t e s t o f t h e s e n s i t i v i t y a n dv e r s a t i l i t y o f t h i s m e t h o d , s t a n d a r d s a n d sam-p l e s were p r e p a r e d i n a l o w e r ( n a n o g r a m ) mer-cury c o n c e n t r a t i o n range. The 50-mm a b s o r p -t i o n c e l l was r e p l a c e d w i t h a 100-mm c e l l , a n di n s t r u m e n t c o n t r o l s were a d j u s t e d f o r o p t i m a lp e a k h e i g h t . M e r c u r y s o l u t i o n was a d d e d t ob o v i n e serum t o o b t a i n s a m p l e s c o n t a i n i n g 2 5ng o f H g / 5 0 - , u l i t e r s a m p l e . T h e average recoveryf r o m a s e r i e s o f s i x o f t h e s e serum s a m p l e s was2 4 . 6 1 . 1 ng o f H g .T h e r e c o v e r i e s r e p o r t e d i n t h i s w o r k wereb a s e d on f r e s h l y p r e s e r v e d s a m p l e s . A d d i t i o n a le x p e r i m e n t s n e e d t o b e d e s i g n e d t o s t u d y t h e

    T A B L E 1 . R e c o v e r y o f m e r c u r y f r o m v a r i o u s m e r c u r i a l p r e s e r v a t i v e s aHg r e c o v e r e d ( , u g ) b 4 SDT h e o r e t i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n( M u g o f H g ) T h i m e r o s a l P h e n y l m e r c u r i c P h e n y l m e r c u r i ca c e t a t e n i t r a t e

    2 . 0 0 2 . 0 7 0 . 1 2 ( 1 0 3 . 5 ) c 2 . 0 0 0 . 1 1 ( 1 0 0 . 0 ) 1 . 9 8 i0 . 0 9 ( 9 9 . 0 )3 . 0 0 2 . 9 2 0 . 1 2 ( 9 7 . 3 ) 3 . 0 3 0 . 0 9 ( 1 0 1 . 0 ) 2 . 9 3 0 . 1 0 ( 9 7 . 7 )5 . 0 0 4 . 6 2 0 . 1 9 ( 9 2 . 4 ) 4 . 7 8 0 . 1 8 ( 9 5 . 6 ) 4 . 7 6 0 . 1 4 ( 9 5 . 2 )a O n e m e r c u r y e q u i v a l e n t o f p r e s e r v a t i v e e q u a l s 1 ; s g o f H g p e r 5 0 - M u l i t e r s a m p l e .A v e r a g e o f d u p l i c a t e a n a l y s e s o n 6 d i f f e r e n t d a y s . S D , s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n .c Number i n p a r e n t h e s e s i n d i c a t e s p e r c e n t a g e o f r e c o v e r y f r o m s o l u t i o n .

    1 0 9 6 A P P L . M I C R O B I O L .

  • 8/2/2019 Analysis of Mercurial Preservaties in Bacterins, Vaccines and Antisera by Atomic Absorption Espectrophotometry

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    ANALYSIS OF MERCURIAL PRESERVATIVEST A B L E 2 . R e c o v e r y o f Hg ( t h i m e r o s a l ) a d d e d t ob o v i n e s e r u m

    T h e o r e t i c a l A v e r a g e a r e c o v e r y A v e r a g e a( A i g / 5 0 - g l i t e r + SD ( s g / 5 0 - % r e c o v e r y s a m p l e ) u l i t e r s a m p l e ) SD1 . 2 5 1 . 2 7 0 . 1 1 ( 3 ) 1 0 1 . 2 8 . 32 . 5 0 2 . 4 5 0 . 1 0 ( 3 ) 9 8 . 0 4 . 05 . 0 0 4 . 9 8 0 . 1 0 ( 1 0 ) 9 9 . 5 2 . 0

    a A v e r a g e o f d a t a t a k e n o v e r a p e r i o d o f 1 8 d a y s .S D , s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n .I N u m b e r i n p a r e n t h e s e s i n d i c a t e s n u m b e r o f t e s t s .

    T A B L E 3 . A n a l y s i s o f Hg i n b a c t e r i n s , v a c c i n e s , a n da n t i s e r aM a x i m a l M a x i m a l

    Sape p e r m i t t e d p e r m i t t e d Amt o f H gS a m p l e t t h i m e r o s a l m e r c u r y f o u n dlvl l e v e l ( s g / m l )B a c t e r i n 1 0 0 02 0 0 03 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 4 9 . 6 3 8 . 44 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 4 9 . 6 2 9 . 95 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 4 9 . 6 3 1 . 96 1 : 5 , 0 0 0 9 9 . 2 9 4 . 27 1 : 5 , 0 0 0 9 9 . 2 8 6 . 68 1 : 5 , 0 0 0 9 9 . 2 9 2 . 4V a c c i n e 1 0 0 02 0 0 03 0 0 04 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 4 9 . 6 4 0 . 4

    5 1 : 5 , 0 0 0 9 9 . 2 4 0 . 36 1 : 5 , 0 0 0 9 9 . 2 3 8 . 47 1 : 5 , 0 0 0 9 9 . 2 4 6 . 68 1 : 5 , 0 0 0 9 9 . 2 3 7 . 49 1 : 2 , 5 0 0 1 9 8 . 0 8 7 . 5A n t i s e r u m 1 0 0 02 0 0 03 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 4 9 . 6 3 7 . 64 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 4 9 . 6 3 6 . 95 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 4 9 . 6 3 6 . 46 1 : 5 , 0 0 0 9 9 . 2 7 9 . 47 1 : 5 , 0 0 0 9 9 . 2 7 3 . 78 1 : 5 , 0 0 0 9 9 . 2 7 3 . 1

    f a c t o r s w h i c h ma y i n f l u e n c e t h e r e c o v e r y o fm e r c u r i a l p r e s e r v a t i v e f r o m b i o l o g i c a l s .A v e r s a t i l e m e t h o d h a s b e e n p r e s e n t e d w h i c hi s s u i t a b l e f o r t h e d et e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e m e r c u r yc o n t e n t o f s e v e r a l m e r c u r i a l p r e s e r v a t i v e s n o r -m a l l y u s e d i n b a c t e r i n s , v a c c i n e s , a n d a n t i s e r a .T h i s p r o ce du r e w a s d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e a s s a y o ft h i m e r o s a l , p h e n y l m e r c u r i c a c e t a t e , a n d p h e n -y l m e r c u r i c n i t r a t e a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f n e a rz e r o t o 1 : 2 , 5 0 0 , a l t h o u g h i t c o u l d b e r e a d i l ya d a p t e d f o r o t h e r m e r c u r i a l p r e s e r v a t i v e s a n dc o n c e n t r a t i o n s .A l t h o u g h t h i s p r o c e d u r e l a c k s s e l e c t i v i t y t od i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n s p e c i f i c m e r c u r i a l p r e -s e r v a t i v e s , i t d o e s h a v e g o o d p r e c i s i o n a n d s e n -s i t i v i t y f o r m e r c u r y . I t i s a r a p i d t e s t a n d r e a d i l ya d a p t e d t o h a n d l i n g l a r g e n u m b e r s o f s a m p l e s ,w h i c h m a k e s i t i d e a l f o r a r e g u l a t o r y c o n t r o lp r o g r a m .

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTSA c k n o w l e d g m e n t s a r e g r a t e f u l l y m a d e t o J a c k i e A n d e r s o nf o r s a m p l e a n a l y s e s a n d t o S a n d r a Ward f o r s e c r e t a r i a la s s i s t a n c e .

    LITERATURE CITED1 . A p p l i c a t i o n s d a t a s h e e t M A S - 5 0 - 1 . 1 9 7 0 . T h e P e r k i n -E l m e r C o r p o r a t i o n , M a y w o o d , I l l .2 . B a i l e y , B . W . , a n d F . C . L o . 1 9 7 1 . A u t o m a t e d m e t h o d f o rd e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m e r c u r y . A n a l . C h e m . 4 3 , 1 5 2 5 - 1 5 2 6 .3 . C u r l e y , A . , V . S e d l a k , E . F . G i r l i n g , R . E . H a w k , W. F .B a r t h e l , P . E . P i e r c e , a n d W . H . L i k o s k y . 1 9 7 1 . O r -g a n i c m e r c u r y i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e c a u s e o f p o i s o n i n g i nh u m a n s a n d h o g s . S c i e n c e 1 7 2 : 6 5 - 6 7 .4 . H a t c h , R o n a l d W . , a n d W e l l a n d L . O t t . 1 9 6 8 . D e t e r m i n a -t i o n o f s u b m i c r o g r a m q u a n t i t i e s o f m e r c u r y b y a t o m i ca b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y . A n a l . Chem.4 0 : 2 0 8 5 - 2 0 8 7 .5 . K r a u s e , L e o n a r d A . , R i c h a r d H e n d e r s o n , H e n r y P . S h o t -w e l l , a n d D a l e A . C u l p . 1 9 7 1 . T h e a n a l y s i s o f m e r c u r y i nu r i n e , b l o o d , w a t e r , a n d a i r . A m e r . I n d . H y g . A s s . J .3 2 : 3 3 1 - 3 3 7 .6 . L i n d s t e d t , G . 1 9 7 0 . A r a p i d m e t h o d - f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o no f m e r c u r y i n u r i n e . A n a l y s t 9 5 : 2 6 4 - 2 7 1 .7 . R a t h j e , A r n o l d 0 . 1 9 6 9 . A r a p i d u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o nm e t h o d f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m e r c u r y i n u r i n e . A m e r .I n d . H y g . A s s . J . 3 0 : 1 2 6 - 1 3 2 .8 . T h o r p e , V i r g i n i a A . 1 9 7 0 . D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m e r c u r y i nf o o d p r o d u c t s a n d b i o l o g i c a l f l u i d s b y a e r a t i o n a n df l a m e l e s s a t o m i c a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y . J . A s s .O f f i c . A n a l . C h e m . 5 4 : 2 0 6 - 2 1 0 .

    V O L . 2 7 , 1 9 7 4 1 0 9 7