Analysis & Interpretation: Individual Variables Independently Chapter 12.
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Transcript of Analysis & Interpretation: Individual Variables Independently Chapter 12.
Analysis & Interpretation: Analysis & Interpretation: Individual Variables Individual Variables
IndependentlyIndependently
Chapter 12Chapter 12
Basic Statistics: Categorical Basic Statistics: Categorical MeasuresMeasures
Categorical Categorical MeasuresMeasures
Frequency AnalysisFrequency Analysis Valid percentValid percent Cumulative percent Cumulative percent
Frequency AnalysisFrequency Analysis
OutliersOutliers
HistogramHistogram
Confidence Intervals: Confidence Intervals: ProportionsProportions
““A projection of the A projection of the range within which range within which a population a population parameter will lie parameter will lie at a given level of at a given level of confidence, based confidence, based on sample on sample statistic.”statistic.”
Sampling error:Sampling error:
Basic Statistics: Continuous Basic Statistics: Continuous MeasuresMeasures
Continuous Continuous MeasuresMeasures
Descriptive Descriptive StatisticsStatistics Sample meanSample mean Sample standard Sample standard
deviationdeviation
Source: echrblog.blogspot.com
Basic Statistics: Continuous Basic Statistics: Continuous MeasuresMeasures
Converting to Categorical MeasuresConverting to Categorical Measures JudgmentJudgment Client’s predetermined structureClient’s predetermined structure Media splitMedia split Cumulative percentage breakdownCumulative percentage breakdown Two-box techniqueTwo-box technique
Confidence Intervals: MeansConfidence Intervals: Means
Same ideaSame idea
Equation: Equation:
Hypothesis TestingHypothesis Testing
Null hypothesisNull hypothesis
Alternative hypothesisAlternative hypothesis
Significance levelSignificance level
Significance levelSignificance level ““The acceptable level of The acceptable level of
error; refers to the error; refers to the probability of rejecting probability of rejecting the null hypothesis the null hypothesis when it is actually true”when it is actually true”
P-valueP-value ““The probability of The probability of
obtaining a given result obtaining a given result if in fact the null if in fact the null hypothesis were true.”hypothesis were true.”
Hypothesis TestingHypothesis Testing
What does this mean?What does this mean? If p > If p > αα
If p < If p < αα
Hypothesis TestingHypothesis Testing
Categorical VariablesCategorical Variables Chi-square testsChi-square tests
Continuous VariablesContinuous Variables T-TestsT-Tests