Institute of Engineering & ScienceElectronics & Communication Engineering

Analog & Digital Electronics

TEAM

Aditya Singh Kushwah Adwait Joshi Akansha Adlak Aman Raj Aman Sharma Aniket Parashar

What is Electronics?

Electronics is the science of controlling electrical energy electrically, in which the electrons have a fundamental role. Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, integrated circuits, associated passive electrical components, and interconnection technologies.

Analog Electronics

Analog electronics are electronic systems with a continuously variable signal, in contrast to digital electronics where signals usually take only two levels. The term "analogue" describes the proportional relationship between a signal and a voltage or current that represents the signal.

Analog electronic components Diode:-A diode is a two terminal analog electronic components that

conduct primarily in one direction ,it has low resistance to the flow of current in one direction and high ideally infinite resistance in other.

Classification on the basis of combinations of semiconductor p-n junction diode:-A p-n junction diode is a two terminal ,passive and

non linear device that contains a single p-n junction .the diode is a passive device as it doesn’t have inbuilt source of power.

VI characteristics of p-n junction diode

Forward characteristics For forward characteristics the

positive terminal of V-BIAS is connected to the anode and the negative terminal to the cathode of diode.

Reverse characteristics The positive terminal of reverse BIAS

voltage is connected to the cathode and the negative terminal of battery is connected to the anode of the diode.

Application of diode

The p-n junction semiconductor diode can be used for the following different applications:

Rectifier circuit Clipper circuit Clamper circuit Voltage multiplier circuit

Rectifier A rectifier is a device that converts AC to DC, and the process of converting AC to DC is

called rectification.

Half wave rectifier - An HWR consists of a rectifying element in series with the load resistor (RL).

Full wave rectifier - An FWR conducts electricity in both the positive and negative half cycles of the input AC power supply.

Characteristics of rectifier

Half wave rectifierFull wave rectifier

Types of diode

A special diode named as zener diode is made to operate in the reverse biased mode. In this diode doping is much higher in comparison to other pn junction diode. Zener diode applications As a voltage regulating element. As a voltage reference. In protection circuits. In clippings circuits.

Zener diode

Characteristics of Zener diode

Light Emitting Diode

Led is type of p-n junction diode that emits light when it is forward biased. The working of LEDs is based on the principle of electroluminescence, which

is an optical and electrical phenomenon of a material that emits , light when electric current passes through it.

Features of LED Gives high range of frequency and high efficiency. Results in longer life as compared to other lighting source. Consume very little power .

Bipolar junction Transistor Mode of operations of Transistor

A bipolar junction transistor Is a three terminal device consisting of alternating p and n regions sandwiched together to form a single device known as BJT.

Structure of BJT

Application of BJT BJT is used extensively in circuits where the current needs to be controlled . It is used in digital logic devices such as, Emitter coupled in power amplifier, sound amplifier,

frequency amplification, and also in microwave devices. It is major used as a switch, and amplifier.

Amplifier Adding strength to the input signal or magnifying the input signal without changing its shape is

called amplification. Circuit that amplifies a small input signal is called an amplifier.

Voltage amplifier The amplifier in which the input and output signal is voltage signal is called voltage amplifier.

Characteristics of ideal voltage amplifier The range of input resistance of an ideal voltage amplifier is infinity. The output resistance offered by the signal is zero. Gain of an ideal amplifier is zero. BW of the amplifier is infinity.

Digital Electronic

Logic Operators

NOT Logic Operator The NOT logic operator converts the present logic level at the input and

opposite logic level at the output.

AND Logic Operator Logical multiplication is represented by the AND operator

. OR Logic operator Logical addition is represented by the OR operator.

Logic Gates

A logic gate is an electronic device that operates on digital signals that binary numbers 0 and 1,and not on analog signals.

The logic gate receives and generates voltage signal , where the input signal may be 0 or 1.

The function of each logic gate is explained with the help of truth table, as it gives the actual output information about any gate with respect to its, input.

Types of logic gates

The NOT Gate The NOT gate is also called as inverter due to its,

complementing output features. The NOT gate is represented by a single input and signal output.

Logic Gates

The AND Gate In logic circuit ,if the logical multiplication is required ,it is

achieved by using the AND gate. The output of the AND gate is high(1)only when all its inputs are

high. The output of AND gate is low (0) only when any u or all its, input are low.

Logic gates

The OR Gate In a logic circuit , if the

logical addition is,required,it is achieved by using OR gate

Combinations of gate-NAND gate: combinations of

NOT gate and AND gate. NOR Gate: combinations of

NOT gate and OR Gate.

The Logic circuit The digital circuit are classified as sequential circuits on the basis

of feedback supply in the input of the device. A combinational circuits consists of logic gates because logic

gate are the building blocks of combinations circuits. Application of combinational circuits as per

classification As a comparators. As a Multiplexers and demultiplexers. As a Recorders.

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