An unsuccessful attempt to compare PVS-Studio (VivaMP) and Intel C/C++ ("Parallel Lint")

8/6/2019 An unsuccessful attempt to compare PVS-Studio (VivaMP) and Intel C/C++ ("Parallel Lint")

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An unsuccessful attempt to compare

PVS-Studio (VivaMP) and Intel C/C++

("Parallel Lint")

Author: Andrey Karpov

Date: 07.10.2009

Abstract

Initially, the article must have been titled "Comparison of diagnostic abilities of PVS-Studio (VivaMP) and

Intel C/C++ Compiler ("Parallel Lint")". Absence of sufficient information about "Parallel Lint" restrained

the author's abilities and the article turned out to be just a preliminary variant of the comparison. The

full variant with correct comparison will be available in future. Pay attention that the article's content is

relevant at the time of publishing. Further, diagnostic abilities of the both products can change.

Brief reference information

PVS-Studio (VivaMP) is a static analyzer of parallel C/C++ code where parallel programming technology

OpenMP is used. The analyzer allows diagnosing various types of errors leading to incorrect or

inefficient work of OpenMP programs. For example, the analyzer can detect some synchronization

errors, exceptions leaving the boundaries of parallel regions etc. VivaMP is included into PVS-Studio

program product and is an add-in module for Visual Studio 2005/2008 environment [1].

Intel C/C++ Compiler ("Parallel Lint") is a subsystem of static analysis of OpenMP code built into Intel

C/C++ compiler beginning with version 11.1. To useI

ntel C/C++ "Parallel Lint" you need to create aspecial configuration of the project, but in other aspects, working with Intel C/C++ "Parallel Lint" does

not differ too much from the usual way of working with Intel C/C++ compiler. The compiler integrates

into Visual Studio 2005/2008 environment. To learn more about "Parallel Lint" subsystem see the

webinar by Dmitriy Petunin "Static Analysis and Intel C/C++ Compiler ("Parallel Lint" overview)".

Introduction

It was very interesting for me, as VivaMP analyzer developer, to compare its diagnostic abilities with

those of "Parallel Lint" subsystem implemented in Intel C/C++. Having waited until Intel C/C++ 11.1 was

available to download I found time to begin the research and set for comparison of the tools.

Unfortunately, these research and comparison were unsuccessful and the title of the article reflects this.But I am sure that developers will find much interesting information here.

I decided to begin my research with trying Intel C/C++ on the demo example ParallelSample included

into PVS-Studio and containing errors related to use of OpenMP. ParallelSample program contains 23

patterns of errors which are detected by VivaMP analyzer. Analysis of this project must confirm that the

analyzers perform similar diagnosis and can be compared.


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Preparation to testing ParallelSample with Intel C++ "Parallel Lint"

Download and installation ofIntel C/C++ Compiler 11.1.038 trial version were done successfully and did

not cause any troubles. I was surprised a bit at the size of the distribution kit which was nearly one GB.

But this is understandable considering that I chose the fullest version to download including MKL, TBB,

IA64 support etc. After installation I decided to build and launch ParallelSample program before the

analysis.

But I had troubles with compilation of the ParallelSample demo-example. The compiler showed the

error "Catastrophic error: unable to obtain mapped memory (see pch_diag.txt)" as shown in Figure 1.

Figure N1. A error generated by the compiler when trying to build ParallelSample application.

Also, I did not manage to find pch_diag.txt file and addressed Google. And nearly at once I found abranch in the Intel forum devoted to this problem. The compilation error is related to using precompiled

pch-files. I did not bother to examine the point of the problem and find out how to carefully alter the

settings so that the subsystem of precompiled header files remained in action. It did not matter for a

small project like ParallelSample and I simply disabled the use of precompiled headers in the project

(see Figure 2).

Figure 2. Disabling precompiled headers in the project's settings.

After that, the project was successfully built although I did not manage to launch it at once (see Figure

3).


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Figure 3. An error at the first launch of ParallelSample.

It happened because I had forgotten to write the paths to the necessary DLLs in the environment. To do

this, you should use items "C++ Build Environment for applications running on IA-32" and "C++ Build

Environment for applications running on Intel(R) 64", available through the Start menu as shown in

Figure 4.

Figure 4. Setting of the environment to make applications built with Intel C++ work correctly.

Modification of the environment was the last step after which I could successfully compile, launch and

work with ParallelSample application. Now we can set over to the most interesting thing - launch of

"Parallel Lint".

The most convenient way to use Intel C++ "Parallel Lint" is to create a separate configuration of the

project. The point is that you cannot get both an executable and diagnostic warnings from Intel C++

"Parallel Lint" simultaneously. You can get only either thing at a time. It is very inconvenient to


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constantly change the settings to build the EXE-file or to get diagnosis from "Parallel Lint". I should

explain this behavior.

In the "classic" mode, the compiler creates object files with code which are then united with the help of

the linker. As a result, the compilation process looks as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. The standard working mode of the compiler and linker.

To perform a deeper analysis of parallel code you need to have information about all the program units.

It allows you to understand if any function from one unit (cpp-file) is used in parallel mode from another

unit (cpp-file) as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Inter-unit cooperation.

To gather the necessary information, Intel C++ uses the following strategy. The compiler still creates

*.obj files but these are not object files, but the ones which contain the data necessary for the future

analysis. That's why building of the executable file is impossible. When the compiler processes all the

*.cpp files, the code analyzer begins to work instead of the linker. Proceeding from the data contained in

*.obj files it diagnoses potential problems and generates the corresponding warnings about errors. On a

whole, the analysis process can be presented as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Gathering and processing of data with "Parallel Lint" analyzer.


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Creation of a new configuration is performed with the help of "Configuration Manager" as shown in

Figures 8-N10:

Figure 8. Launching Configuration Manager.

Figure 9. Creating a new configuration with the name "Intel C++ Parallel Lint" on the basis of the existing

one.


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Figure 10. Making the created configuration active.

The next step is activation of "Parallel Lint" analyzer itself. To do this, you need to open "Diagnostics"

inlay in the project's settings (see Figure 11).

Figure 11. "Diagnostics" page in the project's settings where you can activate "Parallel Lint".


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This page of the settings contains the item "Level of Source Code Parallelization Analysis" declaring the

level of analysis of the parallel code. All in all, there are three variants as shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12. Choosing the level of diagnosing parallel errors.

I set the maximum third diagnosis level (see Figure 13). I did not enable analysis of header files (Analyze

Include Files) for ParallelSample project contains errors only in *.cpp files.

Figure 13. The maximum diagnosis level is chosen.

Analysis of the projects and comparison of the compilers

Preparation for the analysis is over and now you can start compiling the project to get diagnostic

warnings. I did this and got a list of warnings. I think there is no sense in presenting it here, especially as

it contains some warnings not related to OpenMP.

From the 23 examples containing errors, Intel C++ detected 5. It also found one error occurring in an

incorrect function that VivaMP fails to diagnose. There were 2 false responses.

I also tried VivaMP on the parallel_lint example included into Intel C++ distribution kit. This example

contains 6 errors. Coincidence here was complete: both VivaMP and Intel C++ detected these 6 errors.

Let's summarize for the moment. Complete coincidence of diagnosis on the parallel_lint example (from

Intel C++ distribution kit) and the relation 5 to 23 errors on the ParallelSample example (from PVS-

Studio distribution kit) shows that I have chosen the right way. These analyzers are similar and it is

correct to compare them in the sphere of OpenMP parallel code analysis.

I was ready to begin comparison of PVS-Studio (VivaMP) and Intel C++ ("Parallel Lint") analyzers. I

planned to perform this comparison on the basis of the following error patterns:


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1. All the patterns of the errors which are diagnosed by VivaMP and whose examples are given inParallelSample project.

2. The patterns of the errors I am aware of but which are not implemented in VivaMP analyzer yet.You can learn more about these errors from the articles: "32 OpenMP traps for C++ developers"

[2] and OpenMP and static code analysis [3].

3. All the patterns of the errors which are diagnosed by Intel C++ ("Parallel Lint") and whosedescription must be included into

I

ntel C++ compiler's documentation.

This is a good plan of comparison. But I was greatly disappointed: the third point turned out to be

impossible to examine. I did not manage to find the description of the checks performed by Parallel Lint

in Intel C++ documentation. Internet-search was unsuccessful too. I managed only to find scattered

examples showing some abilities of Parallel Lint.

I resorted to the Intel developer community with asking a question in the forum where I could find more

information about Parallel Lint. The answer was not a comforting one:

Presently, there's no such list in our current product release, other than what's presented in the compiler

documentation under Parallel Lint section. But, we are developing description and examples for all

messages, planned as of now for our next major release. Will keep you updated as soon as the release

containing such a list is out. Appreciate your patience till then.

To sum it up: there is no description of Parallel Lint's abilities and examples, and there is no one

expected in the near future. I faced the choice - to give up the comparison and continue it when

documentation on Parallel Lint's abilities appeared or perform an incomplete comparison and enlarge it

later. For the greatest part of the work had been done I decided to continuewriting this article. Here I

will give an incorrect comparison of the analyzers. And I am drawing your attention to it. By the title of

the article as well.

Comparison will be performed on the basis of the data I possess now. In future, when there are more

data, I will write a second version of this article where Intel C++ abilities will be considered in a betterway. Now, comparison will be performed on the basis of the following error patterns:

1. All the patterns of the errors which are diagnosed by VivaMP and whose examples are given inParallelSample project.

2. The patterns of the errors I am aware of but which are not implemented in VivaMP analyzer yet.You can learn more about these errors from the articles: "32 OpenMP traps for C++ developers"

[2] and OpenMP and static code analysis [3].

3. Scattered examples of the patterns of the errors included into the demo-example parallel_lint,and also those errors I managed to collect from the articles about "Parallel Lint" found in the

Internet.

Table 1 shows the results of the incorrect comparison of VivaMP and "Parallel Lint" analyzers. Below the

table, there are explanations to each of the comparison points. I would like to stress it once more that

the comparison results are incorrect. The data given in the table are one-sided. All the errors detected

by VivaMP and only a part of the errors detected by Intel C++ ("Parallel Lint") are examined. Perhaps,

Intel C++ ("Parallel Lint") detects 500 more error patterns I am not ware of and due to this is significantly

more efficient than VivaMP.


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Table N1. The results of incorrect (partial) comparison of PVS-Studio (VivaMP) and Intel C++ ("Parallel

Lint") analyzers.


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Explanations to the comparison points given in Table 1

Point 1. Forgotten "parallel" directive

The error occurs when parallel directive is forgotten. This error relates to the class of errors made

through lack of attention and causes unexpected code behavior. Here is an example where a loop will

not be paralleled:

#pragma omp for

for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { ... }

Yet, absence of the word "parallel" in couple with the word "for", for example, does not mean a mistake

by itself. If "for" or "sections" directive is situated inside a parallel section defined by "parallel" directive

the code will be correct:

#pragma omp parallel

{

#pragma omp for

for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++)

...

}

Diagnosis:

PVS-Studio (VivaMP): diagnosed as error V1001.

Intel C++ (Parallel Lint): not diagnosed.

Point 2. Forgotten "omp" directive

The error occurs when omp directive has been obviously forgotten. The error is detected even during

simple compilation of code (without using Parallel Lint) but we will consider it as well in our comparison.

The error relates to the class of errors made through lack of attention and leads to incorrect code

behavior. An example:

#pragma single

Diagnosis:


Intel C++ (Parallel Lint): diagnosed as warning #161.

Point 3. Forgotten "for" directive

Sometimes a programmer can forget to write "for" directive and it leads to execution of two loops

instead of their paralleling. It is reasonable to warn the programmer that the code contains a potential

error. An example of suspicious code:


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#pragma omp parallel num_threads(2)

for(int i = 0; i < 2; i++)

...

Diagnosis:



Point 4. Multiple loop paralleling

Code containing multiple paralleling can potentially have an error or lead to inefficient use of

computation resources. If a parallel loop is used inside a parallel section, it is most likely to be redundant

and reduce performance. An example of code where it is logically possible to make an internal loop non-

parallel:

#pragma omp parallel for

for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++)

{


for(int j = 0; j < 100; j++)

...

}

Diagnosis:



Point 5. Forgotten "order" directive

You should consider unsafe using "for" and "ordered" directives together if no "ordered" directive is

used after them inside the loop defined by for operator. For example:

#pragma omp parallel for ordered

for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)

{

foo(i);

}

Diagnosis:


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Point 6. header file is not included

When header file is not included in the file where such OpenMP directives are used as, for

example, "#pragma omp parallel for", it can theoretically lead to an error and is a bad style.

If a program uses OpenMP it should import vcomp.lib/vcompd.lib. Otherwise, an error will occur at the

stage of execution if you use Visual C++ compiler. Import of this library is performed in the file omp.h.

That is why if import of necessary libraries is not stated explicitly in the project, #include must

be present at least in one of the project's files; or library import must be explicitly defined in the

project's settings.

In PVS-Studio, this diagnostic warning has a low priority and is active only in "Pedantic Mode". So it will

not bother you for nothing.

But despite its rare occurrence, this is a real error and that's why was included into comparison. Here is

an example from practice. Open parallel_lint project included into Intel C++. Compile it with Visual C++.

Launch it and get an error when launching the executable as shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14. The result of launching Primes_omp1 project built with Visual C++ 2005 compiler.

The cause is a forgotten #include . Note that if you build the project with Intel C++ no errors

will occur.

Diagnosis:



Point 7. omp_set_num_threads inside a parallel section

A call of omp_set_num_threads function is incorrect inside a parallel section defined by "parallel"

directive. In C++ it leads to errors during execution of the program and its crash. An example:



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{

omp_set_num_threads(2);

}

Diagnosis:



Point 8. Oddness of the number of locks and unlocks

You should consider unsafe an odd use of the functions omp_set_lock, omp_set_nest_lock,

omp_unset_lock and omp_unset_nest_lock inside a parallel section. An example of incorrect code:

#pragma omp parallel sections

{

#pragma omp section

{

omp_set_lock(&myLock);

}

}

Diagnosis:



Point 9. omp_get_num_threads in arithmetic operations

omp_get_num_threads can be very dangerous when used in some arithmetic expression. An example of

incorrect code:

int lettersPerThread = 26 / omp_get_num_threads();

The error consists in that if omp_get_num_threads returns, for example, value 4, division with a

remainder will take place. As a result, some objects will remain unprocessed. You can see a morethorough example in the article "32 OpenMP traps for C++ developers" or in Parallel Sample demo-

example included into PVS-Studio distribution kit.

Other expressions using omp_get_num_threads can be quite correct. Here is an example which does

not cause diagnostic warnings in PVS-Studio:

bool b = omp_get_num_threads() == 2;

Diagnosis:


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Point 10. omp_set_nested inside a parallel section

A call of omp_set_nested function is incorrect inside a parallel section defined by "parallel" directive. An

example:


{

omp_set_nested(2);

}

But if omp_set_nested function is in a nested block created by "master" or "single" directives, it will be

correct:


{

#pragma omp master

{

omp_set_nested(2);

}

}

Diagnosis:



Point 11. Parallel use of shared resources

You should consider unsafe unprotected use of functions in parallel sections if these functions use

shared resources. Examples of such functions: printf, OpenGL functions.

An example of unsafe code:


{

printf("abcd");

}

An example of safe code when the function call is protected:


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{

#pragma omp critical

{

printf("abcd");

}

}

Diagnosis:

PVS-Studio (VivaMP): partly diagnosed as error V1201.

Intel C++ (Parallel Lint): partly diagnosed as error #12158.

Diagnosis is partial due to the following reasons:

In VivaMP the list of unsafe functions is far from being complete and requires enlargement.

Unfortunately, Parallel Lint analyzer generates a false warning when the function call is protected. And

again, there is no information about completeness of the function list.

Point 12. "flush" for a pointer

"flush" directive serves for the threads to update values of shared variables. When using flush for a

pointer it is very likely that the programmer is mistaken considering that the data at the pointer's target

address will be updated. Actually, it is the value of the variable containing the pointer that will be

updated. More than that, OpenMP standard clearly says that the variable-argument of flush directive

must not be a pointer.

An example:

int *t;

...

#pragma omp flush(t)

Diagnosis:



Point 13. Using threadprivate

threadprivate directive is very dangerous and using it is rational only at a last resort. If possible avoid

using this directive. To learn more about the dangers of using threadprivate see the article "32 OpenMP

traps for C++ developers" [2].


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An example of unsafe code:

#pragma omp threadprivate(var)

Diagnosis:



Point 14. Race condition. Static variables

One of the race condition errors. Initialization of a static variable inside a parallel section is forbidden

without a special protection. For example:


{

static int cachedResult = ComputeSomethingSlowly();

...

}

A correct example of using protection:


{


{

static int cachedResult = ComputeSomethingSlowly();

...

}

}

Diagnosis:



Point 15. Race condition. Shared variable

One of the race condition errors. Two or more threads modify the same shared variable which is not

specially protected. For example:

int a = 0;

#pragma omp parallel for num_threads(4)


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for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)

{

a++;

}

A correct example with protection:

int a = 0;


for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)

{

#pragma omp atomic

a++;

}

Diagnosis:


Intel C++ (Parallel Lint): diagnosed as warning #12246, warning #12247, warning #12248.

Point 16. Race condition. Array access

One of the race condition errors. Two or more threads try to work with the same array items using

different expressions for calculating indexes. For example:

int i;

int factorial[10];

factorial[0]=1;


for (i=1; i < 10; i++) {

factorial[i] = i * factorial[i-1];

}

Diagnosis:

PVS-Studio (VivaMP): not diagnosed.



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Point 17. Race condition. Unsafe function

One of the race condition errors. Two or more threads call a function accepting as a formal argument a

value by a non-constant link or non-constant pointer. When calling such a function inside a parallel

section, a shared variable is passed into it. No protection is used during this process.

An example of potentially unsafe code:

void dangerousFunction(int& param);

void dangerousFunction2(int* param);

int a = 0;


{

#pragma omp for

for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)

{

dangerousFunction(a);

dangerousFunction2(&a);

}

}

Diagnosis:



Point 18. Race condition. Object modification

One of the race condition errors. Two or more threads are calling a non-constant class function from a

shared object. No protection is used during this process.

An example of potentially unsafe code:

MyClass obj;


for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)

{

obj.nonConstMethod();

}

Diagnosis:


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}

Diagnosis:



Point 21. Senseless "flush". Local variables

You should consider senseless using "flush" directive for local variables (defined in a local section) and

also variables marked as threadprivate, private, lastprivate, firstprivate.

"flush" directive is senseless for these variables for they always contain actual values. And thus reduce

code performance.

An example:

int a = 1;

#pragma omp parallel for private(a)

for (int i = 10; i < 100; ++i) {

#pragma omp flush(a);

...

}

Diagnosis:



Point 22. Senseless "flush". Implicit flush is present

You should consider inefficient using "flush" directive in those places where it is executed implicitly.

Here are cases when "flush" directive is implicit and using it is senseless:

y in barrier directive;y when entering and leaving the section of "critical" directive;y when entering and leaving the section of "ordered" directive;y when entering and leaving the section of "parallel" directive;y when leaving the section of "for" directive;y when leaving the section of "sections" directive;y when leaving the section of "single" directive;y when entering and leaving the section of "parallel for" directive;y when entering and leaving the section of "parallel sections" directive;

Diagnosis:


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Point 23. Exceptions. Explicit throw

According to OpenMP specification, all exceptions must be processed inside a parallel section. An

exception leaving the parallel section will lead to program fail and most likely to crash.

An example of incorrect code:

try {


for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)

{

throw 1;

}

}

catch (...)

{

}

Correct code:

size_t errCount = 0;

#pragma omp parallel for num_threads(4) reduction(+: errCount)

for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)

{

try {

throw 1;

}

catch (...)

{

++errCount;

}

}

Diagnosis:


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Point 24. Exceptions. new operator

According to OpenMP specification, all exceptions must be processed inside a parallel section. In case of

memory allocation error "new" operator generates an exception and this must be considered whenusing it in parallel sections.


try {


for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)

{

float *ptr = new (MyPlacement) float[1000];

delete [] ptr;

}

}

catch (std::bad_alloc &)

{

}

To learn more about this topic see the following blog-notes by PVS-Studio developers:

1. OpenMP and exceptions2. Processing of exceptions inside parallel sections

Diagnosis:



Point 25. Exceptions. Functions

According to OpenMP specification, all exceptions must be processed inside a parallel section. If inside a

parallel section a function is used marked as explicitly throwing exceptions, the exception must be

processed inside the parallel section.


void MyThrowFoo() throw(...)

{


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throw 1;

}

try {

#pragma omp parallel for num_ threads(4)

for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)

{

MyThrowFoo();

}

}

catch (...)

{

}

Diagnosis:



Point 26. Forgotten initialization. omp_init_lock

You should consider incorrect using variables of omp_lock_t / omp_nest_lock_t type without their

preliminary initialization in functions omp_init_lock / omp_init_nest_lock. By using we understand a call

of omp_set_lock function etc.


omp_lock_t myLock;


{

omp_set_lock(&myLock);

omp_unset_lock(&myLock);

}

Diagnosis:




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Point 27. Forgotten initialization. Local variables

You should consider incorrect using variables defined in a parallel region as local with "private" and

"lastprivate" directives without their preliminary initialization. For example:

int a = 0;

#pragma omp parallel private(a)

{

a++;

}

Diagnosis:


Intel C++ (Parallel Lint): diagnosed as error #12361.

Point 28. Forgotten initialization after a parallel region

You should consider incorrect using after a parallel code section those variables to which "private",

"threadprivate" or "firstprivate" directives were applied. Before using them further, they must be

initialized again.


#pragma omp parallel private(a)

{

...

}

b = a;

Diagnosis:


Intel C++ (Parallel Lint): diagnosed as error #12352, error #12358.

Point 29. Absence of copy constructorYou should consider unsafe applying "firstprivate" and "lastprivate" directives to class instances where

copy constructor is absent.

Diagnosis:




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Point 30. Inefficient use of critical sections

You should consider inefficient using critical sections or functions of omp_set_lock class where "atomic"

directive is quite enough. "atomic" directive works faster than critical sections for some atomic

operations can be directly replaced with processor commands. Consequently, it is desirable that you use

this directive wherever you need protection of shared memory at elementary operations. According to

OpenMP specification, to such operations the following ones refer:

y x binop= expry x++y ++xy x--y --x

Here x is a scalar variable, expr is an expression with scalar types where x variable is absent, binop is a

non-overloaded operator +, *, -, /, &, ^, |, >. In all the other cases atomic directive must not be

used (this is verified by the compiler).

On the whole, from the viewpoint of performance decrease, methods of protecting data from

simultaneous writing are arranged in this order: atomic, critical, omp_set_lock.

An example of inefficient code:


{

e++;

}

Diagnosis:



Point 31. Senseless protection of local variables

Any protection of memory from simultaneous writing reduces performance of the program, being it an

atomic operation, a critical section or a lock. Consequently, in those cases when you do not need it, it is

better not to use this protection.

A variable should not be protected from simultaneous writing in the following cases:

if the variable is local for the thread (and also if it participates in expressions threadprivate, firstprivate,

private or lastprivate);

if addressing to the variable takes place in the code which is guaranteed to execute in only one thread

(in the parallel section of master directive or single directive).

An example, where protection from writing into "p" variable is senseless:

#pragma omp parallel for private(p)


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for (i=1; i


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Intel C/C++ ("Parallel Lint") analyzer's advantages:

y the analyzer is included into the compiler and this allows the developers who use Intel C/C++ toperform parallel code verification without any additional costs or efforts;

y the analyzer gathers the data from all the program units and then processes them all togetherand this allows performing some complex diagnosis algorithms;

y Intel C++ developers' authority and experience give no rise to doubt.PVS-Studio (VivaMP) analyzer's advantages:

y the ability to verify a project being developed in Visual Studio 2005/2008 without its necessarypreliminary adaptation for building with Intel C++ compiler;

y the developers, including the author of the article, are available for prompt communication andcan quickly implement those abilities in the analyzer the users need;

y the analyzer includes a thorough description of all the error patterns with examples integratinginto MSDN Help system (available online here: http://www.viva64.com/content/PVS-Studio-

help-en/contents.html);

y PVS-Studio interface allows interactive filtration of diagnostic warnings by several methods andsaving and loading of the list of warnings;

y VivaMP is a single-purpose rapidly-developing analyzer with a constantly increasing base ofparallel error patterns).

Reference

1. Evgeniy Ryzhkov. PVS-Studio Tutorial. http://www.viva64.com/art-4-2-747004748.html2. Alexey Kolosov, Andrey Karpov, Evgeniy Ryzhkov. 32 OpenMP traps for C++ developers.

http://www.viva64.com/art-3-2-1023467288.html

3. Andrey Karpov, Evgeniy Ryzhkov. OpenMP and static code analysis. http://www.viva64.com/art-3-2-900919722.html

An unsuccessful attempt to compare PVS-Studio (VivaMP) and Intel C/C++ ("Parallel Lint")

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Transcript of An unsuccessful attempt to compare PVS-Studio (VivaMP) and Intel C/C++ ("Parallel Lint")