1

An Overview of Wireless

Standards & Technology

Past, Present and Future

By: Mark Hoffman MSEE ACETEC, Inc. President

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Agenda

• History of Wireless

• Basic Frequency Usage

• Overview of Types of Networks

• WPAN Technologies – Bluetooth, UWB

• WLAN Technologies – WiFi

• WMAN Technologies – WiMax

• WWAN Technologies – Cellular and Related WWAN

• Generations

• 3GPP, 3GPP2

• Summary

3

Mark Hoffman - Background Founded ACETEC in 1995

Penstock, Now Avnet

Comstream

RF Design Engineer

McDonnell Douglas Technologies Inc.

Microwave Design Engineer

BSEE, MSEE, University of Wisconsin , 1987

4

Wireless History

• EM Wireless Communications started with the work of Hertz (1860’s) and Maxwell ( 1860’s).

• In 1893 Nikola Tesla demonstrated the transmission of information over EM waves.

• In 1898 Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated wireless telegraphy from a boat to the Isle of Wight in the English Channel.

• Tesla was really the first to “invent” the radio but Marconi had better public relations.

• Marconi shared with Karl Ferdinand Braun the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy.

5

First Systems

• Very first systems were Spark Gap Transmitters with a Tank Circuit operating below 500 KHz. Very Noisey. Rx Antenna with Detector.

• Most Early systems were unidirectional, First Station was KDKA in Pittsburg, PA in 1915, Built by Westinghouse

• Amateur (HAM) radio started in the early 1900’s. ARRL formed by 1914. My call is WB9VSG

• WWI - mostly Morse Code. Human can received -10 dB SNR, HAM’s taken off the air

• By 1930’s many Police had Radio’s in their cars

• 1932 Radio ACT was basically the start of the FCC

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First Systems - Continued

• WWII, Korea - Still Morse Code. Some AM and FSK Teletype

• 1946 First VHF mobile system installed in St. Louis, MO

• used operators and had 6 channels

• ran out of capacity quickly

• AT&T’s Bell Labs found answer: The Cellular Principal with Hand

off’s.

• In 1979 NTT in Japan made the first cellular systems

• AT&T decided not to get into the cellular phone market on the advice

of consultants

• Later on AT&T bought McCaw Cellular for over $10 billion

7

Approximate Frequency Allocation

• Below 100 MHz: CB radio, HAM radio, pagers, analog cordless

phones, AM radio

• 100-800 MHz: Mainly for broadcast (TV and FM radio). 700 MHz,

MediaFlo and DVB-H Mobile TV

• 400-500 MHz: Trunking radio and some cellular systems (good

coverage with low user density)

• 800-1000 MHz: Cellular and some emergency communication

systems, 915 MHz cordless phones

• 1.8-2.0 GHz: 2G cellular systems

• 2.4-2.5 GHz: ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) band, cordless

phones, WLAN, WPAN, Bluetooth, WiMax

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• 3.3-3.8 GHz: Fixed wireless and WiMax, UWB

• 4.8-5.8 GHz: WLAN, fixed wireless, and WiMax, UWB

• 7/8, 11, 13, 15, 18, 23, 26, 28, 32, 38 GHz Pt-Pt microwave back haul

• 11-15 GHz: Most popular satellite TV service

• 14-14.5 GHz Uplink, 11.7-12.2 GHz Downlink, Ku band, VSAT

Approximate Frequency Allocation

Continued

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Classification of Wireless

Networks • WPAN (<10m) – Wireless Personal Area Networks -

UWB, Bluetooth, Zigbee 802.15.4

• WLAN (<100m) – Wireless Local Area Networks - WiFi

802.11x

• WMAN (~1 city) – Wireless Metropolitan Area Network

– WiMax

• WWAN (>1 city) – Wireless Wide Area Network –

Cellular

10 Data Rate (Mbps)

Ran

ge

ZigBee WiMedia

UWB (Ultrawideband)

WPAN 10M

WLAN 30M

WMAN

(Fixed)

Cellular

(Mobile)

WiFi 802.11

IEEE 802.16

2G

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Bluetooth

3G

Source: WiMedia Alliance

Wireless Technology Comparison

4G

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WPAN Technologies - Bluetooth

What it stands for: Nothing – Bluetooth was the internal project name at Ericsson.

What it is: Low power, low cost, short range communication, IEEE 802.15.3

Where: All over the world. Frequency 2.45 GHz

Who: Ericsson and others started the technology

Why: For Wireless headsets, cable free connections, etc. Consumes very little power (~1mw), cell phones consume about 200mw, low cost at about $4-$6

When: Late 1990s but did not take off until around 2003

How it works: Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)

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Other WPAN Technologies

• Zigbee IEEE 802.15.4

• Uses ISM bands, 868 MHz in Europe, 915 and 2.4 GHz

• Used for Sensing and M2M ( Machine to Machine).

• NFC – Near Field Communication

• For payment and other close in applications

• Uses magnetic field induction at ~10cm

• RFID

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WPAN Technologies - UWB

What it stands for: Ultra Wide Band, AKA Wireless USB, High-speed USB

What it is: IEEE 802.15.3a, short range, low cost IC wireless radio standard. For

distances <15m. Note: Two competing standards are slowing the standard

process: WiMedia Alliance vs. UWB Forum.

Where it is used: Worldwide at different frequencies.

Who: Intel, Sony, Microsoft, TI, Motorola, Staccato, PulseLink, General Atomics.

Why it was used: Creates a robust, fast, and low cost WPAN communications

system. May replace numerous cables around computers and entertainment

centers.

How it works: Extremely wide spread spectrum signal. Uses 3.1-10.6 GHz with

max speeds of ~110Mbps (~10M) and 480 Mbps (L2M)

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Multi-Protocol Application

Ecosystem for UWB

IP-Over-UWB

(WiNET)

UWB Channel

Wireless USB

Bluetooth-

Over-UWB

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UWB Protocol

Relationships

WiMedia UWB PHY

WiMedia UWB MAC

Convergence Layer

Wirele

ss U

SB

IP (

WiN

ET

) WiMedia Common

Ultrawideband Radio Platform

Blu

eto

oth

Multiple protocols running

over a common platform

Single Radio Platform

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Wired USB vs Wireless USB

vs

Physical Medium Cable Air

Communication Model One Host, Multiple Devices One Host, Multiple Devices

Topology Tiered Star Hub and Spoke

Number of Devices 127 127

Max Data Rate 480 Mbps 480 Mbps

Software Protocol Class Drivers Class Drivers

Traffic Protocol Token, Data, Handshake Token, Data, Handshake

Only WiMedia UWB is support by Certified W-USB by the USB-IF

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MultiBand-OFDM

Number of band groups (BG) = 5

BG 1-4 consists of three 528 MHz bands

BG 5 consists of two 528 MHz bands

Band subcarriers

128 tone OFDM

Tone width = 4.125MHz

Tone modulation = QPSK

Channels

TFI (Time Frequency Interleaving)

FFI (Fixed Frequency Interleaving)

WiMedia PHY Specification v1.1

Band Switching within BG #1 (3.168 – 4.752 GHz)

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Regulatory Status

USA • Issued ruling in 2002

• Unlicensed allocation

• 3.1GHz-10.6 GHz

• Emission level: -41.3dBm/MHz

• Waiver granted in Mar ’05 for

power measurement procedures

Europe • Decision – Dec’06

• 4.2GHz-4.8GHz (no DAA until Dec 2010)

• 6GHz-8.5GHz (no restrictions)

• In-band Emission level: same as FCC

• Under consideration

• DAA 3.1-4.2GHz Mid’07

• 9GHz extension Mid’07

• ECMA adopts WiMedia specs (Dec ‘05)

• ECMA to liaise with ETSI for UWB specs

Japan • MIC issued ruling in Aug’06

• 3.4-4.8GHz (DAA)

• 4.2-4.8GHz (no DAA until Dec’08)

• 7.25-10.25GHz (no restrictions)

• In-band Emission level: same as FCC

• Indoor use only

China • Working towards regulations in 2007

• WiMedia China chapter opened in Oct’08

Australia/New Zealand • UWB trial allowed on interim licenses

Hong Kong/Singapore • UWB trials allowed

• Emission levels higher than FCC

Korea • MIC approved spectrum use in Jul’06, ruling

expected in 1H’2007

• 3.1-4.8GHz (DAA)

• 4.2-4.8GHz (no DAA until June’10)

• 7.2-10.2GHz (no restrictions)

• Emission level: same as FCC

• Indoor and outdoor use

Regulatory Approval

Intermediary Stance

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WLAN Technology - WiFi

What it stands for: Wireless Fidelity

What it is: IEEE 802.11x for wireless internet access in unlicensed

spectrum.

Where it is used: Worldwide.

Who uses it: Many chip manufacturers and equipment makers.

Why it is used: For high-speed internet connection within 100m

When was it used: Started in the late 90s

How it works: 802.11a - 5.2 GHz, 54Mbps (max), OFDM

802.11b/g - 2.4 GHz, 11Mbps/54Mbps (max), DSSS/OFDM

802.11i – Address security flaws 100mw max output power

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WMAN Technologies – WiMax

802.16e What it stands for: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Standard

What it is: Low cost “Last Mile” and mobile broadband high-speed internet connectivity

Where it is used: Worldwide at various frequencies. Fixed WiMax: 10 GHz-66 GHz, theoretical max speed of 70 Mbps per sector LOS (Line of Sight). Mobile WiMax: 2-11 GHz, theoretical max speed of 63 Mbps DL/28 Mbps UP/sector in a 10 MHz channel with 2x2 MIMO (<5km) NLOS (Non Line of Sight).

Who uses it: Sprint is deploying at 2.5 GHz across the US. Motorola and Samsung are making the hardware. Intel is pushing hard for WiMax as well. Many other suppliers. Clearwire with Craig McCaw.

When: Started around early 2000, first for fixed wireless.

How it works: OFDM/OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access.

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Wireless Generations

1980

1G AMPS, NMT

Voice mobility

1990

2G IS-95

GSM

IS-136 (TDMA)

Added voice and

data mobility

2000

3G CDMA2000

UMTS/CDMA

Added voice

capacity and high

speed data

2005+

4G WiMax

FlashOFDM

UMB

LTE

Voice and Very

High speed data

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FDMA-Frequency Division

Multiple Access for AMPS

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TDMA-Time Division Multiple

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Conversation 6

Conversation 5

Conversation 4

1.25 MHz

Channels

Signal

Frequency

Conversation 3

Conversation 2

Conversation 1

CDMA-Code Division Multiple

Access

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What it stands for: Advance Mobile Phone System

What it is: First US standard

Why it was used: It was easy to implement and used existing FM

technology

Who used it: AT&T and Motorola created the first systems

When it was used: Early 1980s

How does it work: FDMA with analog FM modulation

Cellular WWAN Technology -

AMPS

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What it stand for: Nordic Mobile Telephone

What it is: A Swedish system created by Ericsson AB

Why it was used: It was Sweden’s entrance into cell phones

Who used it: Ericsson AB and other in Nordic countries

When it was used: 1980s

How does it work: Analog system with digital switching

NMT

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What it stand for: Global System for Mobile communications

What it is: A second generation phone system in which both

signaling and speech channels are Digital call quality

Why it was used: Has higher digital voice quality and more

capacity

Who uses it: Ericsson, Nokia, Siemens, Alcatel and others in

Europe

When it was used: 1990s

How does it work: TDMA with digital switching

GSM

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UMTS

What it stands for: Universal Mobile Telecommunication

Standard

What it is: European standard that continues GSM under

3GPP.

Where it is used: Worldwide

Who uses it: Major carriers in Europe and Cingular in the

US.

How it works: WCDMA, 5 MHz channels (1900 MHz

UL/2100 MHz DL in many parts of the world).

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HSDPA/HSUPA/HSPA/HSPA+/LTE

What it stands for: High Speed Downlink Packet Access, High

Speed Uplink Access, High Speed Packet Access, Long Term

Evolution

What it is: UMTS/WCDMA 3GPP Roadmap

Why it is important: Brings DL rates to 14-42 Mbps peak with 2x2

MIMO. Brings UL rates to 11 Mbps peak. LTE: DL up to 150

Mbps, UL 50 Mbps peak.

When: 2006 HSDPA, 2007 HSUPA, 2009 HSPA+, 2010 LTE

How it works: Better maximizes data through put by using entire

channel BW with only data within the channel.

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UMTS WCDMA 3GPP Evolution

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UMTS Band Classes

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Flash OFDM

What it stands for: Fast Low-latency Access with Seamless Handoff Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.

What it is: High-speed wireless standard and future CDMA2000 standard.

Where it is used: US and Europe

Who : Flarion (bought by Qualcomm), Vodafone, T-Mobile, Siemens, Digita, and others are using the technology.

Why it is important: Qualcomm bought Flarion for the technology and patent portfolio for $600 million. OFDMA is the technology of the future. Most new Standards use version of OFDM.

How it works: OFDMA takes advantage of the latest DSP technology to make OFDMA work. Very good for high data rates and multi-path.

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CDMA “3GPP2” – 1x EV-DO

Rev 0, A, B/UMB What it stands for: Code Division Multiple Access, 1x Evolution-Data

Only Revision 0, A, B, Ultra Mobile Broadband

What it is: CDMA (3GPP2) high-speed data road map. UMB has potential to get to Forward Link:280 Mbps peak, Reverse Link:68 Mbps peak.

Where it is used: USA, Korea, Japan, China, India, and South America, Some in Europe

Why it is used: CDMA high speed road map peak rates given:

CDMA2000 1x, 307Kbps FL, 153 Kbps RL

EVDO Rev 0, 2400 Kbps FL, 153 Kbps RL

EVDO Rev A, 3100 Kbps FL, 1800 Kbps RL

EVDO Rev B, 6.2-73.5 Mbps FL, 3.6-27 Mbps RL

When : 1x 1999, Rev 0 ~2002, Rev A present, Rev B 2010

How it works: Better maximizes data through put by using entire channel. Uses multi-carrier, 1.25x2 or 3 channels.

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CDMA2000 Terminology • CDMA2000 – Trademarked name for IMT-2000 CDMA Multi-

Carrier.

• CDMA2000 1X – 3G technology which offers 2 times increase in voice capacity and provides data speeds up to 625 Kbps on a single (1.25 MHz, or 1X) carrier in new or existing spectrum.

• CDMA2000 1xEV – Evolution of CDMA2000 1X. 1xEV-DO (Data-Only) uses a separate 1.25 MHz carrier for data and offers peak data rates of 2.4 Mbps. 1xEV-DV (Data-Voice) integrates voice and data on the same carrier.

• CDMA2000 3X – 3G technology which offers voice and data on a 5 MHz carrier (or 3 times [3X] the 1.25 MHz carrier).

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CDMA 1x, Band Classes: Band Class

(Sub-class) System

Mobile transmit

frequency band. (MHz)

Base station transmit

frequency band. (MHz)

0 North American Cellular 824 - 849 869 – 894

1 North American PCS 1850 - 1910 1930 – 1990

2 Total Access Communications System 872 - 915 917 – 960

3 Japan Total Access Communications System (A1) 887 - 889 832 – 834

3 Japan Total Access Communications System (A3) 893 - 898 838 – 843

3 Japan Total Access Communications System (A2) 898 - 901 843 - 846

3 Japan Total Access Communications System (A) 915 - 925 860 – 870

4 Korean PCS 1750 - 1780 1840 – 1870

5(0) Nordic Mobile Telephone 450 (A) 452.500 – 457.475 462.500 – 467.475

5(1) Nordic Mobile Telephone 450 (B) 452.000 – 456.475 462.000 – 466.475

5(2) Nordic Mobile Telephone 450 (C) 450.000 – 454.800 460.000 – 464.800

5(3) Nordic Mobile Telephone 450 (D) 411.675 – 415.850 421.675 – 425.850

5(4) Nordic Mobile Telephone 450 (E) 415.500 – 419.975 425.500 – 429.975

5(5) Nordic Mobile Telephone 450 (F) 479.000 – 483.480 489.000 – 493.480

5(6) Nordic Mobile Telephone 450 (G) 455.230 – 459.990 465.230 – 469.990

5(7) Nordic Mobile Telephone 450 (H) 451.310 – 455.730 461.310 – 465.730

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CDMA 1x, Band Classes (continued):

6 IMT-2000 1920 - 1980 2110 – 2170

7 North American 700 776 - 794 746 – 764

8 1800 MHz 1710 - 1785 1805 – 1880

9 900 MHz 880 - 915 925 - 960

10 Secondary 800 MHz Band 806 - 901 851 - 940

11 400 MHz European PAMR Band 452 - 484 462 - 494

12 800 MHz PAMR Band 870 - 876 915 - 921

13 2.5 GHz IMT-2000 Extension Band 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690

14(A) US PCS 1.9GHz Band (A) 1850 -1865 1930 -1945

14(D) US PCS 1.9GHz Band (D) 1865 -1870 1945 -1950

14(B) US PCS 1.9GHz Band (B) 1870 -1885 1950 -1965

14(E) US PCS 1.9GHz Band (E) 1885 -1890 1965 -1970

14(F) US PCS 1.9GHz Band (F) 1890 -1895 1970 -1975

14(C) US PCS 1.9GHz Band (C) 1895 -1910 1975 -1990

14(G) US PCS 1.9GHz Band (G) 1910 -1915 1990 -1995

14(H) US PCS 1.9GHz Band (H) 1915 - 1920 1995 - 2000

15 AWS Band 1710 - 1755 2110 - 2155

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3GPP

• Stands for 3rd Generation Partnership Project

• Also known as the GSM “European” Partnership Project

• Current organization partners are: ARIB (Japan), ATIS)

North America) CCSA (China), ETSI( Europe), TTA

(Korea), TTC (Japan)

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3GPP2

• Also known as the next generation of CDMA2000.

• 3GPP2 is a collaborative effort between five officially

recognized SDOs:

• ARIB (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America), TTA

(Korea), TTC (Japan).

• These SDOs are known as the Project’s Organizational

Partners (OPs).

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AMPS

IS-54

IS-136

IS-95

NMT

TACS

JTACS

GSM

PDC

EDGE

CDMA2000 1x

GPRS

UMTS

CDMA2000

1XEVDO

EDGE UMTS

WCDMA

1G 2G 2.5G 3G

Cellular Standard Roadmaps

41

Future Cellular Standards

Roadmap

UMTS LTE

CDMA2000

Flash

OFDM

UMB

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Other Technologies

Satellite Radio: Code-OFDM

DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite: Ku Band, 8PSK with Coding

MediaFlo: Mobile TV, Channel 55, Qualcomm Technology

DVB-H: Mobile TV, European Standard, Completing with

MediaFlo

GlobalStar: Satcom phone, Qualcomm designed and built

Iridium: Satcom phone, Motorola designed and built

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Thank you!

Stay tuned…..

New changes happening daily.

Cellular( UMB and LTE) vs. Wimax 802.16e

Feel free to contact me if you have any questions:

Phone at ACETEC, 858-784-0900

E-mail: mhoffman@acetec.com