Pakistan Early problems:-

Unfair and delayed division of financial assets (700/750) for PAK,

Development board and state bank set up in 1948.Geographical location of

east and west made economy unstable

Award of Calcutta to India also created economic problems

Unfair and delayed division of defence and military assets (36/64), no

ordnance factories given to PAK. Wah Ordnance factory established.

Outdated weapons and equipment given to Pak

Refugee problem, Many muslims were massacred on their journey to

Pakistan particularly in the Punjab region of both Pak and Ind. Refugee

relief fund established.

Water dispute. Sutlej and Ravi flow stopped in 1948. Indus water treaty

signed in 1960. Chenab ,Jhelum and indus control given to Pak. and efforts

were made to build dams and irrigation systems. Only 2 out of the required

5 or 7 dams were built in the duration specified by the treaty. World Bank

assisted.

Establishment of admin. and govt. machinery. Civil services rules based on

Chaudhri Muhammad Ali’s ideas. Pay commission established in 1948.

Accession of princely states:

o Junagadh …. Muslim ruler, Hindu majority …… accession to Pakistan

but India annexed Junagadh

o Hyderabad …. Did not accede but signed treaties for defence and

foreign policy with India, India later invaded Hyderabad and despite

resistance , was able to take control and divided the state.

o Kashmir…. Hindu ruler, muslim majority …. Ruler decided to accede

to India under pressure and India sent troops to control. Pakistan

filed complaints with UNO. Tribal muslims fought for freedom. India

rejected all UNO proposals and decrees for referendum.

Provincialism and sectarianism

Linguistic riots

1951 – Liaqat Ali Khan assassinated

1951 – Ghulam Mohammed becomes Gov-Gen and Khawaja nazimuddin become

PM, KN’s tenure marred by civil unrest, Linguistic riots

1954 – Muhammad Ali Bogra becomes PM, one unit scheme imposed but not

favoured by all stakeholders in government, Pak enters SEATO and CENTO ,

angers USSR

Multiple PM changes occurred between 1954 and 1957 , H. Suhrawardy, C . M. Ali

, Bogra, F Noon.

1956 – First constitution presented ( Islamic Republic , Islamic provisions)

1958 – Martial law imposed by Iskander MIrza , Ayub Khan became CMLA

Basic democracies system introdcuced. Iskander mirza sacked

1960 - Presidential elections took place in and AK won against FJ

1962 – a new constitution drafted

1960 – 65 : Economic growth bolstered by industrial growth, Islamabad becomes

new capital ( official 1967), Family planning programmes , Women rights

promotion, Indus water treaty signed , East and West divide grows

1965 – Pakistan – India war over Kashmir

1966 – 1969 : Ayub Khan’s Popularity declines, opposition and poor treatment of

the foreign Minister ZAB and he resigns in 69

1969 – Martial Law declared by General Yahya Khan

1970 – Elections held and Awami League won in East and PPP in west, New

constitution to be drafted in 60 – 100 days. Mujib ur rehman pushed for

autonomy for East, ZAB rejected that.

1971 – National Assembly suspended. Mujib launches civil disobedience. Yahya

meets with Mujib in Dhaka to solve issues. Talks broke down and military action

launched against Politicians in East.

Civil War ensued, Bengalis instigated by India to proclaim Independence and fight.

Against West. Bangladesh created. ZAB becomes CMLA.

1972 – Simla agreement signed between India and Pak. Preventing Pak. from

taking Kashmir issue to foreign platforms, steel mills established at Karachi with

help from USSR

1973 – New constt. Presented and adopted. ZAB becomes PM

1973 – 1977 Nationalization of industries , educational institutes occurs. Nuclear

Programme started. Land reforms, ZAB becomes increasingly autocratic.

1977 – Elections occur, PPP victory, opposition parties align to declare elections

fraudulent, ZUH imposes martial Law to prevent chaos.

1978 – ZUH becomes president

1979 – ZAB hanged

1988 – Zia dissolves NA and Junejo cabinet , introduces Shariat Ordinance , ZUH

dies in plane crash, Elections held and Benazir Bhutto becomes PM

1990 – Benazir govt. dismissed and Nawaz Sharif Becomes PM

1993 – Benazir’s 2nd time

1997 – Nawaz’s second time

1998 – UNSC deny nuclear power status to PAK

1999- Musharraf imposes Martial Law

Foreign Policy:

Year INDIA CHINA USA USSR

1947 - 49 Poor due to early problems

Pak acknowledges China as a Sovereign state and support its inclusion into UN

Aid from USA USA detests Pak support of china

1950 poor LAK visits USSR invites LAK but LAK visits US instead

1954 Pak joins SEATO and CENTO , Poor relations result, USSR supports india in Kashmir issue

1960 - 1961 Good, Ayub khan aligns with west

U2 plane incident occurs , relations worsen but get better when ayub khan visits USSR

1962 Pak resolves border disputes with china

US support to India in Indian – Sino war angers Pak

1965 war China aids Pak in War with India

US provides no aid or support

1971 war No support from US

USSR supports India

1972 -73 poor China provides economic aid, steel mills

Pak’s Nuclear program not approved by US

USSR provides economic aid, steel mills, oil and gas explo.