An Overview of Olympic History: Legacy of the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games

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AnOverviewofOlympicHistoryLegacyofthe1996

CentennialOlympicGamesIdyUyoe

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Focus• OlympicSummary• EvolutionoftheGames• TheMunichGames– 1972• ImpactoftheColdWar- 1980• LegacyoftheCentennialGames- 1996


OlympicSummary– Size&Scale

• Equivalentof:– 5SuperBowlseverydayfor17days– 80,000personcorporation

• Absolutestartandstopdate– Noflexibility• 14,000athletes(OlympicsandParalympics)• Over4.7billionviewerswatchedtheBeijingGames(2008)• 26sports• 302events• 205nations


• PaganreligiousfestivalstartedbytheGreeksinOlympiatohonor ZeusandHera,in776BC

• Heldevery4years• Lastedjust1day• Consistedof1event;the200-yardrun• Moreeventsaddedlater• Onlymencompeted;Womenbanned

butlaterhadtheirownOlympics• RomanemperorTheodosiusIbanned

gamesin393AD

TheAncientOlympicGames


TheModernOlympics

• FoundedbyFrenchmanBaronPierredeCoubertin

• FirstgamesheldinAthens,Greece,in1896

• Participation– 14Countries– 241Athletes– 43Events

• FirstOlympicgoldmedalwonbyHarvard’sJamesConnelly,representingtheBostonTrackclub,NOTtheUnitedStates


Eventsatthe1896Olympics

• Cycling• Fencing• Gymnastics• Shooting• Swimming• Tennis• Weightlifting• Wrestling


Paris- 1900• OlympicsheldaspartofParisWorld

Exhibition• WomenallowedintoOlympicsforthefirst

time;golf,tennisandcroquet• NodedicatedOlympicvenues• AthletesnottoldtheywereintheOlympics• Athletesgivencups,trophiesorpaintings;

thoughttobemorevaluable


1904– St.Louis• FirstOlympicsheldoutsideofEurope• OrganizedaspartoftheWorld’sFair

inSt.Louis• ChicagowonOlympicbid;Forcedto

movegamestoSt.Louistoavoidconflict– HeldaspartofLouisianapurchase

exposition• IOCPresidentDeCoubertinboycotts

games• AdolfBuschquarteredGerman

athletes


1908– London• OriginallyscheduledforRome• Lasted187Days• FirstOlympicswithdedicatedStadium• FirstOlympicswithparadeofnations• Firstsummergamestoincludewinter

sports• USflag-dippingcontroversy• Marathondistancechangedto

accommodateKingEdwardVII


1912– Stockholm• JapanbecomesfirstAsiancountry to

participate• Electronictiming introduced• PASystemusedforthefirsttime• LastOlympicstoissuesolidgoldmedals

towinners• Literature,painting, sculptingandmusic

addedtoOlympicprogram• USGeneralGeorgeS.Pattonfinishes5th

inmodernpentathlon• FirstOlympicstobeorganizedwithin2

months


1914&1918OlympicsCancelled

Dueto

WorldWarI

ButtheInternationalOlympicCommitteerecordstheminofficialOlympicnumberingscheme


1920– Antwerp• Olympicflagflownforthefirsttime• Ringssymbolizefivecontinents

whichcompete• ColorsofOlympicringsarefound

ineveryflagintheworld• Icehockeymadeitsdebut• GermanyandotherAxiscountries

notinvited


1924– Paris

• GamesheldinParistohonorretiringdeCoubertin

• WinterOlympicsintroducedin1924

• Germanystillnotinvited


1928– Amsterdam• Olympicflamelitforthefirsttimein

1928• Amsterdamgamesbanwomenfrom

runningdistanceslongerthan200meters;banlasts32years

• Atlanta-basedCocaColadebuts• GermanyreturnstoOlympics• Firsttobearmoniker“Summer”

Olympicgames• GeneralDouglasMacArthuroversees

USteamasPresidentoftheAmericanOlympicCommittee


1932– LosAngeles• Depressiongames• FirstgamestohaveanOlympicvillage• Threetieredpodiumintroduced• Brazilianteam’screativity

– 69athletessetsailfromBraziltoLA– Eachgiven50,000sacksofcoffeetosellat

portsalongtheway– Only24memberssoldenoughcoffeeto

leavetheship.TheotherathleteshadtoreturnhometoBrazil

• FirstOlympicstoturnaprofit- $150,000


1936– Berlin• NazipartyrisestopowerinGermany• ThirdReichusesgamestopromoteits

ideology• Nuremberglaws• Firstlivesportstelevised– 134program

hours• Firsttorchrelaystarted• JesseOwenswins4goldmedals• BasketballmakesitsOlympicdebut


1940&1944OlympicsCancelleddue

toWorldWarII


• MexicoCity– 1968– FirstOlympicsinLatinAmerica;3rd

World– Controversiesinvolvingathletes

• BlackPrideSalute

• Montreal1976– Canadahostsforthefirsttime– Onlytimehostnationdoesn’twin

gold– Poorfinancialplanning– Africancountriesboycottgames

becauseofNewZealandRugbyTourofApartheidSouthAfrica


Munich,Germany- 1972


• GamesreturntoGermanyforfirsttimesince1936,nowdividedintoEastandWest

• MajorrebrandinginitiativebyGermans– Olympicsbilledas“TheHappyGames”


September5,1972• TerroristsstormIsraeliapartmentsinathletes’

village• Twomembersofteamimmediatelykilled;9taken

hostage• TerroristsdemandreleaseofPalestiniansjailedin

Israel• Negotiationsfail;terroristsdemandpassageto

airport• UnpreparedWestGermanpolicebotchrescueat

airport• Terroristskillhostages


TheAftermath• Israelwithdrewdelegation• Memorialheldthenextdayforvictims

– NoArabcountrysentrepresentation– Arabcountriesprotesttheirflagsbeingflownathalfmast

• OvershadowedperformanceofMarkSpitz– 7goldmedals,7worldrecords– AskedtoleaveMunichimmediately

• OlympicsecuritynowaparamilitaryoperationhandledbytheCentralGovernmentofhostnation


Turbulence:1980

LakePlacid,NewYork Moscow,USSR


• ThreeMileIslandnuclearaccidentinPennsylvania• SovietUnioninvadesAfghanistan• IraniansseizeAmericanhostagesinTehran• USmilitarymissiontofreethehostages,Operation

EagleClaw,isacolossalfailure• Nation’smoraleisverylow

Eventsof1979influencedboththeSummerandWinterOlympicsof1980


1979


LakePlacid,NewYork- 1980


TheMiracleonIce• USmen’shockey teambeatspowerful

Russianteaminsemifinals– BeatsFinland towingold

• Restorednationalpride• Considered thebiggestachievement

inUSsportinghistoryaccordingtoESPNpoll

• OvershadowedtheperformanceofspeedskaterEricHeiden– 5GoldMedals– 4Olympicrecords– 1World record


Moscow,Russia- 1980


USleads62NationboycottofMoscowGames• PresidentCartercitesSovietinvasionofAfghanistanasthereason• Carteradministrationhasnorealpowertoorderboycott,buttheState

DepartmentcoulddenyAmericansapassportfortheuseoftraveltoMoscowforthepurpose ofcompeting

• USallyGreatBritainleftdecisiontocompeteto individualathletes– BritishmedalwinnerswereserenadedwithOlympicflagandanthemversus

theUnionJackand“GodSavetheQueen”• LastOlympicsinwhichawhitemanwonthe100-meterrace

– AllanWellsofGreatBritain– SlowestwinningtimeinOlympichistory


TheCentennialGames- 1996


Bid/Announcement• Planningbeganin1987• Longodds– 50-yeardrought• Atlantahadlimitedglobalbrandrecognition• UnitedStatesOlympicCommitteeselects

Atlantaasitscandidatecity– AheadofMinneapolisandSanFrancisco

• AnnouncementmadeSeptember18,1990– XXVIOlympiad

• WasselectedagainstheavilyfavoredAthens,Greece,infinalroundofvoting


Size/Scope• July19th – August4th,1996• PresidentBillClintondeclaredgamesopen• Record197countries• 10,322athletes• 79countrieswonmedals• 59wongold• Newsportsincluded:

– Women’s soccer– Softball– MountainBiking– BeachVolleyball

• FirstOlympicstopostresultsonline


NotablePerformances


KerriStrug– Women’sGymnastics


CarlLewiswinsunprecedented,4th ConsecutiveLongJump


LindsayDavenportandAndreAgassi,Tennis


MichaelJohnson,Athletics


AmyVanDyken,

Five(5)goldmedalsinSwimming


Controversies/Challenges• Transportationissues• Technologyglitches• CentennialParkbombing• Sponsorshipmodelcriticized• IOCPresidentattenuatespraiseforAtlanta

duringclosingremarks• Atlantaorganizingofficialsfailedtotapinto

federalfunding


• TheGameshavea$5billionannualimpactontheCityofAtlanta

• Urbantransformationofcitycenter– CentennialOlympicPark– GAAquarium– WorldofCoca-ColaMuseum

• Over30companieshaverelocatedtheirglobalheadquarterstoAtlanta

AtlantaGamesLegacy


• AttractingMajorSportingEvents&Attractions

– Themen’sandwomen’sNCAAFinalFour– TheSuperBowl– CollegeFootballPlayoffNationalChampionship– CollegeFootballHallofFame– Conferencesandevents

• MajorSportsInfrastructure– TurnerField– GAInternationalHorseParkinConyers– GATechAquaticCenter

AtlantaGamesLegacy(Cont’d)


GoingForward• 2016SummerOlympicswillbeheld inRiodeJaneiro,Brazil

– Tokyowillhost2020SummerGames– LosAngeles,Paris,HamburgandRomearefinalisttohost2024Games

• TheAtlanta1996Gameswereoneofthefewthatdidnotlosemoney– Mademodestprofitof$10Million

• IOCAgenda2020makesiteasierforcitiestohostfutureOlympiads• Globalmediaoutletspayingunprecedentedrightsfeestobroadcastthe

Gamesacrosslinearanddigitalplatforms– NBChaspaid$7.75billion forbroadcastrightsthrough the2032Games

• TheOlympicbrandremainsrelevant,althoughsponsorsincreasinglyinfluencingOlympicprogramtomaximizeactivation– GolfandRugbySevensbeingaddedtotheOlympicPrograminRioin2016


ThankyouforyourattentionIdyUyoe

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@idysports

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An Overview of Olympic History: Legacy of the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games

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