P r e s e n t e d a t t h e w o r k s h o p T u t a a b s o l u t a :

M e e t i n g t h e c h a l l e n g e o f t h e t o m a t o l e a f m i n e r

B y E n d a l e G e b r e

An overview of horticultural crops with emphasis on vegetables production in Ethiopia

A country report

The Horticulture Sub-sector

Importance

Food self-sufficiency (Root and tubers, Enset)

Nutrition (vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, dietary fiber)

Raw material for agro-industries (Tomato paste, juices, orange

marmalade, wine)

Source of foreign currency (2002/03-2009/10, 25,300 ton to

63,140 ton

Source of employment (Labor intensive)

Natural Resource Management (Conservation with fruit crops,

high value tree crops)

CSA estimates of 2008/09 about ~ 6 million farmers engaged

Production estimates of fruit, vegetable & roots :

- 2.16 mil. tons (9.2%) of total crop production

- Area of production 356 thousand ha (2.4%) of total cultivated

- Total fruit production 351 thousand tons (16%)

- Total vegetable production 600 thousand tons (28%)

- Total root crops 1.2 mil. tons (56%)

About 12 private commercial farms engaged partly on production and

export of fruit and/or vegetables

Divers Agro-ecology

OPPORTUNITIES

Favorable and diverse climate

- Temperate zone (> 2400 m.a.s.l, average temp. 0-16 oC)

- Sub tropical zone (1500-2400 m.a.s.l, 16-20 oC)

- Tropical/arid zone (< 1500 m.a.s.l, more than 27 oC)

Irrigable land

- Irrigable potential 4.26 million ha

- Existing irrigation 247,470 ha (5.8%) with different capacities

Geographic location (Export market)

Commodities and major crops under horticulture research

Tropical Fruits Temperate Fruits Vegetables Root & Tubers

Citrus Apple Tomato Potato

Banana Peach Onion Enset

Mango Plum Shallot Sweet potato

Papaya Pear Garlic Cassava

Avocado Walnut Pepper Yam

Grapevine Nectarine Cabbage Taro

Pineapple Apricot Carrot

Date palm Snap beans

Other vegetables

Crop Area (1000 ha) Production (1000 ton)2004/05 2005/06 % Change 2004/05 2005/06 % change

VegetablesFaba beans 463.2 456.9 -1 552 512 -7Haricot beans 245.6 163.7 -33 211 138 -35Lettuce 0.2 0.3 14 0 0Head cabbage 2.1 1.7 -22 15 13 -15Eth. Cabbage 27.1 23.0 -15 262 181 -31Tomatoes 2.9 4.8 64 36 35 -2Green peppers 4.8 6.3 31 4.5 40 -9Red peppers 57.0 81.5 43 72 179 147Beetroot 1.5 1.5 1 16 16 -1Carrot 1.7 1.1 -38 18 6.9 -62Onion 18.0 16.6 -8 229 176 -23I. Potato 51.7 61.8 20 509 450 -12S. Potato ? ? ? 40 40 ?Garlic 13.7 12.5 -9 196 107 -46FruitsAvocado 3.2 3.6 11 17 28 69Bananas 28.7 28.1 -2 182 211 16Guavas 1.1 0.8 -24 1.9 1.4 22Lemons 0.9 0.6 -33 1.0 4.2 316Mangoes 5.8 5.4 -7 30 55 81Citrus 3.1 2.8 -11 17 51 192Papayas 2.7 2.9 7 15 71 371Pineapple1 0.013 0.003

Table . Estimate of Fruit and Vegetables in 2004/05 and 2005/06 (in Meher Season)

Source: Central Statistics Agency, 20061 Data refer to 2000/01 from Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Production and Marketing Study, Ethiopian Export Promotion Agency, Sisay Habte, April 2004

Ethi

opia

Bur

undi

Mal

awi

Moz

ambi

que

Tanz

ania

Rw

anda

Ken

ya

Uga

nda

Gha

na

Gui

nea

Vegetable consumption% consuming 93 72 93 93 98 91 90 88 90 95Quantity (kg/person/yr) 25.4 20.8 45.8 61 38.6 47.5 88.2 53.8 51 31.2Value (US$/person/yr) 3.3 9.5 19.9 16.6 10.3 10.7 21.3 9.3 29.1 15.1Price (US$/kg) 0.13 0.46 0.43 0.27 0.27 0.23 0.25 0.17 0.57 0.48% of food budget 4.1 4.1 12.2 13.9 9.4 11.6 7.9 8.1 9.2 6.9% of total budget 2.5 2.9 8.6 9.3 6.7 9.3 5.6 4.6 5.7 3.6

Fruit consumption% consuming 20 50 45 23 72 57 46 22 62 75

Quantity (kg/person/yr) 1.3 15.8 11.9 13.4 22.2 15.3 25.8 23.6 25.8 39Value (US$/person/yr) 0.4 3.1 2.8 1.6 3.4 4.6 5.9 2 8.3 8.2

Price (US$/kg) 0.31 0.2 0.24 0.12 0.15 0.3 0.23 0.08 0.32 0.21% of food budget 0.4 1.8 1.9 1.3 2.5 4.2 1.9 1.3 2.1 3.8% of total budget 0.3 1.3 1.2 0.8 1.7 3.4 1.3 0.7 1.3 1.9

Table : Summary of fruit and vegetable consumption patterns

Source: Woldsadiq, 2007

Challenges/Gaps

Shortage of high yielding & good quality varieties

Seed/planting materials

Diseases and insect pests

Shortage of skilled personnel

Inadequate capacity in research and extension

Crop Management (Irrigation, IPM, Quality, food safety)

Poor post harvest handling

Weak production and market chain

Commodity Project Title

Tropical Fruits

• Introduction and Adaptation of Tropical Fruit Technologies for Different Purposes and Agro-Ecologies

• Development and Promotion of Tropical Fruit Technologies for Different Purposes and Agro-Ecologies

Vegetable

• Introduction and Adaptation of Vegetable Technologies for Different Agro-Ecologies

• Development and Promotion of Vegetable Crop Technologies for Different Agro-Ecologies of Ethiopia

Potato • Development and Promotion of Potato Technologies for Different Agro-Ecologies of Ethiopia

Sweet potato & other root crops

• Development and Promotion of Root Crops Technologies for Different Agro-Ecologies of Ethiopia

Temperate Fruits

• Introduction and Adaptation of Temperate Fruit Technologies for Different Production Niches

• Development and Promotion of Temperate Fruit Technologies for Different Production Niches

Enset • Development and Promotion of Enset Technologies for Different Agro-Ecologies of Ethiopia

Government Supported Research Projects

Project Title Budget Source

• High value trees for intensification of dry land agriculture in Ethiopia

RCBP

• Wealth Creation through Potatoes: Increasing Production and Developing New Market Opportunities for Smallholder Potato Growers in Ethiopia

CIP/CFC

• Soil fertility and soil health: Critical factors in improving livelihoods and productivity in small-scale potato based farming systems in Ethiopia

ADA/GTZ

• Diversification of Incomes of farmers through production of potato and sweet potato

CIP

• Enhancement of cassava production in Ethiopia through development and adaptation of improved technologies

EAAPP

• Transfer & dissemination of proven/emerging agricultural technologies in orange fleshed sweet potato

ASARECA

• Management of bacterial wilt enset Macknight foundation

Externally Funded Research Projects

Some of the improved technologies made available through the research

35.0

25.0

8.0

0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Improvedon‐station

Improvedon‐farm

National Average

Practices

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Research On-farm CSA

40.0Yi

eld

(t/ha

)

Productivity of Tomato

25.0

9.0

Productivity of Onion

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Research On-farm CSA

Yiel

d (t/

ha)

35.0

16.8

10.2

Slide 20Crop

FarmersYieldt/ha

YieldResearch

t/ha

Avocados 6.4 24.0

Bananas 6.7 40.8

Lemons 6.5 35.6

Mangoes 7.3 32.0

Oranges 12.0 49.2

Papayas 13.5 80.0

Productivity of some fruit crops under small-scale farmers and research

Source: CSA (2009), MoA (2005)

Crop name (common and scientific)

Productivity q/ha Number Released Varieties since 1998

G.C

Crop cover area in ha now/recent

data/

CSA 2012/13Yield

Best Average

Yield

Potential Yield

Total2012/13

Tomato 76.71 400 159-463 14 7237.35

Onion 100.24 380 350-400 4 21865.37

Shallot No data 250 245-300 4 No data

Garlic 104.69 80 41-85 4 21258.43

Hot pepper (Red) 23.19 25 11-30 4 136503.73

Table. The CSA report of Meher season data and productivity for some vegetable crops under small scale farmers’ condition.

Notes: CSA Meher season report, however most vegetables are produced under irrigation and private farms have better option to use better technologies and hence better productivity.

Fruit and Vegetables Ethiopian export of fruits and vegetables (1000 $)1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Potatoes 15 463 1,002 770 1,462 967 1,242Legumes 15,921 10,279 13,355 8,879 20,758 30,522 18,521- peas 23 18 6 17

- chickpeas 17 31 14 59 9,298 14,672 777

- beans 15,524 10,201 13,246 8,671 10,890 14,119 12,045- lentils 39 14 18 69 324 559 329- horse bean 317 16 33 58 65 1,054 5,297- other legumes 163 112 56Tomatoes 80 251 581 420 847 792 941Other vegetables 3,206 2,111 2,371 2,316 2,614 3,449 2,993- onions, shallots 5 306 587 492 783 881 967- garlic, leek 10 78 100 67 259 188 236- cabbage 94 78 85- lettuce 163 129 179- edible roots 191 171 214- cucumbers 34 40 34 47 66 55- legumes 28 1,240 1,394 1,075 1,936 1,257- other vegetables 3,184 1,664 404 329 2Vegetables frozen 2,780 602 1 1,802 2,820 1,229-sweet corn frozen 1

- other vegetables frozen 2,780 602 1 1,802 2,819 1,229Fruit,nuts excl.oil nuts 1,323 1,109 1,237 1,072 1,429 2,519 1,615- oranges 4 290 641 408 755 609 715- mandarins 2 61 69 18 63 865 42- lemons,limes 25 61 418 105 71 87- bananas 1 125 155 100 191 167 329- avocado,guava,mango 16 39 263 102 220 675 286

Vegetable (unspecified) 43,941 52,954 67,976 72,522 57,256 45,881 116,554

Table : Trend in Ethiopian export of fruits and vegetables

Data source: ITC/WTO data

Agriculture TargetsCommodity Production (1000 MT) Percent

Increase2010 2011 2015

Pulses 1,833 1898 2828 148

Coffee 341 396 831 210

Spices 182 202.7 321.6 154

Root crops 1,781 2,020 3,307 163

Horticulture 1,282 1,688 5,918 350

Sugarcane 595 655 970 163

Favoring conditions

Potential environment for year round production, huge water source &

large labor force

Available improved technologies and information through research

Government commitment and support to the sector (Establishing

Coordinating body EHDA, budget for R&D, loans with grace period,

tax free, GTP F&V export is priority sub-sector of DBE)

High demand of horticultural products (local, regional, international)

New initiatives (Companies, investors, Regional trade, partnerships)