An introduction to the monitoring of forestry carbon sequestration projects
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An introductionto the monitoring of
forestry carbon sequestration projects
Developing Forestry and Bioenergy Projects within CDM
EcuadorMarch, 2004
Igino M. Emmer PhDFace Foundation
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F orestsA bsorbingC arbon dioxideE mission
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The Netherlandsarea: 5.000 hastart: March 1992
Czech-RepublicKRNAP/NPSarea: 14.000 hastart: October 1992
Sabah-MalaysiaInfaproarea: 14.000 hastart: July 1992
EcuadorProfaforarea: 75.000 hastart: June 1993 Uganda
UNP-Facearea: 27.000 hastart: August 1994
Overview of the Face projects
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Contents
• Introduction
• Basic principles of carbon monitoring in forests
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Introduction
What is carbon monitoring in forests?
Forest carbon monitoring quantifies changes in carbon stocks in various carbon pools of the forestby repeated measurement
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Why carbon monitoring?- Transparency and credibility- Verification (see project cycle)- Compliance versus voluntary
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• COP 9
• IPCC GPG LULUCF
• Large versus small-scale projects
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Monitoring plan
• Contents (CDM EB):- GHG baseline and with-project- Archiving- Nature and quality of methodologies- Remedial measures for negative
impacts
• This introduction: carbon monitoring in CDM AR
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Good Practice
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry- Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
- National inventories and projects
• Winrock International and others
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Basic principles of carbon monitoring
• First considerations for planning
• Data requirements
• Tools for data collection
• Carbon calculations
• Leakage, risks and uncertainties
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First considerations for planning
• Greenhouse gasses involved
• Baseline versus with-project scenario
• Required frequency
• Availability of expertise
• Costs
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Greenhouse gasses involved
• CO2 (1 CO2e)
• CH4 (23 CO2e)
• N2O (296 CO2e)
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Baseline versus with-project scenario
• Baseline may become counterfactual
• Plot selection
• Modelling
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Required frequency
• Lomax: lowest cost/effort, maximum result
• Carbon monitoring vs research
• CDM AR: 5-year intervals
• Just before verification
• Statistics- Stock changes versus variability
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Stock changes versus variability
Project design: COProject design: CO22 Uptake Over TimeUptake Over Time
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (years)
Sh
ort
to
ns
CO
2 /
acre
1
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High variability + small average change:large sample size
Measurement year
2002 2012
Car
bon
co
nten
t (un
it)
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Pre-defined precision and accuracy
• Precision: e.g. measuring a stem diameter
• Accuracy: assessing the carbon stored in the forest
Can be found in the IPCC GPG LULUCF
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Availability of expertise: fields
• Forestry, terrain knowledge
• Sampling design and statistics
• Logistics
• Supervision and quality control
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Costs
• Labour intensive, time consuming: may easily become expensive
• Lomax- Pre-monitoring intelligence- Pilot sampling
• Relation with market price of CO2e
(end of considerations)
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Data requirement
• 50% of biomass is carbon (C)
• Carbon pools- Above-ground biomass- Below-ground biomass- Soil carbon- Litter
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Pools to be involved
• In principle all carbon pools within the project boundary must be considered
• Only if transparent and verifiable information is provided, pools that are shown not to be a source may be excluded from the monitoring
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Above-ground biomass
1 .3 m1 .3 m
1 .3 m1 .3 m
1 .3 m
1 d ia m e te rs t
2 d ia m e te rnd
1 .3 m1 .3 m
tw o m easurem ents
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Above-ground biomass
allometric biomass regression equation:
B = a + b * D2 * H
where
B: biomass (kg)
D: stem diameter (cm) at breast height (1.3 m)
H: total height (m)
a-b: regression parameters from the data, depending on tree species and site conditions
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Below-ground biomass
• Average below-ground to above-ground ratio for tropical, boreal and temperate forest (IPCC) = 0.26
• Varying little among latitudes (boreal-temperate-tropical) or soil texture
• IPCC guidelines: ‘given the lack of standard methods and the time-consuming nature of monitoring below-ground biomass in forests, it is good practice to estimate below-ground biomass from either estimated aboveground biomass based on various equations or from locally derived data’
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Soil carbon
A general formula for calculating soil organic carbon:
SOC = [SOC] * BulkDensity * Volume * (1-CoarsFragments)
where
SOC: soil carbon stock (Mg C/ha)
[SOC]: concentration of soil carbon (g C/kg)
BulkDensity (Mg/m3)
CoarseFragments: fraction in %
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Tools for data collection
Good monitoring depends on
• An adequate land classification scheme
• An appropriate spatial and temporal resolution
• A proper standard for precision and accuracy
• A transparent methodology
• Measures to assure consistency and availability over time
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Remote sensing
• Air photography
• Satellite imagery
• Radar
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Ground-based surveys; sampling design
• Ground-based surveys require field visits for measuring selected attributes
• The way these attributes are measured in terms of ‘how many times’ and ‘where’ is the sampling design
• The sampling design must- prevent any bias in measurements- allow for efficient execution of the work- allow for independent verification
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Sampling design
• Complete enumeration
• Simple random sampling
• Systematic sampling
• Stratified random sampling
Precision, Accuracy, Lomax
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Sampling unit
• Plot (permanent or temporary)
• Pre-defined constant area (tonnes C/ha)
• Permanent plots:- Better quantification of stock
changes- Independent verification
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Sample grid
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Sample size versus precision level
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Equipment
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Carbon calculations
• Carbon stocks
• Sample size
• Time intervals
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Other issues
• Leakage- Monitoring within project
boundaries
• Risks and uncertainties- Assessment- Mitigation
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