An Introduction to Synthetic...
Transcript of An Introduction to Synthetic...
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An Introduction to Synthetic
BiologyPaula Kleyman, Maria
Novitskaya, Nancy Zhang, Chun Mun Loke
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Talking Points● What is Synthetic Biology?● How does it work?● Applications of genetic engineering● Benefits of GMOs● GMO Misconceptions● iGEM
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What is Synthetic Biology?
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What is synthetic biology?
● Applying an engineering and computing mindset to biology
● Looking at organisms as if they were machines and breaking them down into parts that can be rearranged to carry out new functions
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Central Dogma of Biology
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What is genetic engineering?● Modifying the genome of organisms
○ Create proteins with novel functions
● Widely used in agriculture and medical research
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How does it work?
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Methods of Recombinant DNA Technology- Inserting new genes into an organism
- Restriction enzymes
- Microinjections
- Gene gun
- CRISPR / Cas9
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Recombinant DNACutting and pasting DNA back together
Restriction enzymes = scissors - cuts a specific sequence (restriction site) of nucleotides and leaves sticky ends
Ends can overlap with parts of other DNA
Ligase = glue, puts strands back together - eithersame two strands come together or other strand with same restriction site
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Recombinant Plasmid● Plasmid = piece of circular DNA in bacteria, not chromosome● Can replicate independently of bacterial chromosome● Used as vehicle for introducing new genes into bacteria
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Components● Origin of replication● Restriction sites● Regulatory sequence● Promoter● Transcription initiation and termination
sequence● Selectable marker - ex) antibiotic
resistance
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BioBricks!- Preassembled genetic parts that have a specific, tested function- Like Legos!
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Applications of Genetic Engineering
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Problem: Diabetes● Patients do not produce insulin or cannot use
insulin efficiently● Leads to high levels of glucose in blood● Can lead to high blood pressure, kidney disease, or
stroke
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Solution: Use bacteria to produce human insulin!● How?
○ The human insulin gene has been identified
○ Gene is inserted into plasmid
○ Plasmid multiplies in bacterial cell, cells reproduce
○ Bacteria produce human insulin proteins
○ Insulin is gathered and purified
● Millions of people with diabetes now take human insulin, produced by bacteria, that is genetically compatible with their bodies
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Problem: Vitamin A Deficiency - VAD● Common among third world countries● Can cause blindness, compromised immune system, and even mortality● The building block of vitamin A is beta carotene
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Golden Rice
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Solution: Golden Rice!● Rice is a common food source with a high caloric content but does not provide
many nutrients● Genetic modification of the rice plant to produce and accumulate beta
carotene, which the body converts into Vitamin A!● Metabolically engineered
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Another Cool Example: Goat Spider Silk!● Spiders have two key genes for
weaving silk● Genes inserted into goat
genome next to a casein promoter (casein is a protein found in milk)
● Resulting proteins harvested through milk and extracted
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Benefits
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Benefits of GMO’s Agricultural Benefits are abundant
1. Higher nutrient content2. Stronger - better at withstanding weather fluctuations3. Resistance to disease4. Insect resistance - less need for pesticides, especially the more toxic ones5. Larger production - easier to raise6. Require less tools and chemicals - more efficient
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Common Misconceptions
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1. GMOs cause cancer, allergies, and other health issues.
● Biotech companies do extensive allergy and toxicity testing.● Most studies on genetically modified crops have shown no negative impact on
health.● Some studies concluding GMOs cause cancer were not well conducted and no
comprehensive sets of data corroborated it.
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2. Big Ag owns all research on GMOs. There are hundreds of independent researchers working with GMOs.
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3. GMOs contain toxins. The most common toxin in GMOs targets pests, not humans, and it is much safer than the chemicals that would be used otherwise
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4. Dangerous genes from GMOs will spread and cause problems. ● The amount of gene transfer from plants to microorganisms is too low to cause
concern● More dangerous modifications, like antibiotic resistance, are avoided
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How we’re involved
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iGEM● International● Genetically● Engineered● Machine
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What is iGEM all about?● What: Competition to make new genetically engineered systems● Who: High schools and Universities● When: Project work ongoing, competition takes place in late September● Where: Work is done in wet labs and office space, competition takes place in
Boston● Why: Advance the field of synthetic biology, give students a chance to develop
innovative thinking skills and problem solving.
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What type of projects are developed?Different tracks
1. Energy
2. Environment
3. Food and Nutrition
4. Foundational Advance
5. Health and Medicine
6. Information Processing
7. Manufacturing
8. New Application
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Our iGEM Team
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Oyster project
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How YOU Can Get Involved● Start a high school iGEM team!
○ Great leadership experience
● Look to join a college team when you get to college!
● Consider a career in synthetic biology!
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EndThank you!
Any questions?