An Introduction to Morphology
-
Upload
sorina-dragusanu -
Category
Technology
-
view
2.435 -
download
1
Transcript of An Introduction to Morphology
![Page 1: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Morphology
Oct 19, 2011
![Page 2: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Contents What is Morphology? Organization in the lexicon Structure of derived words Morphological Analysis
![Page 3: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is morphology? The study of form or shape Internal structure of words How meaningful pieces of language combine
and recombine to form words Morpheme – the smallest linguistic unit that
can carry meaning Lexicon – the mental dictionary
![Page 4: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Organization in the lexicon How do we know the lexicon is organized?
Certain words fit into certain categories The words ‘fish’ or ‘cat’ are inappropriate for
describing the color of something, for example, but ‘blue’ fits.
Lexical categories: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, determiner, preposition, conjunction All languages have nouns and verbs Other languages may have additional sub-
categories such as animate and inanimate nouns.
![Page 5: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Lexical Categories Noun
refers to a person, place or thing Verb
indicates occurrence or performance of an action, or the existence of a state or condition
Adjective describes a noun or pronoun
Adverb modifies a verb, another adverb, or an adjective
(e.g. very, slowly, etc.)
![Page 6: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Continued…
New words get added to these categories all the time, either because of new products and technologies, or word borrowing
![Page 7: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Lexical Categories Pronoun
replaces a noun when that noun has already been mentioned
Determiner also called ‘articles’, modify a noun (e.g. a, the,
their, etc.) Conjunction
connects/coordinates words, phrases, or sentences
Preposition indicates the relationship of one word to another
![Page 8: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Continued…
New words rarely get added to these categories. These are function words which serve to piece meaning together and are rarely changed.
![Page 9: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Organization in the lexicon Regular patterns for creating new words Brass > brassy Chalk > chalky Need > needy /Noun/ + /i/ > [Adjective] /brass/ is a root morpheme
![Page 10: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Affixes /-i/ is an affix
Suffix, prefix, or infix? /-i/ is a suffix /un-/, as in ‘undress’, is a prefix Infixes attach inside a word. For example, in Tagalog [sulat]
(wrote) becomes [sumulat] (one who wrote). An affix can attach to a root or a stem (a root with
one or more affixes) Derivational affix – creates a new word of related
meaning, can change the lexical category of the root or stem.
Inflectional affix – does not change meaning or lexical category of word; has grammatical function (e.g. plural /-s/, past tense /-ed/)
![Page 11: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Organization in the Lexicon One lexical entry per morpheme
Advantages: economy, novel forms will also follow the same pattern
E.g. This is a wug. These are two _____. (Berko, 1958)
Lexicon ( 4 morphemes)
Words produced (6)
/cat/ [cat], [cats]
/dog/ [dog], [dogs]
/lake/ [lake], [lakes]
/-s/
![Page 12: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Summary TableRoots Affixes
Belong to a lexical category Specified for lexical category that they can combine with
Can appear by themselves (free morphemes)
Cannot appear by themselves (bound morphemes)
Derivational or inflectional
Can attach at the beginning, end or inside a word
They are productive (they can attach to a large subset of morphemes to create new words)
![Page 13: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Exercise 1
Count the number of root sand affixes in the words: crank, cranky, less, tasteless. Provide rationale.
![Page 14: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Exercise 2 Should /-un/ be analyzed as one morpheme or
two morphemes (/-un/1 and /-un/2)? Undress Unusable Unspeakable Untie
![Page 15: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Structure of derived words
governmental
![Page 16: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Structure of derived words
[Adj] [N]
root [V]
govern -ment -al
![Page 17: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Structure of derived words
reinterpretation
![Page 18: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Structure of derived words
[N]
[V] [V]
re- interpret -ation
[[re [interpret]V ] V ation] N
![Page 19: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Structure of derived words
[N]
[V]
re- interpret -ation
If the morpheme /ation/ attaches to the noun first, the result is a noun .The affix /re/ only attaches to verbs and means to perform an action again. The derivation cannot go further, the derivation fails.
![Page 20: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Ambiguous Derivations Uncomfortably
[[un [[comfort]N abl]A] A ly] Adv
[un [[[comfort]N abl] A ly] Adv ] Adv
![Page 21: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Morphological analysis Identify affixes
From groups by lexical category or grammatical from
Look within a group for repeating segments (affixes)
Look across groups for non-alternating segments Solve for underlying form of allomorphs, if any
Follow steps for phonological analysis
![Page 22: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Exercise 3 Kujamaat Jóola
Identify all affixes and allomorphs, if any.
Singular N Plural N English
kɔ:l wɔ:l bone
kaƞag uƞag fin
kəsinsiƞ usinsiƞ basket
kapɔt upɔt pot
kajata ujata frog
kasankɛn usankɛn language
![Page 23: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Exercise 3 Look within
Singular N Plural N English
kɔ:l wɔ:l bone
kaƞag uƞag fin
kəsinsiƞ usinsiƞ basket
kapɔt upɔt pot
kajata ujata frog
kasankɛn usankɛn language
![Page 24: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Exercise 3 Look accross
Singular N Plural N English
kɔ:l wɔ:l bone
kaƞag uƞag fin
kəsinsiƞ usinsiƞ basket
kapɔt upɔt pot
kajata ujata frog
kasankɛn usankɛn language
![Page 25: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Exercise 3 Kujamaat Jóola Allomorphs of the singular morpheme: [k-],
[ka-], [kə-] Allomorphs of the plural morpheme: [w-], [u-]
![Page 26: An Introduction to Morphology](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052505/5555d623d8b42a711f8b4c7c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Thank you! Leave a comment if you have any questions
or would like additional exercises