An Introduction to Cardiotocography – “CTG”

Max Brinsmead MB BS PhDMay 2015

A Normal Antenatal CTG

Features of a CTG

• Baseline• Short term variability• Accelerations• Decelerations• Response to stimuli

• Contractions• Fetal movements• Other

Baseline Fetal Heart Rate

• 110 to 150 bpm at term• Faster in early pregnancy• Below 100 = baseline bradycardia• Below 80 = severe bradycardia• Tachycardia common with maternal fever• Tachycardia with reduced STV = early

hypoxia• Look for a rising baseline

Accelerations

• Must be >15 bpm and >15 sec above baseline• Should be >2 per 15 min period• Always reassuring when present• May not occur when fetus is “sleeping”• Should occur in response to fetal movements or fetal

stimulation• Non reactive periods usually do not exceed 45 min

• (>90 min and no accelerations is worrying)

Short Term Variability(or Beat to Beat Variability with a Scalp Clip)

• Should be >5 bpm• The most important feature of any CTG• Is a reflection of competing acceleratory and

decelerating CNS influences on the fetal heart• And therefore represents the best measure of CNS

oxygenation• Will be affected by drugs• Will be reduced in the pre term fetus

Decelerations

• Early: mirrors the contraction• Typically occurs as the head enters the pelvis and is

compressed, i.e. it is a vagal response

• Late: Follows every contraction and exhibits a slow return to baseline

• Is quite rare but is the response of a hypoxic myocardium

• Variable: Show no relationship to contractions• Mild • Moderate• Severe

• In practice many “decels” or “dips” are MIXED

An Abnormal Antenatal CTG

An Abnormal Antenatal CTG cont’d

Abnormal CTG Features

• Reduced STV• No accelerations• Decelerations after

most contractions with a slow return to baseline

In Practice a CTG is best regarded as a screening tool:

• High negative predictive value• >98% of fetuses with a normal CTG will be OK

• Poor positive predictive value• 50% of fetuses with an abnormal CTG will be hypoxic

and acidotic but 50% will be OK

• Therefore the CTG should always be interpreted in its clinical context

• And backed by fetal blood sampling PRN

Non Reassuring Features of a CTG

• Baseline <110>100 or >160<180• STV <5 for >40 min but <90 min• Early decelerations• Variable decelerations• A single prolonged deceleration up to 3 min

A CTG is abnormal when:

• Baseline is <100 or >180 bpm• STV is <5 for >90 min• Late decelerations are repeated• Atypical variable decelerations occur• Two prolonged decelerations for >3 min occur• Sinusoidal pattern >10 min

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