An Introduction to Biometrics

Atheeb Ur Rahman4MH08EC005

Contents

• Introduction• Biometric systems• Overview of biometric systems• Biometric system performance• Limitations of unimodal biometric systems• Multimodal biometric systems• A technology example: voice identification• Conclusions and future works• References

Introduction

• What is biometrics?• Biometric identifiers• physiological and behavioral identifiers• Systems security, secure electronic banking,

mobile phones, credit cards, secure access to buildings, health and social services

• "who she/he is“ versus "what she/he has“ or "what she/he knows"

Biometric systems

Biometric systems

• Pattern-recognition system• Feature vector database• Physiological: reliable, Behavioral: easier• Verification and identification

A simple biometric system

Performance metrices

• Universality• Distinctiveness• Permanence• Collectability• Performance• Acceptability• Circumvention

Overview of biometric systems

Gait

• Newer, very distinctive• Low security applications• Behavioral, doesn’t stay constant• Computationally expensive

Infrared thermogram

• Radiated heat• Infrared camera• Noninvasive• Background noise• Price of IR sensors• Covert applications

Keystroke recognition

• Typing is characteristic• Less distinctive• Unobtrusive monitoring• Behavioral

Hand geometry recognition

• Dimensions of fingers and the location of joints, shape and size of palm.

• Easy to use and inexpensive, accurate

• Not distinctive, no large populations

Fingerprint recognition

• Pattern of ridges and furrows located on the tip of each finger

• Compact sensors provide digital images

• Affordable• Laptop computers

Face recognition

• Very common• Static and dynamic• Spatial repationships• Canonical faces

DNA

• Most reliable• Contamination and

sensitivity• Matching requires

complex chemical methods involving expert's skills

• Privacy issues • Forensic applications

Comparison of various biometric technologies

Biometric System Performance

• Different positioning on the acquiring sensor• Imperfect imaging conditions• Deformations and changes• Score S and threshold T• Imposter distribution and genuine distribution• FNMR and FMR• Receiver Operating Characteristic ROC• FTC and FTE

Biometric system error rates

Receiver operating characteristics

Limitations of unimodal biometric systems

• Use only one physiological or behavioral trait for recognition

• Noise in sensed data• Intra-class variations• Distinctiveness• Non-universality• Spoof attacks

Multimodal Biometric Systems

• Different types of biometrics are captured• Integration of two or more types of biometric

recognition• Stringent performance requirements• Multiple sensors• Multiple biometrics• Multiple units of the same biometric• Multiple snapshots of the same biometric• Multiple representations and matching algorithms

for the same biometric

A technology example: voice identification

• Speaking by characteristics of voices of people• Speaker recognition and speech recognition• Acoustic patterns reflect both anatomy and

learned behavioral patterns• Behavioral biometric

A voice recognition system

Conclusions and future works

• Automatic recognition of a person based on her behavioral and/or physiological characteristics

• Business applications • Cost and accuracy• It is certain that biometric-based recognition

will have a great influence on the way we conduct our daily business in near future

References

• An Introduction to Biometric Recognition, IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems For Video Technology, January 2004, Anil K. Jain, Fellow, IEEE, Arun Ross, Member, IEEE, and Salil Prabhakar, Member, IEEE.

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_recognition, “Speaker recognition”

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrics, “Biometrics”