Unit Overview – pages 472-473 Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Viruses and Bacteria Viruses.
An Intro to Organic Pesticides— Viruses and Other Products for ...
Transcript of An Intro to Organic Pesticides— Viruses and Other Products for ...
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Jackson County Extension Service
An Intro to Organic Pesticides—
Viruses and Other Products
for Organic Pest Control
Rick Hilton
Research Entomologist
Southern Oregon Research & Extension Center
February 7, 2011Organic Pesticide Seminar
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B.t. products
Virus products
Spinosad
(biological
by-product)
Neem
derived
products
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Types of Materials Used for
Organic Insect and Mite Control
•Inorganic
•Botanicals
•Biopesticides
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Inorganic Chemicals Used for
Organic Insect and Mite Control
(always check for organic approval)
•mineral oil
•sulfur
•kaolin clay (Surround)
•diatomaceous earth
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Botanically-derived Insecticides
(always check for organic approval)
•pyrethrum (e.g. Pyganic)
•neem-based products (e.g. Aza-direct)
•vegetable oils
•essential oils
•others: rotenone, ryania, sabadilla, nicotine
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Biopesticides
(always check for organic approval)
•virus (for CM and CEW)
•bacteria (e.g. B.t.)
•fungi (e.g. Beauvaria bassiana)
•nematodes (var. species)
•organic by-product (e.g. spinosad)
Note: correct environmental conditions may determine efficacy.
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Neem
Crude or
Clarified?
Other
limonoids?
?Neem
OilAzadirachtin
―What’s In A Neem?‖
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Neem plantation (Australia)
NEEM
Seed harvest (India)
Fruit & leaves
Neem tree
(India)
(Azadirachta indica)
Seeds
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Processing of Neem Seeds
Neem seed kernels
Crude neem oil
Neem seed
solids
Clarified neem oil(Fungicide & acaricide)
Cooking oil, soaps, cosmetics,
lubricants, herbal remedies, etc.
Press
Solvent extraction
Azadirachtin(Insecticide & antifeedant)
Neem cake(Nematicide & soil amendment)
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AZADIRACHTIN:
Botanical Insect Growth Regulator
OH
OH
OH
HO
O
H
HO
OH
20-hydroxy-ecdysone
(Insect molting hormone)
Normal locust
Azadirachtin-treated
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AZADIRACHTIN:
Repellant/Feeding Deterrent
10 ppm 15 ppm 20 ppm Control
Deterrence of Japanese Beetle feeding on Roses
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0
10
20
30
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Age of female (days)
Control
1 ppm
2 ppm
Exposure of leafminer (Liriomyza sp.) larvae in chrysanthemums to azadirachtin
via soil drench resulted in lower fecundity of surviving adult females
(Parkman & Pienkowski, 1990. J. Econ. Entomol. 83: 1246-1249)
AZADIRACHTIN:
Effects on Insect Reproduction
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0
20
40
60
80
100
Insecticidal
soap 2%
Untreated
ControlAzadirachtin 60 ppm
Alone + 1% oil
Leaf surface treated:
Upper
Lower
Translaminar Translocation of Azadirachtin:
Greenhouse whitefly nymphs on cucumber seedlings
Nymphs and pupal
exuviae counted on
lower leaf surface
10 days after
treatment.
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Clarified Neem Oil:
A Novel Pesticide
Little or no azadirachtin
Broad spectrum
Fungicide
Miticide
Insecticide
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0
10
20
30
40
50
7 DAT
14 DAT
21 DAT
Single application to 18-node cotton on 6 July.
Tractor-towed CO2sprayer at 20 GPA and 40 PSI with 5 nozzles per row
Spider mite population had crashed by 28 DAT in Untreated Controls.
Only pre-crash counts are shown here.
Control of Spider Mites on Cotton in California (2000)Investigator: L. Godfrey, Univ. California - Davis
Location: Fresno County, California
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Modified from de Maagd et al., Trends in Genetics (2001)
The Mode of Action of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)
Crystal
dissolves in
alkaline
midgut
Protoxin
“Activation”
by digestive
enzymes Activated
δ-endotoxin
(Cry toxin)
binds to
midgut
ReceptorReceptorMidgut cell
membrane
Toxin inserts
into cell
membrane,
opening a pore
Pore
pH 10
Bt crystals &
spores
ingested by
larva
Gut paralysis (stops feeding)
& infection by spores
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Insects Controlled by Different Strains of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)
Btk: Kurstaki strain (Biobit, Deliver, Dipel, MVP, Steward, Thuricide, etc.)
Effects Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterfies) larvae (aka caterpillars)
Vegetable insects
Field and forage crop insects
Fruit crop insects
Tree and shrub insects
Bti: Israelensis strains (Vectobac, Mosquito Dunks, Gnatrol, Bactimos, etc.)
Effects Diptera (Fly) larvae
Mosquitos
Black flies
Fungus gnats
Btt: Tenebrionis/San diego strains (Trident, M-One, M-Trak, Foil, Novodor, etc.)
Effects Coleoptera (Beetle) larvae
Colorado potato beetle
Elm leaf beetle
Cottonwood leaf beetle
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Insects Controlled by Btk
Btk: Kurstaki strain (Biobit, Deliver, Dipel, MVP, Steward, Thuricide, etc.)
Vegetable insects
Cabbage worms (cabbage looper, imported cabbageworm, diamondback moth)
Tomato and tobacco hornworms
Field and forage crop insects
European corn borer
Alfalfa caterpillar, alfalfa webworm
Fruit crop insects
Leafrollers
Tree and shrub insects
Gypsy moth
Tent caterpillar
Fall webworm
Leafrollers
Red-humped caterpillar
Western spruce budworm
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• `
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Active ingredient:
Codling moth granulosis virus
• Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV)
• Natural pathogen of codling mothOcclusion
body (OB)
Nucleocapsid
Granulin
protein
Glycoprotein
envelope
Viral
DNA
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• Virus is produced in mass-reared codling moth larvae
• Formulated as aqueous suspension concentrate
• Highly specific to codling moth
• No effect on beneficials, wildlife, livestock, or users
• Listed by OMRI and NOP for use in organic production
• Registration in all major apple & pear producing states
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CpGV
infected
larva
• Virus must be ingested by larvae to cause
infection
• Once in gut, virus penetrates cells and begins
to replicate
• LD50 is 1 or 2 virus particles per larva(Cyd-X contains about One Trillion per ounce!)
• Modes of transmission:- Horizontal: Infected larva dies, releasing new
virus that can infect other larvae
− Vertical: Female that survives a sublethal
infection as a larva can be pass virus on to her
offspring
− Latent infection: Virus lies “dormant” in host,
until stress causes outbreak (e.g. overwintering)
Biology & Mode of Action of CpGV
Fat body of healthy larva
Fat body infected with CpGV
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Methods to improve CpGV
• Pear ester (larval kairomone)
• Feeding stimulants
• Solar protectants
– Lignin-WP formulation
– Adjuvants
– Particle films
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Improving the activity of the granulovirus of the codling moth with larval attractants and sunlight screens
Steven Arthurs1, Lerry Lacey1
CollaboratorsAlan Knight1, Bob Behle2, Rick Hilton3
1USDA-ARS, Wapato, WA 2USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, IL3SOREC, OSU
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CpGV and MD is effective
1Cyd-X applied at 2 or 3 fl. oz. and 100 gal./ A
Table 1. Fruit injury and codling moth populations in 3A organic ‘Golden Delicious’ treated with CpGV and MD (Parker Heights, WA)
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Pear ester: Spraying CpGV/PE-MEC formulation
• Orchard tests in apple and pear in 2005 and 2006
• CpGV + PE-MEC (applied at 1.5 – 4.7 g a.i./ha) sprayed every 7-14 days
• Randomized blocks, 1-20 tree plots, 4-10 replicates
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• Apple
– Moderate reduction in fruit injury in ‘Golden Delicious’ in second generation versus CpGV alone (2005)
– No effect in first larval generation in ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Delicious’, ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ (2005, 2006)
– No consistent effect in greenhouse studies (2005)
• Bartlett pear
– Moderate reduction in fruit injury at harvest (2005)
– Moderate increase in larval mortality and shallow entries in infested fruit (2006)
Pear ester: Results with CpGV/PE-MEC formulation
J. Econ. Ent. submitted
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Feeding stimulants to improve CpGV
• Leaf disc bioassay
– MSG, L-aspartic acid, Pheast and Bioenhancer
– Results. No significant benefits found; 2hr and 24 hr exposure tests; 5 reps of 20 larvae
• Orchard tests ‘Golden Delicious’
– Pheast and Bioenhancer
– Results. No significant benefits; 10 single tree reps
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Solar protectants for CpGV
Spray-dried lignin-based formulations
Spray adjuvants
Particle films
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Solar simulator and half apple system used to
bioassay CpGV formulations
Apples were sprayed with CpGV suspensions in a DeVries spray cabinet
Solar protectants. Laboratory method for evaluation
J. Invert. Pathol. 90 (2005),
85-90.
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Solar protectants. Results (2005)
J. Invertebr. Pathol. 93 (2006),
88-95
Lignin-encapsulated CpGV formulations worked well in laboratory tests at high dosages but not in initial orchard tests (rate dilution effect)
‘NuFilm17’, ‘Biolink’, ‘Raynox’ and ‘Trilogy’ at field rates not effective adjuvants for CpGV in laboratory assays
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Solar protectants. Results (2006)
Table 3. Laboratory evaluation of a particle film adjuvant for UV protection (Surround®WP).
Data based on 30 irradiated fruit each infested with 4 neonate CM
(6 replicates of 5 fruit/treatment)
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Gemstar for CEW Control—2010 Results (SOREC)
Applications made with Stihl backpack mist blower calibrated @ 45 gpa
Material was applied at 4 oz per acre; initial application was made on 9/1
and the final application was made on 9/20; corn was harvested on 9/23.
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Two Projects—Related to controlling codling moth in the small-scale or
backyard orchard
S.O.F.T.
And
U.A.P.T.O.P.
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Pheromone Mating Disruption
vs. Organophosphate Use
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
91929394959697 98990001020304050607
Ac.
eq
uiv
ale
nts
treate
d w
/ O
Ps
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Ac.
treate
d
w/
CM
MD
OPs CMMD
Growers are moving from toxic insecticides
to alternative control methods
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From the
large-scale
commercial orchard
to the
small-scale
home orchard
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From the
large-scale
commercial orchard
to the
small-scale
home orchard
m o v e m e n t
Pe
st
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Jackson County has an ordinance regarding pests designed to protect commercial growers from unmanaged fruit trees.
Jackson County ordinance JCC 2002-21—requires that all pests on fruit trees be controlled to prevent spread to commercial orchards. If pests are not controlled, the County can spray or remove trees at the owner’s expense.
Local Pest Control Ordinances
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S.O.F.T. Management Program:
(Selective Organic Fruit Tree Mgmt. Program)
A multi-tactic approach to managing codling moth combining three selective (and organic) methods—
Entomapathic nematodes applied in fall or springto attack overwintering codling moth larvae
Codling moth virus applied at key times during the summer (2-3 sprays per generation)
Clear traps baited with combo lures and conc. vinegar (30% acetic acid) which are especially attractive to the female codling moth
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S.O.F.T. Management Program:
(Selective Organic Fruit Tree Mgmt. Program)
A multi-tactic approach to managing codling moth combining three selective (and organic) methods—
Entomapathic nematodes applied in fall or springto attack overwintering codling moth larvae
Codling moth virus applied at key times during the summer (2-3 sprays per generation)
Clear traps baited with combo lures and conc. vinegar (30% acetic acid) which are attractive to the female codling moth
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2009 SOFT evaluation: type of fruit injury
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2009 SOFT evaluation: type of fruit injury
Note: Cyd-X codling moth virus is now in small package sizes suitable
for use in backyard orchards—available on the web and at local outlets
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Joint grant between the OSU-Southern Oregon
Research & Extension Center in Jackson
County and the UC Extension Service in
Lake County CA
UAPTOP
Unmanaged Apple & Pear
Tree Outreach Program
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UAPTOP
Unmanaged Apple & Pear
Tree Outreach Program
•Identify and map source trees within a
¼ mile of commercial pear orchards
•Educate and increase public awareness
•Encourage removal or management of
problem apple and pear trees
•Web based tool created to identify whether
a property is in a critical area near a
commercial pear orchard
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UAPTOP
Unmanaged Apple & Pear
Tree Outreach Program
Web Addresses
OSU-SOREC Jackson Co. website:
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/sorec/uaptop
UCCE website with risk assessment tool:
http://arcgis.uckac.edu/pear/home.aspx
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Organic Codling Moth Materials
•Cyd-X—a virus which only attacks
codling moth
•Entrust—spinosad, a chemical
produced by a soil-dwelling
bacteria which affects the
nicotinic nerve receptors
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European earwig adults
male ♂
female ♀
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Earwig Traps
ridiculously simple
and they work!
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0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Nu
mb
er
of
Earw
igs p
er
Tra
p
Date Traps Removed
Earwig Densities in Traps--Entrust applied on 6/18/07
Check
Entrust
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June 16-July 7 July 7-24
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Cyd-X (virus) Entrust (spinosad)
Effects on Earwigs—Materials Applied on 7/8/08
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0 5 10 15
Check
Full Rate
10% Rate
Days after treatment
Laboratory Bioassays on European Earwig
Effect of Success/spinosad on earwig nymphs:
% mortality up to 14 days after treatment
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Laboratory Bioassays on European Earwig
Effect on the fecundity of treated female earwigs:
# of nymphs produced per surviving female
Check Intrepid Success Novaluron
Bioassay conducted in 2004-05
0
25
50
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Seduce® INSECT BAIT from CERTIS
Active Ingredient: By Weight
Spinosad (a mixture of spinosyn A and spinosyn D). 0.07%
-Read the Label First!
Seduce Insect Bait® is a soil-applied granular insecticidal bait containing the active
ingredient spinosad that attracts and kills insects, including earwigs and cutworms in
commercial agricultural crops, ornamentals, herbs, and seed crops.
Seduce Insect Bait® contains spinosad derived from naturally occurring soil dwelling
bacterium in a patented granular formulation that requires no mixing, spraying, or
special applicators. The highly compressed easy-to-apply granules can be effective
up to four (4) weeks.
HOW TO APPLY: Spread the bait on the soil around or near the plants to be
protected. Use 20 – 44 lbs per acre (0.5 – 1 lb per 1000 sq ft)
PESTS CONTROLLED: earwigs, cutworms
Net contents: 50 lbs OMRI Listed
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The Problem of Pesticide Resistance:
• Resistance occurs when the same pesticide is
used repeatedly and is most likely to occur
when the entire population is treated or
when the treated population is isolated
• Resistance to the virus has already occurred
in some European organic orchards
• Using multiple tactics is strongly advised
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New Invasive Pests
Drosophila suzukii
Spotted Wing Drosophila
Asiatic Fruit Fly
Cherry Vinegar Fly
And
Halyomorpha halys
Brown Marmorated Stink bug
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New Invasive Pest
Drosophila suzukii
Spotted Wing Drosophila
Asiatic Fruit Fly
Cherry Vinegar Fly
Attacks: cherries, caneberries,
(also blueberries, strawberries,
peaches, grapes, tomatoes,
and more…)
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Spotted Wing Drosophila
Drosophila suzukii
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•first found in
California in the
fall of 2008
•first found in
Oregon in June
of 2009
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•first found in
California in the
fall of 2008
•first found in
Oregon in June
of 2009
found in
Josephine
County
in 2010
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http://swd.hort.oregonstate.edu
In 2010
Areawide trapping
and fruit sampling
for Spotted Wing
Drosophila was
done in southern
Oregon, the Mid-
Columbia region,
and throughout the
Willamette Valley.
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New Invasive Pest
Brown MarmoratedStink Bug
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NEW INVASIVE PEST— Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Halyomorpha halys
•Asian species first found in US in Pennsylvaniain 1996 and positively identified in 2000
•Found in Portland in 2004
•Currently established in 15 states and specimensfound in 14 others
•Until this fall only thought to be established inOregon in the Portland Metro area though a fewspecimens had been found in Salem and Sandy
Smoothshoulder
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NEW INVASIVE PEST — Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Halyomorpha halys
Following an ODA survey done this fall, BMSB isnow considered to be established in:
Smoothshoulder
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NEW INVASIVE PEST — Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Halyomorpha halys
Following an ODA survey done this fall, BMSB isnow considered to be established in:
•Aurora•McMinnville•Salem•the Portland metro area—•west to Hillsboro•south to Tualatin•and east to Sandy
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NEW INVASIVE PEST — Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Halyomorpha halys
BMSB is a serious agricultural pest in Asiaand attacks a wide array of crops:
•tree fruit (peaches, apples, asian pears)•peppers•tomatoes•corn•berries•grapes•soybeans•melons etc.
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NEW INVASIVE PEST — Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Halyomorpha halys
This past summer BMSB caused significant fruit injuryin commercial apple and peach orchards in themid-Atlantic states of Pennsylvania, Maryland andWest Virginia.
Peaches
ApplesTomatoes
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NEW INVASIVE PEST — Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Halyomorpha halys
BMSB is known to feed on over 80 species of plants
BMSB will invade homes in the fall like box elder bugsand multi-colored Asian lady beetles
No damage in commercial agriculture due to BMSBhas been reported in Oregon to date
But some home gardeners have reported extensivedamage to beans, cucumbers, raspberriesand ornamentals
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NEW INVASIVE PEST — Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Halyomorpha halys
BMSB is known to feed on over 80 species of plants
BMSB will invade homes in the fall like box elder bugsand multi-colored Asian lady beetles
No damage in commercial agriculture due to BMSBhas been reported in Oregon to date
But some home gardeners have reported extensivedamage to beans, cucumbers, raspberriesand ornamentals
Note: stink bug pests can be very difficult to manage
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Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Halyomorpha halys
Identifying the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Smoothshoulder
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Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Rough Stink Bug—native predator
Halyomorpha halys Brochymena quadripustulata
Identifying the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Smoothshoulder
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Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Halyomorpha halys Brochymena quadripustulata
Identifying the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Antennaewith bands
Smoothshoulder
Rough Stink Bug—native predator
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Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Halyomorpha halys Brochymena quadripustulata
Identifying the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Antennaewith bands
Straitsmooth
shoulder
Rough Stink Bug—native predator
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Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Halyomorpha halys Brochymena quadripustulata
Identifying the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Antennaewith bands
Notchedtoothedshoulder
Rough Stink Bug—native predator
Straitsmooth
shoulder
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Male or Female?
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Male
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Any
Questions?