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An International Comparative Study of the Barriers to Parents Choosing to

Home Educate Their Children

Brian D. Ray

February 13, 2016

Paper presented at the Global Home Education Conference, March 9-12, 2016,

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Header: Barriers

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify, understand, and compare the barriers to parents –

in nations around the globe – choosing to home educate their children and to propose solutions

for removing such barriers. Much research explores the reasons for homeschooling but little

examines the obstacles or hindrances to parents beginning home education. Parents in nations

from Europe, South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North America provide answers to

what hurdles inhibit them from making homeschooling their educational choice. Their answers

WORKING DRAFT

DO NOT QUOTE WITHOUT PERMISSION

Reviewers: I am thankful to the reviewers who

were provided by the GHEC organizers. Their

input was thoughtful and in-depth and I am

continuing to incorporate most of their

suggestions into this manuscript as I have time

to do so.

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are explored from the perspective of what parents might learn from others and how homeschool

leaders and policymakers can make home education more attractive and feasible to more families

around the word. Analysis suggests that strongest barriers to homeschooling (among seven

categories investigated) have much to do with the opinions or actions of various persons or

groups.

Keywords: homeschooling, home education, barriers, international

Review of Related Literature and Theoretical Framework

Home-based education was the norm around the world for thousands of years and up

until relatively recently, about 125 years ago. Although it quickly became nearly extinct in many

nations by the 1970s, it has experienced a rapid and remarkable renascence. That rebirth and

attendant large numbers of practitioners, however, has been limited to only a few nations. For

example, with about 2.2 million school-age children being home educated in the United States

and this representing up to 4% of the K-12 grades population (Ray, 2015b), this far exceeds

absolute numbers and percentages of families practicing home-based education in almost all

other nations, including Canada that has many socio-cultural similarities to America.

Many scholars have studied and analyzed the reasons that parents give for homeschooling

their children. This has been done in nations ranging from Australia (Barratt-Peacock, 1997) to

Canada (Arai, 2000) to the United Kingdom (Meighan, 1995) to the United States (e.g., Ray,

2004, 2015a). While the understanding of parents’ and adolescents’ motivations for home

education is rich and growing, there is still scant research on what might be stopping or

inhibiting parents from choosing to homeschool.

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A few scholars have directly or indirectly discussed certain barriers to parents

homeschooling. Arai (of Canada, 2000) mentions “barriers” to home educating but does not dig

into the topic. Likewise, Klenk (of the United States, 2010) alludes to barriers but does not

investigate them. Després (of Canada, 2013) takes a theoretical look at educational systemic

resistance to homeschooling but his is not an exploration of parents’ views. Merry and Karsten

(both of whom live in the Netherlands, 2010) theoretically discuss the restriction of parents’

rights to homeschool and overly restrictive law as an inhibition to home education. Rozon (2001)

discusses, largely in a theoretical sense, how the institutional school system of Canada inhibits

self-determination for Aboriginal people and inhibits home-based education. Brynard (2007)

lightly touched upon some hindrances to homeschooling in South Africa. Looking at Norway,

Beck (2015) considered social segregation as a reason some people, or segments of society,

might not want parents homeschooling. That is, “… some postmodern home educating

communities of shared religious values may actually present as a threat to social integration” (p.

96). Others who discuss barriers, in one form or another, are Fields-Smith and Kisura (2013) and

Knowles (1988).

In addition, plenty of academics have discussed how various laws do or should control or

regulate homeschooling and how laws are a barrier to parents choosing to homeschool (Farris,

2013). Bhatt (2014) empirically examined the way that state legislation has influenced the

likelihood of families homeschooling. She found “… that homeschool rights [i.e., legislation that

recognizes the right to homeschool] have a large, positive impact on the likelihood of

homeschooling (among young children), and that substitution toward homeschooling reduces the

probability of attending both public and private schools” [page to be determined]. Along these

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lines, Houston and Toma (2003) found that stricter state regulations decrease homeschool

enrollment.

There is much research on reasons why parents homeschool. There are several scholarly

papers on theoretical aspects of what might inhibit families from choosing to homeschool. There

is, however, little or no research on what parents think are the barriers to them choosing to home

educate their children, and there is no international comparative research on this (to the best of

my knowledge). An international survey that focuses on parents’ own perspectives regarding

what has or does interfere with them homeschooling their children will shed much light on the

subject.

Purpose

Much research has been done on why parents homeschool their children. Based on the

research of many and my experience, reasons that parents have for home educating are fairly

consistent across many demographics and in nations globally. Educators who think that home-

based education offers many pedagogical advantages for children compared to institutional

classroom schooling, advocates of home education, philosophers and social scientists who think

that educational diversity within a nation or community is healthy for liberty-honoring and

democratic nations, and parents who home educate or are considering homeschooling will all be

interested in what parents say are the barriers to them or other parents choosing to practice home-

based education. Knowledge and understanding of such obstacles will assist all of these groups

in meeting their objectives for the best education of children and stronger communities and

nations. The purpose of this study is to identify, understand, and compare the barriers to parents,

in nations across the globe, choosing to home educate their children and to propose solutions to

removing such barriers.

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Hypotheses

It is hypothesized that a survey such as this of potential and current home educating

parents will reveal what they know or perceive to be barriers to them or other parents choosing to

homeschool their children. The findings will allow for international comparisons.

Second, a quantitative study on this topic will reveal empirical evidence and engender

understanding that will assist many stakeholders, such as policy makers, potential homeschool

parents, homeschool advocacy organizations, home educating practitioners, researchers, and

theoreticians.

Based on past research, some of the variables that might relate to barriers to parents

choosing home education will be as follows:

1. legal aspects,

2. support systems for home education,

3. opinions or actions of various persons or groups,

4. personal experiences,

5. costs and resources,

6. concerns regarding my children, and

7. parents’ personal views or resources.

Methods

This project employs quantitative methods using a survey instrument. The survey is

comprised of 106 items. Most of them are five-point Likert-type items, with Strongly Disagree to

Strongly Agree as the response options.

The sources of data will be parents who are currently home educating their children and

parents who are considering homeschooling their children. The target population of subjects will

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focus on nations from Europe, South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North America.

Purposive, stratified sampling will be used. Subjects will be largely identified via home

education organizations and contacts in the several nations.

Online survey services and software are used to post the instrument and collect data from

the subjects. Data analyses are all done using SPSS (version 22) statistical software.

The sample size of this study is 1,132 participants (n=1132). It is likely that the sample

size will grow before publication of this research project.

Standard methods that follow institutional review board criteria are used. All

participation is confirmed voluntary and all responses are anonymous and confidential and not

personally identifiable.

The survey instrument (questionnaire), comprised of 106 items, is provided in Appendix

A. It is divided into several sections.

Limitations and Delimitations

A few limitations and delimitations should be noted. First, it will be assumed that parents

are honest in their responses. There will be a disproportionate sampling of English-speaking

subjects because the researcher is English-speaking and will likely not have the resources to

construct and administer the survey in more than one other language. A solid attempt will be

made to include a representative sample of parents who homeschool or who are considering

home education but there will be no way to randomly sample from all parents in any given

nation. This is a common challenge in all research on homeschooling parents or those interested

in home education. Finally, the study will not be able to gather data from subjects in all nations.

Findings

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First, general demographics and other descriptive statistics about the participants are

provided in this section.

Table 1.

Are You a Parent of at Least One School-Age or Preschool-Age Child?

Are you a parent of at least one school-age or preschool-age child?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 1071 94.6 94.8 94.8

No 59 5.2 5.2 100.0

Total 1130 99.8 100.0

Missing System 2 .2

Total 1132 100.0

Table 2.

Are You Currently Homeschooling at Least One School-Age Child?

Are you currently homeschooling at least one school-age child?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 982 86.7 87.3 87.3

No 143 12.6 12.7 100.0

Total 1125 99.4 100.0

Missing System 7 .6

Total 1132 100.0

Table 3 presents the sample size from each country. The author hopes to build the sample size to

at least 10 for each nation; if not, that nation will likely not be included in the final analysis.

Table 3.

Country of Participants

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In what country do you live?


Valid Australia 24 2.1 2.1

Austria 17 1.5 1.5

Bahamas 9 .8 .8

Belgium 2 .2 .2

Bulgaria 4 .4 .4

Canada 16 1.4 1.4

Chile 1 .1 .1

Colombia 35 3.1 3.1

Costa Rica 1 .1 .1

Czech Republic 1 .1 .1

Denmark 10 .9 .9

Ecuador 7 .6 .6

France 1 .1 .1

Germany 14 1.2 1.2

Hong Kong 4 .4 .4

Hungary 13 1.1 1.2

Ireland 33 2.9 2.9

Italy 1 .1 .1

Kenya 1 .1 .1

Latvia 14 1.2 1.2

Malaysia 30 2.7 2.7

Mexico 17 1.5 1.5

New Zealand 99 8.7 8.8

Philippines 2 .2 .2

Poland 12 1.1 1.1

Portugal 9 .8 .8

Romania 6 .5 .5

Russia 14 1.2 1.2

Scotland 24 2.1 2.1

Slovakia 8 .7 .7

South Africa 223 19.7 19.7

Spain 7 .6 .6

Switzerland 1 .1 .1

Taiwan 22 1.9 1.9

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Thailand 3 .3 .3

Uganda 4 .4 .4

Ukraine 1 .1 .1

United Arab Emirates (UAE) 1 .1 .1

United Kingdom 116 10.2 10.3

United States 314 27.7 27.8

Other, none of the above 9 .8 .8

Total 1130 99.8 100.0

Missing System 2 .2

Total 1132 100.0

Table 4.

If Another Country, Name

If you answered other in the preceding question, what is the name of your country?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid

1123 99.2 99.2 99.2

Bahrain 1 .1 .1 99.3

Cayman Islands 2 .2 .2 99.5

Taiwan 1 .1 .1 99.6

Tanzania 1 .1 .1 99.6

Travel 1 .1 .1 99.7

Wales 1 .1 .1 99.8

Zimbabwe 2 .2 .2 100.0

Total 1132 100.0 100.0

Table 5.

Citizen or National?

Are you a citizen/national of this country?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 1050 92.8 93.3 93.3

No 75 6.6 6.7 100.0

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Total 1125 99.4 100.0

Missing System 7 .6

Total 1132 100.0

Table 6.

Language of Survey Instrument

In what language is this survey (questionnaire) written that you are completing?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid English 1104 97.5 97.9 97.9

Spanish 14 1.2 1.2 99.1

Other (please specify below) 10 .9 .9 100.0

Total 1128 99.6 100.0

Missing System 4 .4

Total 1132 100.0

Table 7.

How Heard About Survey

How did you hear about this survey (questionnaire)?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid Came across it on the

Internet on my own 147 13.0 13.1 13.1

Homeschool organization 748 66.1 66.4 79.5

Some other education

organization 40 3.5 3.6 83.0

Other 191 16.9 17.0 100.0

Total 1126 99.5 100.0

Missing System 6 .5

Total 1132 100.0

Table 8.

Sex of Participant

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What is your gender?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid Female 1016 89.8 90.0 90.0

Male 113 10.0 10.0 100.0

Total 1129 99.7 100.0

Missing System 3 .3

Total 1132 100.0

Table 9.

Marital Status

What is your marital status?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid Married 951 84.0 84.3 84.3

Now married, but separated 13 1.1 1.2 85.5

Widowed 9 .8 .8 86.3

Divorced 38 3.4 3.4 89.6

Divorced and re-married 20 1.8 1.8 91.4

Separated 19 1.7 1.7 93.1

Never married 32 2.8 2.8 95.9

Not married, living with

significant other 46 4.1 4.1 100.0

Total 1128 99.6 100.0

Missing System 4 .4

Total 1132 100.0

Table 10.

Education Level of Participant

What is your highest formal academic attainment?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid Did not finish high school

(secondary school) 23 2.0 2.0 2.0

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Graduated from high school


Some college/university

education but did not

graduate

216 19.1 19.2 30.7

Graduated from

college/university with

associates degree

138 12.2 12.3 42.9

Graduated from


bachelors degree

403 35.6 35.8 78.8

Graduated from


masters degree

202 17.8 18.0 96.7

Graduated from


doctorate degree

37 3.3 3.3 100.0

Total 1125 99.4 100.0

Missing System 7 .6

Total 1132 100.0

Table 11.

Education Level of Participant’s Spouse or Partner

If you have a spouse or domestic partner, what is his/her highest formal academic attainment?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid Did not finish high school


Graduated from high school


Some college/university

education but did not

graduate

161 14.2 15.1 34.6

Graduated from


associates degree

129 11.4 12.1 46.8

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Graduated from


bachelors degree

313 27.7 29.4 76.2

Graduated from


masters degree

201 17.8 18.9 95.1

Graduated from


doctorate degree

52 4.6 4.9 100.0

Total 1063 93.9 100.0

Missing System 69 6.1

Total 1132 100.0

Table 12.

Household Income

What is your household income, compared to other households in your country?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid Very Low 65 5.7 5.8 5.8

Low 217 19.2 19.2 25.0

Medium (average) 596 52.7 52.7 77.7

High 235 20.8 20.8 98.5

Very High 17 1.5 1.5 100.0

Total 1130 99.8 100.0

Missing System 2 .2

Total 1132 100.0

Table 13.

Religious Preference

What is your religious preference? (Please check only one)


Cumulative

Percent

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Valid Agnostic 37 3.3 3.3 3.3

Atheist 65 5.7 5.8 9.0

Baptist 73 6.4 6.5 15.5

Buddhist 16 1.4 1.4 16.9

Catholic, Roman 61 5.4 5.4 22.3

Christian 628 55.5 55.6 77.9

Do not know 8 .7 .7 78.6

Episcopal/Anglican 9 .8 .8 79.4

Hindu 1 .1 .1 79.5

Jehovahs Witness 6 .5 .5 80.0

Jewish 12 1.1 1.1 81.1

Mormon (LDS) 15 1.3 1.3 82.4

Muslim 12 1.1 1.1 83.5

None 39 3.4 3.5 86.9

Orthodox (Christian) 9 .8 .8 87.7

Spiritual but not religious 103 9.1 9.1 96.8

Other 36 3.2 3.2 100.0

Total 1130 99.8 100.0

Missing System 2 .2

Total 1132 100.0

Barriers to Homeschooling

In this section, barriers to homeschooling are categorized as strongest, medium in

strength, and posing the least resistance. All potential barrier items are listed. Mean responses

can range from 1 (Strongly Disagree that this is a barrier to homeschooling) to 5 (Strongly Agree

that this is a barrier). No potential barrier had a mean of 4.0 or higher. Thirteen barriers had a

mean of 3.0 to 3.9, and they are presented in Table 14.

Table 14.

The Strongest Barriers to Homeschooling

Descriptive Statistics

15 Barriers

Barrier N Mean

I attended public/state schools where school practices preceded me and neither I, nor those I knew,

had experienced an alternative reality/method such as homeschooling or private schooling 1108 3.60

It is hard work to homeschool children 1118 3.54

My community’s expectations of what education/schooling should look like 1119 3.39

Public school personnel’s negative attitudes and comments toward homeschooling 1122 3.35

Professionals/experts are not supportive of homeschooling 1125 3.34

Public opinion in general 1121 3.29

Experts claiming that homeschooled children are not well socialized 1123 3.29

I attended public/state schools and they taught me to be passive about education 1108 3.28

I attended PUBLIC/state schools and self-determination in me was undermined by these schools 1108 3.26

Scholars’ and academics’ negative attitudes and comments toward homeschooling 1119 3.12

We as parents have limited financial means 1122 3.06

Public school authorities or personnel not friendly toward home education 1118 3.03

Private school personnel’s negative attitudes and comments toward homeschooling 1122 3.03

The barriers in Table 15 had medium-strength means of 2.0 to 2.99.

Table 15.

Barriers to Homeschooling of Medium Relative Strength

Barrier N Mean

PUBLIC school authorities or personnel explicitly antagonistic toward homeschoolers 1119 2.97

University/college policies are not friendly to homeschool graduates 1118 2.96

Opinions or writings of scholars (e g , university professors, think tanks) 1114 2.93

My community’s expectations of parents 1117 2.93

Public opinion that homeschooling will harm social unity in my country 1116 2.90

Homeschooling is legal but policies about homeschooling are burdensome 1118 2.89

Lack of money to pay fees for private instruction 1118 2.89

Homeschooling is legal but regulations are burdensome 1116 2.86

Uncooperative local public school authorities 1119 2.82

Lack of support specifically for a homeschool teacher/parent 1123 2.78

Homeschoolers are discriminated against in my community and/or country 1121 2.77

My neighbors are not supportive of homeschooling 1123 2.73

Financial cost of homeschooling 1119 2.67

Lack of other extended family support 1121 2.65

16 Barriers

Lack of money to purchase curriculum materials 1116 2.64

Members of private associations (other than church) to which I belong 1116 2.63

I am tired 1112 2.63

Private school authorities or personnel explicitly antagonistic toward homeschooler 1117 2.62

I attended private schools where school practices preceded me and neither I, nor those I knew, had

experienced an alternative reality/method such as homeschooling or private schooling 1076 2.59

Private school authorities or personnel not friendly toward home education 1116 2.57

Public school authorities or personnel resisting us home educating 1120 2.57

Lack of access to research on benefits of homeschooling (e g , on academic achievement, social

development, success in adulthood) 1114 2.54

Lack of a homeschool support system 1123 2.53

Lack of legal support: Legal Aspects 1115 2.47

Concern my homeschooled child cannot get a college scholarship 1119 2.45

My children’s grandparents are not supportive of homeschooling 1123 2.41

Lack of grandparent support 1119 2.40

My church members are not supportive of homeschooling 1109 2.36

I am not a trained teacher 1113 2.36

I attended private schools and they taught me to be passive about education 1081 2.35

Lack of homeschool support groups 1120 2.34

Private school authorities or personnel resisting us home educating 1116 2.34

I attended PRIVATE schools and self-determination in me was undermined by these schools 1082 2.34

My self-doubt 1122 2.31

Parents do not have time to homeschool 1119 2.28

Both parents need a full-time job 1122 2.27

I know no alternatives to PUBLIC/state schools because I was raised in them 1111 2.27

My friends are not supportive of homeschooling 1123 2.26

Public school authorities or personnel harassing our family 1120 2.25

My siblings are not supportive of homeschooling 1127 2.25

Lack of books or articles about homeschooling 1118 2.24

My child will not have access to enough sports/athletic if homeschooled 1121 2.24

My church leaders are not supportive of homeschooling 1106 2.23

My church (or religious group) does not support homeschooling 1107 2.17

I have a special needs child and do not have enough support to educate him/her 1099 2.16

Concerned I cannot offer a good academic education 1119 2.09

Biases of an ethnic or racial group to which I belong 1115 2.08

Concern about social isolation of children 1120 2.06

I know no alternatives to private classroom schools because I was raised in them 1100 2.03

My church (or religious group) is antagonistic toward homeschooling 1104 2.03

Private school authorities or personnel harassing our family 1118 2.02

17 Barriers

Homeschoolers are persecuted in my community and/or country 1122 2.01

I have a special needs child and I do not feel adequate to educate him/her 1096 2.00

Myself 1117 2.00

The barriers to homeschooling that were the weakest in the opinion of the study’s participants

are presented in Table 16. These had means of 0.0 to 1.99.

Table 16.

The Barriers Posing the Least Resistance to Participants

Barrier N Mean

Lack of curriculum in general 1120 1.99

Lack of curriculum in my own language 1123 1.97

My lack of confidence as a parent 1122 1.93

My spouse’s indifference 1105 1.89

My negative experiences with homeschool parents 1124 1.88

My lack of general knowledge about homeschooling 1121 1.85

I think I was never good at school/education subjects (e g , math, language, writing) 1118 1.84

I am lazy 1114 1.83

My inadequate understanding of how to teach and provide academic education to children 1120 1.83

My lack of philosophical commitment to alternative pedagogies/educational approaches 1119 1.81

Concern children will not have good social development 1121 1.81

My perceptions of homeschooling 1117 1.76

My negative experiences with homeschool children 1124 1.72

I am chronically ill (sick) 1114 1.72

Resistance to homeschooling from my child/children 1118 1.71

My lack of philosophical commitment to homeschooling 1119 1.65

My lack of philosophical or religious commitment to parent-led education 1115 1.63

My inadequate academic education level 1122 1.63

My spouse is not supportive of homeschooling 1107 1.54

Homeschooling is legally prohibited in my country or jurisdiction :Legal Aspects 1115 1.50

My children are not supportive of homeschooling 1124 1.49

This section is used to offer more synthetic statistics about the potential barriers to home

education. Seven scales were created and analyzed. The descriptive information about them is

presented in Table 17. The seven scales are called (a) Legal (under the section labeled “legal

18 Barriers

aspects” in the survey), (b) Support Systems (support systems for home education), (c) Opinions

Actions (opinions or actions of various persons or groups), (d) Personal Experiences (personal

experiences), (e) Costs Resources (costs and resources), (f) Concerns Children (concerns

regarding my children), and (g) Parents’ Views (parents’ personal views or resources).

Reliability (or internal consistency) of each scale was measured using Cronbach’s alpha and

values ranged from .675 to .920. These are clearly acceptable levels of reliability for this type of

research and application.

Table 17.

Education Level of Participant

Scale Name Variable Name Number of Items Cronbach’s Alpha

Legal legalscale 4 .675

Support Systems supportsystemsscale 17 .886

Opinions Actions opinionsactionsscale 15 .920

Personal Experiences personalexperiencesscale 11 .905

Costs Resources costsresourcesscale 6 .836

Concerns Children concernschildrenscale 8 .786

Parents’ Views parentsviewsscale 27 .884

Table 18 shows that a non-parametric test finds that the means of the seven scales are

significantly different from one another. The means of the seven scales – internationally and

collectively – are then listed in descending order in Table 19, with Opinions Actions (opinions or

actions of various persons or groups) being the largest (2.82) and Concerns Children (concerns

regarding my children) being the smallest (2.06).

Table 18.

Seven Scales Compared by Friedman’s Analysis of Variance

19 Barriers

Table 19.

Means of the Seven Scales – Internationally and Collectively – Listed In Descending Order


Scale Variable Name N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Opinions Actions opinionsactionsscale 1070 1.00 4.93 2.8177 .80887

Costs Resources costsresourcesscale 1112 1.00 5.00 2.6326 .93156

Personal Experiences personalexperiencesscale 1093 1.00 4.55 2.4337 .80987

Legal legalscale 1102 1.00 5.00 2.4163 .87766

Support Systems supportsystemsscale 1058 1.00 5.00 2.3402 .69133

Parents Views parentsviewsscale 1009 1.00 4.22 2.2499 .57064

Concerns Children concernschildrenscale 1080 1.00 5.00 2.0659 .71755

Valid N (listwise) 896

Now I present the mean responses, in descending order, to each item within each scale,

beginning with the scale that had the highest scores internationally, Opinions Actions (i.e., what

the participants in the study though about the opinions or actions of various persons or groups as

barriers to homeschooling) (Table 20).

Table 20.

Opinions Actions Items Means in Descending Order


Item N Minimum Maximum Mean

Std.

Deviation

20 Barriers

My community’s expectations of what education/schooling

should look like 1119 1 5 3.39 1.250

Public school personnel’s negative attitudes and comments

toward homeschooling 1122 1 5 3.35 1.274

Public opinion in general 1121 1 5 3.29 1.183

Experts claiming that homeschooled children are not well

socialized 1123 1 5 3.29 1.419

Scholars’ and academics’ negative attitudes and comments


Private school personnel’s negative attitudes and comments


University/college policies are not friendly to homeschool

graduates 1118 1 5 2.96 1.130

Opinions or writings of scholars (e g , university professors,

think tanks) 1114 1 5 2.93 1.164

My community’s expectations of parents 1117 1 5 2.93 1.153

Public opinion that homeschooling will harm social unity in my

country 1116 1 5 2.90 1.217

Homeschoolers are discriminated against in my community

and/or country 1121 1 5 2.77 1.201

My church (or religious group) does not support homeschooling 1107 1 5 2.17 1.041

Biases of an ethnic or racial group to which I belong 1115 1 5 2.08 1.077

My church (or religious group) is antagonistic toward

homeschooling 1104 1 5 2.03 .957

Homeschoolers are persecuted in my community and/or country 1122 1 5 2.01 1.090


Table 21 presents the individual item means scores (in descending order) of the scale (Cost

Resources) that had the second-highest mean scores globally.

Table 21.

Costs Resources Items Means in Descending Order


Item N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

We as parents have limited financial means 1122 1 5 3.06 1.307

21 Barriers

Lack of money to pay fees for private instruction 1118 1 5 2.89 1.318

Financial cost of homeschooling 1119 1 5 2.67 1.278

Lack of money to purchase curriculum materials 1116 1 5 2.64 1.246

Parents do not have time to homeschool 1119 1 5 2.28 1.211

Both parents need a full-time job 1122 1 5 2.27 1.169


Personal Experiences is the scale with the third-largest mean score globally, and the individual

items within that scale are presented in Table 22.

Table 22.

Personal Experiences Items Means in Descending Order



Std.

Deviation

Public school authorities or personnel not friendly toward home

education 1118 1 5 3.03 1.299

PUBLIC school authorities or personnel explicitly antagonistic

toward homeschoolers 1119 1 5 2.97 1.275

Uncooperative local public school authorities 1119 1 5 2.82 1.253

Private school authorities or personnel explicitly antagonistic

toward homeschoolers 1117 1 5 2.62 1.113

Private school authorities or personnel not friendly toward home

education 1116 1 5 2.57 1.163

Public school authorities or personnel resisting us home

educating 1120 1 5 2.57 1.215

Private school authorities or personnel resisting us home

educating 1116 1 5 2.34 1.071

Public school authorities or personnel harassing our family 1120 1 5 2.25 1.108

Private school authorities or personnel harassing our family 1118 1 5 2.02 .984

My negative experiences with homeschool parents 1124 1 5 1.88 .979

My negative experiences with homeschool children 1124 1 5 1.72 .888


22 Barriers

The Legal scale has the fourth-highest overall mean, internationally, and the four items in it are

listed in Table 23 in descending order.

Table 23.

Legal Items Means in Descending Order



Std.

Deviation

Homeschooling is legal but policies about homeschooling are

burdensome 1118 1 5 2.89 1.334

Homeschooling is legal but regulations are burdensome 1116 1 5 2.86 1.318

Lack of legal support 1115 1 5 2.47 1.243

Homeschooling is legally prohibited in my country or jurisdiction 1115 1 5 1.50 1.037


The 17 items in the Support Systems scale are presented in descending order of the means in

Table 24.

Table 24.

Support Systems Items Means in Descending Order



Std.

Deviation

Professionals/experts are not supportive of homeschooling 1125 1 5 3.34 1.187

Lack of support specifically for a homeschool teacher/parent 1123 1 5 2.78 1.300

My neighbors are not supportive of homeschooling 1123 1 5 2.73 1.081

Lack of other extended family support 1121 1 5 2.65 1.298

Members of private associations (other than church) to which I

belong 1116 1 5 2.63 1.079

Lack of a homeschool support system 1123 1 5 2.53 1.295

My children’s grandparents are not supportive of

homeschooling 1123 1 5 2.41 1.272

23 Barriers

Lack of grandparent support 1119 1 5 2.40 1.263

My church members are not supportive of homeschooling 1109 1 5 2.36 1.097

Lack of homeschool support groups 1120 1 5 2.34 1.249

My friends are not supportive of homeschooling 1123 1 5 2.26 1.110

My siblings are not supportive of homeschooling 1127 1 5 2.25 1.162

My church leaders are not supportive of homeschooling 1106 1 5 2.23 1.108

Lack of curriculum in general 1120 1 5 1.99 1.121

Lack of curriculum in my own language 1123 1 5 1.97 1.257

My spouse is not supportive of homeschooling 1107 1 5 1.54 .990

My children are not supportive of homeschooling 1124 1 5 1.49 .811


The scale with the second-lowest overall mean, internationally, is Parents Views and the 27

items within it are presented in Table 25.

Table 25.

Parents Views Items Means in Descending Order



Std.

Deviation

I attended public/state schools where school practices preceded

me and neither I, nor those I knew, had experienced an

alternative reality/method such as homeschooling or private

schooling

1108 1 5 3.60 1.317

It is hard work to homeschool children 1118 1 5 3.54 1.293

I attended public/state schools and they taught me to be passive

about education 1108 1 5 3.28 1.330

I attended PUBLIC/state schools and self-determination in me

was undermined by these schools 1108 1 5 3.26 1.337

I am tired 1112 1 5 2.63 1.324

I attended private schools where school practices preceded me

and neither I, nor those I knew, had experienced an alternative

reality/method such as homeschooling or private schooling

1076 1 5 2.59 1.242

Lack of access to research on benefits of homeschooling (e g , on

academic achievement, social development, success in

adulthood)

1114 1 5 2.54 1.281

24 Barriers

I am not a trained teacher 1113 1 5 2.36 1.380

I attended private schools and they taught me to be passive about

education 1081 1 5 2.35 1.126

I attended PRIVATE schools and self-determination in me was

undermined by these schools 1082 1 5 2.34 1.130

My self-doubt 1122 1 5 2.31 1.276

I know no alternatives to PUBLIC/state schools because I was

raised in them 1111 1 5 2.27 1.267

Lack of books or articles about homeschooling 1118 1 5 2.24 1.191

I know no alternatives to private classroom schools because I was

raised in them 1100 1 5 2.03 1.044

Myself 1117 1 5 2.00 1.131

My lack of confidence as a parent 1122 1 5 1.93 1.060

My spouse’s indifference 1105 1 5 1.89 1.126

My lack of general knowledge about homeschooling 1121 1 5 1.85 .992

I think I was never good at school/education subjects (e g , math,

language, writing) 1118 1 5 1.84 1.031

I am lazy 1114 1 5 1.83 1.001

My inadequate understanding of how to teach and provide

academic education to children 1120 1 5 1.83 1.029

My lack of philosophical commitment to alternative

pedagogies/educational approaches 1119 1 5 1.81 .972

My perceptions of homeschooling 1117 1 5 1.76 .987

I am chronically ill (sick) 1114 1 5 1.72 1.100

My lack of philosophical commitment to homeschooling 1119 1 5 1.65 .854

My lack of philosophical or religious commitment to parent-led

education 1115 1 5 1.63 .854

My inadequate academic education level 1122 1 5 1.63 .868


The Concerns Children scale (8 items) had the lowest mean score, for all nations combined, and

the items that comprise it are shown in Table 26 in mean descending order.

Table 26.

Concerns Children Items Means in Descending Order


25 Barriers


Std.

Deviation

Concern my homeschooled child cannot get a college

scholarship 1119 1 5 2.45 1.266

My child will not have access to enough sports/athletic if

homeschooled 1121 1 5 2.24 1.229

I have a special needs child and do not have enough support to

educate him/her 1099 1 5 2.16 1.142

Concerned I cannot offer a good academic education 1119 1 5 2.09 1.158

Concern about social isolation of children 1120 1 5 2.06 1.201

I have a special needs child and I do not feel adequate to

educate him/her 1096 1 5 2.00 1.027

Concern children will not have good social development 1121 1 5 1.81 1.029

Resistance to homeschooling from my child/children 1118 1 5 1.71 .968


A multivariate analysis (GLM) shows that for the 40 nations in the sample at this time,

the independent variable of country has an effect on all scales except for the Concerns Children

scale (concerns regarding my children). Table 27 presents the summary of the significance of the

country factor. Country explains about 20% of the variance in the Legal scale scores, 14% of

Support System scores, 7% of Opinions Actions, 5% of Personal Experiences, 3% of Cost

Resources, 1% of Concerns Children, and less than one-half percent of Parents Views.

Table 27.

Effects of Country (Nation) on Scores in Seven Scales

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Source Dependent Variable Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model legalscale 159.127a 39 4.080 6.923 .000

supportsystemsscale 76.782b 39 1.969 4.823 .000

opinionsactionsscale 68.984c 39 1.769 2.843 .000

personalexperiencesscale 52.959d 39 1.358 2.163 .000

costsresourcesscale 57.988e 39 1.487 1.742 .004

concernschildrenscale 23.268f 39 .597 1.195 .195

26 Barriers

parentsviewsscale 22.342g 39 .573 1.804 .002

Intercept legalscale 880.458 1 880.458 1493.826 .000

supportsystemsscale 790.694 1 790.694 1937.084 .000

opinionsactionsscale 1037.575 1 1037.575 1667.575 .000

personalexperiencesscale 830.255 1 830.255 1322.577 .000

costsresourcesscale 972.687 1 972.687 1139.898 .000

concernschildrenscale 579.346 1 579.346 1160.042 .000

parentsviewsscale 640.254 1 640.254 2016.048 .000

country legalscale 159.127 39 4.080 6.923 .000

supportsystemsscale 76.782 39 1.969 4.823 .000

opinionsactionsscale 68.984 39 1.769 2.843 .000

personalexperiencesscale 52.959 39 1.358 2.163 .000

costsresourcesscale 57.988 39 1.487 1.742 .004

concernschildrenscale 23.268 39 .597 1.195 .195

parentsviewsscale 22.342 39 .573 1.804 .002

Error legalscale 503.935 855 .589

supportsystemsscale 349.000 855 .408

opinionsactionsscale 531.986 855 .622

personalexperiencesscale 536.731 855 .628

costsresourcesscale 729.580 855 .853

concernschildrenscale 427.002 855 .499

parentsviewsscale 271.530 855 .318

Total legalscale 5817.063 895

supportsystemsscale 5300.024 895

opinionsactionsscale 7531.053 895

personalexperiencesscale 5799.140 895

costsresourcesscale 6890.750 895

concernschildrenscale 4324.063 895

parentsviewsscale 4815.273 895

Corrected Total legalscale 663.062 894

supportsystemsscale 425.782 894

opinionsactionsscale 600.970 894

personalexperiencesscale 589.689 894

costsresourcesscale 787.568 894

concernschildrenscale 450.270 894

parentsviewsscale 293.872 894

a. R Squared = .240 (Adjusted R Squared = .205)

27 Barriers

b. R Squared = .180 (Adjusted R Squared = .143)

c. R Squared = .115 (Adjusted R Squared = .074)

d. R Squared = .090 (Adjusted R Squared = .048)

e. R Squared = .074 (Adjusted R Squared = .031)

f. R Squared = .052 (Adjusted R Squared = .008)

g. R Squared = .076 (Adjusted R Squared = .034)

Discussion, Conclusions, and Comments

Several barriers and potential barriers to homeschooling are explored and brought to light

in this international study. Items that can be considered obstacles to parents choosing and

practicing home-based education were gleaned from various studies and my experience with the

homeschooling community, internationally, over the past 32 years.

Near-Future Plans

During the next two to four weeks, I am confident that I can gain the participation of at

least 400 more persons around the world. I will put special effort into increasing the sample size

for each country that has less than 30 participants in this study to date. This will give my readers

and me more reliable insights about the nature of perceived blocks to home-based education in

these nations.

Summary Thoughts

The strongest barriers to homeschooling, around the globe, have much to do with the

opinions or actions of various persons or groups (i.e., Opinions Actions scale). This group of

hurdles includes items such as experts claiming that homeschooled children are not well

socialized, homeschoolers being are discriminated against in one’s community and/or country, a

person’s church (or religious group) being antagonistic toward homeschooling, public opinion in

general, and university/college policies being not friendly to homeschool graduates.

28 Barriers

Costs Resources was the second-strongest barrier category, globally. This group includes

obstacles such as “both parents need a full-time job,” “lack of money to purchase curriculum

materials,” and “parents do not have time to homeschool.”

The least obstructive group of items was in Concerns Children scale (concerns regarding

my children). Participants around the world are the least likely to say that items such as concern

about social isolation of children, Resistance to homeschooling from my child/children, and my

child will not have access to enough sports/athletic if homeschooled.

It appears that public and community opinion about home education must be addressed in

order to see homeschooling more accessible to more parents. Also, homeschool organizations

should be working to educate parents on how they can homeschool their children with the

resources, whether monetary, curriculum, or time, that they do have and educate parents on the

value of the home-based education and training of their children in spite of challenges in the area

of costs and resources.

Further analysis of these wide-sweeping data will reveal more and streamline the

presentation of the findings. For example, I plan to find a way to categorize nations according to

something that might be conceptually appropriate to the topic of the study, such as whether for

each nation (a) homeschooling is legal but policies about homeschooling are burdensome, (b)

homeschooling is legal but regulations are burdensome, (c) homeschooling is legally prohibited

in my country or jurisdiction, or (d) there is a lack of legal support. Also, I could categorize the

countries geographically (e.g., South America, Eastern Europe).

One important consideration about these data is that almost all respondents are already

homeschooling parents. The research topic, however, is to uncover barriers to homeschooling.

Homeschooling parents have, to some extent, overcome these barriers. Hearing the voice of

29 Barriers

current homeschoolers and the difficulties they experience is important if the policy goal is to

make their lives easier. Understanding non-homeschoolers is also important. Perhaps one day the

author or others will be able to survey people who are on the fence about homeschooling or

people who are known to have considered homeschooling but decided against it and then find

out what is holding these people back from homeschooling.

Parents will be informed and helped by the findings as they increase their understanding

of what obstacles and inhibitions other parents face around the world when considering or

practicing home education. Homeschool organization leaders will be better educated such that

they will be more effective in reaching potential and practicing home educating parents and

assisting them in negotiating and overcoming barriers to homeschooling. Policymakers will be

better educated about what difficulties, hindrances, and hurdles parents face when they consider

or practice home-based education and the policymakers will then have tools at hand to change or

enhance policies and laws to better respect parental rights and educational freedoms and thus

make home education a more attractive option to all families with parents who are considering

the best education for their children.

References

Arai, A. Bruce. 2000. Reasons for home schooling in Canada. Canadian Journal of

Education/Revue canadienne de l’education, 25(3), 204-217.

Barratt-Peacock, John. (1997, May). The why and how of Australian home education, Doctoral

(Ph.D.) dissertation, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia.

Beck, Christian W. (2015). Home education and social integration. Chapter in Rothermel (Ed.),

International Perspectives on Home Education. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Palgrave

Macmillan.

30 Barriers

Bhatt, Rachana. (2014). Home is where the school is: The impact of homeschool legislation on

school choice. Journal of School Choice, 8(2), 192-212.

Brynard, Susette. (2007). Home schooling as an open-learning educational challenge in South

Africa. South African Journal of Education, 27(1), 83–100.

Després, Blane. (2013) A question of resistance to home education and the culture of school-

based education. Peabody Journal of Education, 88(3), 365-377.

Farris, Michael. (2013). Tolerance and liberty: Answering the academic left's challenge to

homeschooling freedom. Peabody Journal of Education, 88(3), 393-406.

Fields-Smith, Cheryl, & Kisura, Monica Wells. (2013). Resisting the status quo: The narratives

of Black homeschoolers in Metro-Atlanta and Metro-DC. Peabody Journal of Education,

88(3), 265-283.

Houston, Robert, & Toma, Eugenia. (2003). Home schooling: An alternative school choice.

Southern Economic Journal, 69(4), 920-935.

Klenk, Jack. (2010). Who should decide how children are educated? Washington, DC: Family

Research Council.

Knowles, J. Gary. (1988). Parents’ rationales and teaching methods for home schooling: The role

of biography. Education and Urban Society, 21(1), 69-84.

Meighan, Roland. (1995). Home‐based education effectiveness research and some of its

implications. Educational Review, 47(3), 275-287.

Merry, Michael S., & Karsten, Sjoerd. (2010). Restricted liberty, parental choice and

homeschooling. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 44(4), 497-514.

31 Barriers

Ray, Brian D. (2004). Home educated and now adults: Their community and civic involvement,

views about homeschooling, and other traits. Salem, OR: National Home Education

Research Institute

Ray, Brian D. (2015a). African American homeschool parents’ motivations for homeschooling

and their Black children’s academic achievement. Journal of School Choice, 9:71–96.

Ray, Brian D. (2015b). Research facts on homeschooling. Retrieved May 23, 2015,

http://www.nheri.org/research/research-facts-on-homeschooling.html

Rozon, Gina. (2001). Education for self-determination. American Review of Canadian Studies,

31(1-2), 61-70.

Appendix A

The Survey Instrument

Survey about Homeschooling

December 26, 2015

Introduction to Survey (Research Project)

Your participation is very important to the future of homeschooling (or home education) and

children’s education in your and many other nations.

The purpose of this research initiative is to identify, understand, and compare the barriers to

parents -- in nations across the globe -- choosing to home educate their children. Results of this

study will be used to help equip parents to make more informed decisions in the education of

their children, and to propose solutions for removing barriers to homeschooling.

Dr. Brian D. Ray, a decades-long experienced researcher especially in the field of education, is

the principal investigator. He is internationally known for his work. All data will be

confidentially analyzed. All results will be presented in an anonymous way. Dr. Ray is the

president of the National Home Education Research Institute (www.nheri.org). You may contact

him and NHERI at [email protected].

Thank you for helping us with this internationally important project. Please complete this survey

only one time per family.

http://www.nheri.org/research/research-facts-on-homeschooling.html

mailto:[email protected]

32 Barriers

General Information

Are you a parent of at least one school-age or preschool-age child?

Yes

No

Are you currently homeschooling at least one school-age child?

Yes

No

In what country do you live?

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Aruba

Australia

Austria

Bahamas

Barbados

Belgium

Belize

Bolivia

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei

Bulgaria

Canada

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Croatia

Curacao

Czech Republic

Denmark

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Guatemala

Hong Kong

33 Barriers

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Kenya

Kuwait

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Macau

Malaysia

Malta

Mexico

Moldova

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Norway

Pakistan

Panama

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russia

Scotland

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

South Africa

South Korea

Spain

St. Kitts and Nevis

Sweden

Switzerland

Taiwan

Thailand

Trinidad and Tobago

Turkey

Uganda

34 Barriers

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates (UAE)

United Kingdom

Uruguay

Venezuela

Other; please specify ___________________

Are you a citizen/national of this country?

Yes

No

In what language is this survey (questionnaire) written that you are completing?

English

Spanish

Other: _____________________

How did you hear about this survey (questionnaire)?

Came across it on the Internet on my own

Homeschool organization

Some other education organization

Other; please specify: __________

What is your household income, compared to other households in your country?

Very Low

Low

Medium (average)

High

Very High

What is your gender?

Female

Male

What is your marital status?

Married

Now married, but separated

Widowed

Divorced

Divorced and re-married

Separated

Never married

Not married, living with significant other

What is your highest formal academic attainment?

Did not finish high school (secondary school)

Graduated from high school (secondary school)

35 Barriers

Some college/university education but did not graduate

Graduated from college/university with associate's degree

Graduated from college/university with bachelor's degree

Graduated from college/university with master's degree

Graduated from college/university with doctorate degree

If you have a spouse or domestic partner, what is his/her highest formal academic attainment?

Did not finish high school (secondary school)

Graduated from high school (secondary school)

Some college/university education but did not graduate

Graduated from college/university with associate's degree

Graduated from college/university with bachelor's degree

Graduated from college/university with master's degree

Graduated from college/university with doctorate degree

What is your religious preference? (Please check only one)

Agnostic

Atheist

Baptist

Buddhist

Catholic, Roman

Christian

Do not know

Episcopal/Anglican

Hindu

Jehovah's Witness

Jewish

Mormon (LDS)

Muslim

None

Orthodox (Christian)

Spiritual but not religious

Other (please specify: ______________)

Below are listed many things that may or may not be barriers to parents homeschooling their

children. For each of the following items or concepts, please tell us to what degree it is a barrier

to you homeschooling your children, or future children. For example, “Strongly Agree” means

that it is a definite and strong barrier or discouragement to you homeschooling. “Strongly

Disagree” means that it is not at all a barrier or discouragement to you homeschooling.

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Undecided/Don't Know

Agree

Strongly Agree

36 Barriers

Lay out horizontally

Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree

(Not at all a barrier to homeschooling) (Yes, a definite barrier to homeschooling)

Legal Aspects

Homeschooling is legal but policies about homeschooling are burdensome.

Homeschooling is legal but regulations are burdensome.

Homeschooling is legally prohibited in my country or jurisdiction.

Lack of legal support

Support Systems for Home Education

My children’s grandparents are not supportive of homeschooling.

My church leaders are not supportive of homeschooling.

My church members are not supportive of homeschooling.

My friends are not supportive of homeschooling.

Lack of a homeschool support system

Lack of curriculum in general

Lack of curriculum in my own language

Lack of grandparent support

Lack of homeschool support groups

Lack of other extended family support

Lack of support specifically for a homeschool teacher/parent

Members of private associations (other than church) to which I belong

My neighbors are not supportive of homeschooling.

Professionals/experts are not supportive of homeschooling.

My children are not supportive of homeschooling.

My friends are not supportive of homeschooling.

My siblings are not supportive of homeschooling.

My spouse is not supportive of homeschooling.

Opinions or Actions of Various Persons or Groups

Biases of an ethnic or racial group to which I belong

Experts claiming that homeschooled children are not well socialized

Homeschoolers are discriminated against in my community and/or country

Homeschoolers are persecuted in my community and/or country

My church (or religious group) does not support homeschooling

My church (or religious group) is antagonistic toward homeschooling

My community’s expectations of parents

My community’s expectations of what education/schooling should look like

Opinions or writings of scholars (e.g., university professors, think tanks)

Private school personnel’s negative attitudes and comments toward homeschooling

Public opinion in general

37 Barriers

Public opinion that homeschooling will harm social unity in my country

Public school personnel’s negative attitudes and comments toward homeschooling

Scholars’ and academics’ negative attitudes and comments toward homeschooling

University/college policies are not friendly to homeschool graduates

Personal Experiences

Negative experiences with homeschool children

Negative experiences with homeschool parents

Private school authorities or personnel explicitly antagonistic toward homeschoolers

Private school authorities or personnel harassing our family

Private school authorities or personnel not friendly toward home education

Private school authorities or personnel resisting us home educating

Public school authorities or personnel explicitly antagonistic toward homeschoolers

Public school authorities or personnel harassing our family

Public school authorities or personnel not friendly toward home education

Public school authorities or personnel resisting us home educating

Uncooperative local public school authorities

Costs and Resources

Both parents need a full-time job.

Financial cost of homeschooling

Lack of money to pay fees for private instruction

Lack of money to purchase curriculum materials

Parents do not have time to homeschool.

We as parents have limited financial means.

Concerns Regarding My Children

Concern about social isolation of children

Concern children will not have good social development

Concern my homeschooled child cannot get a college scholarship

Concerned I cannot offer a good academic education

Resistance to homeschooling from my child/children

I have a special needs child and do not have enough support to educate him/her.

I have a special needs child and I do not feel adequate to educate him/her.

My child will not have access to enough sports/athletic if homeschooled.

Parents’ Personal Views or Resources

I attended private schools and self-determination in me was undermined by these schools.

I attended private schools and they taught me to be passive about education.

I attended private schools where school practices preceded me and neither I, nor those I knew,

had experienced an alternative reality/method such as homeschooling or private schooling.

I attended public/state schools and self-determination in me was undermined by these schools.

I attended public/state schools and they taught me to be passive about education.

I attended public/state schools where school practices preceded me and neither I, nor those I

knew, had experienced an alternative reality/method such as homeschooling or private schooling.

38 Barriers

I know no alternatives to private classroom schools because I was raised in them.

I know no alternatives to public/state schools because I was raised in them.

It is hard work to homeschool children

Lack of access to research on benefits of homeschooling (e.g., on academic achievement, social

development, success in adulthood)

Lack of books or articles about homeschooling.

I am chronically ill (sick)

I am lazy

I am not a trained teacher

I am tired

I think I was never good at school/education subjects (e.g., math, language, writing)

My inadequate academic education level

My inadequate understanding of how to teach and provide academic education to children

My lack of confidence as a parent

My lack of general knowledge about homeschooling

My lack of philosophical commitment to alternative pedagogies/educational approaches

My lack of philosophical commitment to homeschooling

My lack of philosophical or religious commitment to parent-led education

My perceptions of homeschooling

My self-doubt

My spouse’s indifference

Myself

Do you desire to homeschool your child(ren) but feel that you are prohibited from doing so?

Yes

No

Is there anything else you would like to tell us about barriers to homeschooling for you?

_____________________________________

# # # end # # #

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